http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19725/19725-h/19725-h.htm#e37
THE
HISTORY OF ROME.
BY
TITUS LIVIUS.
THE FIRST EIGHT BOOKS.
LITERALLY TRANSLATED, WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS,
BY
D. SPILLAN, A.M. M.D.
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCLIII.
JOHN CHILDS AND SON, BUNGAY
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19725/19725-h/19725-h.htm#e37
37
Though danger of such magnitude was impending (so completely does Fortune blind the minds
of men when she wishes not her threatening stroke to be foiled) a state, which against the
Fidenatian and Veientian enemies, and other neighbouring states, had recourse to aid even from
the most extreme quarters, and had appointed a dictator on many trying occasions, that same
state now, when an enemy, never before seen or heard of, from the ocean and remotest
regions[Pg 369] of the earth, was advancing in arms against them, looked not for any
extraordinary command or aid. Tribunes, by whose temerity the war had been brought on them,
were appointed to the chief direction of affairs, and even making less of the war than fame had
represented it, held the levy with no greater diligence than used to be exercised for ordinary
wars. In the mean while the Gauls, on hearing that honour was even conferred on the violators of
human law, and that their embassy was slighted, inflamed with resentment, over which that
nation has no control, immediately snatched up their standards, and enter on their march with the
utmost expedition. When the cities, alarmed at the tumult occasioned by them as they passed
precipitately along, began to run to arms, and the peasants took to flight, they indicated by a loud
shout that they were proceeding to Rome, taking up an immense space of ground, wherever they
passed, with their horses and men, their troops spreading widely in every direction. But fame and
the messengers of the Clusians, and then of the other states one after another, preceding them,
the rapid advance of the enemy brought the greatest consternation to Rome; for, with their
tumultuary troops hastily led on, they met them within the distance of the eleventh mile-stone,
where the river Allia, descending from the Crustuminian mountains in a very deep channel, joins
the river Tiber not far below the road. Already all places in front and on each side were crowded
with the enemy, and this nation, which has a natural turn for causeless confusion, by their harsh
music and discordant clamours, filled all places with a horrible din.
38
There the military tribunes, without having previously selected a place for their camp, without
having previously raised a rampart to which they might have a retreat, unmindful of their duty to
the gods, to say nothing of that to man, without taking auspices or offering sacrifices, draw up
their line, which was extended towards the flanks, lest they should be surrounded by the great
numbers of the enemy. S ...
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
The Gallic Wars
By Julius Caesar
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
Chapter 1
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in
their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language,
customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine
separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from
the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and
import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who
dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also
surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when
they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of
these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded
by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the
Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from
the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and
the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of
the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.
Chapter 2
Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala
and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility,
and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions, [saying] that it
would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to acquire the supremacy of the whole of Gaul. To
this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii, are confined on every side by the nature
of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian
territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated]
between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which
separates our Province from the Helvetii. From these circumstances it resulted, that they could range
less widely, and could less easily make war upon their neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as
they were] were affected with great regret. They thought, that considering the extent of their
population, and their renown for warfare and bra ...
1) The document summarizes Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, specifically recounting his campaign against the Helvetii tribe who were migrating through Gaul in 58 BC.
2) It describes how the Helvetii planned to move through Roman Gaul but Caesar prevented their passage, instead forcing them to travel through the narrow territory of the Sequani.
3) Caesar then hurried to Italy to raise additional legions before catching up to the Helvetii in Gaul and defeating the rear division of their forces at the Saone River, avenging earlier Roman losses to the Helvetii.
Medieval Sourcebook Tacitus Germania, trans. Thomas GordonInt.docxandreecapon
Medieval Sourcebook: Tacitus: Germania, trans. Thomas Gordon
Introductory Note
The dates of the birth and death of Tacitus are uncertain, but it is probable that he was born about 54 A. D. and died after 117. He was a contemporary and friend of the younger Pliny, who addressed to him some of his most famous epistles. Tacitus was apparently of the equestrian class, was an advocate by training, and had a reputation as an orator, though none of his speeches has survived. He held a number of important public offices, and married the daughter of Agricola, the conqueror of Britain, whose life he wrote.
The two chief works of Tacitus, the "Annals" and the "Histories," covered the history of Rome from the death of Augustus to A. D. 96; but the greater part of the "Histories" is lost, and the fragment that remains deals only with the year 69 and part of 70. In the "Annals" there are several gaps, but what survives describes a large part of the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. His minor works, besides the life of Agricola, already mentioned, are a "Dialogue on Orators" and the account of Germany, its situation, its inhabitants, their character and customs, which is here printed.
Tacitus stands in the front rank of the historians of antiquity for the accuracy of his learning, the fairness of his judgments, the richness, concentration, and precision of his style. His great successor, Gibbon, called him a "philosophical historian, whose writings will instruct the last generations of mankind"; and Montaigne knew no author "who, in a work of history, has taken so broad a view of human events or given a more just analysis of particular characters."
The "Germany" treatise is a document of the greatest interest and importance, since it gives us by far the most detailed account of the state of culture among the tribes that are the ancestors of the modern Teutonic nations, at the time when they first came into contact with the civilization of the Mediterranean.
Germany - Part I
The whole of Germany is thus bounded; separated from Gaul, from Rhoetia and Pannonia, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; from Sarmatia and Dacia by mutual fear, or by high mountains: the rest is encompassed by the ocean, which forms huge bays, and comprehends a tract of islands immense in extent: for we have lately known certain nations and kingdoms there, such as the war discovered. The Rhine rising in the Rhoetian Alps from a summit altogether rocky and perpendicular, after a small winding towards the west, is lost in the Northern Ocean. The Danube issues out of the mountain Abnoba, one very high but very easy of ascent, and traversing several nations, falls by six streams into the Euxine Sea; for its seventh channel is absorbed in the Fenns.
The Germans, I am apt to believe, derive their original from no other people; and are nowise mixed with different nations arriving amongst them: since anciently those who went in search of new buildings, travelled not by land, but were carrie ...
The Life of Charlemagne, Einhard (c. 775-840)...15. Extent of .docxcdorothy
The Life of Charlemagne, Einhard (c. 775-840)
...
15. Extent of Charlemagne's Conquests
Such are the wars, most skillfully planned and successfully fought, which this most powerful king waged during the forty-seven years of his reign. He so largely increased the Frank kingdom, which was already great and strong when he received it at his father's hands, that more than double its former territory was added to it. ... In fine, he vanquished and made tributary all the wild and barbarous tribes dwelling in Germany between the Rhine and the Vistula, the Ocean and the Danube, all of which speak very much the same language, but differ widely from one another in customs and dress. The chief among them are the Welatabians, the Sorabians, the Abodriti, and the Bohemians, and he had to make war upon these; but the rest, by far the larger number, submitted to him of their own accord.
16. Foreign Relations
He added to the glory of his reign by gaining the good will of several kings and nations... The Emperors of Constantinople, Nicephorus [I 802-811], Michael [I, 811-813], and Leo [V, 813-820], made advances to Charles, and sought friendship and alliance with him by several embassies; and even when the Greeks suspected him of designing to wrest the empire from them, because of his assumption of the title Emperor, they made a close alliance with him, that he might have no cause of offense. In fact, the power of the Franks was always viewed by the Greeks and Romans with a jealous eye, whence the Greek proverb "Have the Frank for your friend, but not for your neighbor."
17. Public Works
This King, who showed himself so great in extending his empire and subduing foreign nations, and was constantly occupied with plans to that end, undertook also very many works calculated to adorn and benefit his kingdom, and brought several of them to completion. Among these, the most deserving of mention are the basilica of the Holy Mother of God at Aix-la-Chapelle, built in the most admirable manner, and a bridge over the Rhine at Mayence, half a mile long, the breadth of the river at this point. This bridge was destroyed by fire [May, 813] the year before Charles died, but, owing to his death so soon after, could not be repaired, although he had intended to rebuild it in stone. He began two palaces of beautiful workmanship - one near his manor called Ingelheim, not far from Mayence; the other at Nimeguen, on the Waal, the stream that washes the south side of the island of the Batavians. But, above all, sacred edifices were the object of his care throughout his whole kingdom; and whenever he found them falling to ruin from age, he commanded the priests and fathers who had charge of them to repair them , and made sure by commissioners that his instructions were obeyed. He also fitted out a fleet for the war with the Northmen; the vessels required for this purpose were built on the rivers that flow from Gaul and Germany into the Northern Ocean. Moreover, since the Northmen co.
The document appears to be a collection of quatrains or four line poems in French attributed to Nostradamus. The poems make references to future people and events using symbolic or cryptic language that is open to interpretation. In total there are 29 quatrains covering topics like political intrigues, military conflicts, the death of leaders, and changes in power.
This document provides an excerpt from Charles Dickens' classic novel "A Tale of Two Cities". The summary is:
1) The excerpt sets the historical context of 18th century London and Paris, describing it as a time of both hope and despair.
2) It introduces the story's setting of traveling by mail coach from Dover to London on a rainy night.
3) While stopping to change horses, the mail coach passengers hear a horseman rapidly approaching and calling out for a passenger named Jarvis Lorry, who is revealed to be one of the travelers.
1 Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Speech 4 June 1940,.docxcroftsshanon
1
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
Speech 4 June 1940, House of Commons
From the moment that the French defenses at Sedan and on the Meuse were broken at the end of
the second week of May, only a rapid retreat to Amiens and the south could have saved the British
and French Armies who had entered Belgium at the appeal of the Belgian King; but this strategic
fact was not immediately realized. …
However, the German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies
of the north. Eight or nine armored divisions, each of about four hundred armored vehicles of
different kinds, but carefully assorted to be complementary and divisible into small self-contained
units, cut off all communications between us and the main French Armies. It severed our own
communications for food and ammunition, which ran first to Amiens and afterwards through
Abbeville, and it shore its way up the coast to Boulogne and Calais, and almost to Dunkirk. Behind
this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind
them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army
and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and
comforts which they have never known in their own.
…Thus it was that the port of Dunkirk was kept open. When it was found impossible for the Armies
of the north to reopen their communications to Amiens with the main French Armies, only one
choice remained. It seemed, indeed, forlorn. The Belgian, British and French Armies were almost
surrounded. Their sole line of retreat was to a single port and to its neighboring beaches. They
were pressed on every side by heavy attacks and far outnumbered in the air.
….The enemy attacked on all sides with great strength and fierceness, and their main power, the
power of their far more numerous Air Force, was thrown into the battle or else concentrated upon
Dunkirk and the beaches. Pressing in upon the narrow exit, both from the east and from the west,
the enemy began to fire with cannon upon the beaches by which alone the shipping could approach
or depart. They sowed magnetic mines in the channels and seas; they sent repeated waves of hostile
aircraft, sometimes more than a hundred strong in one formation, to cast their bombs upon the
single pier that remained, and upon the sand dunes upon which the troops had their eyes for shelter.
Their U-boats, one of which was sunk, and their motor launches took their toll of the vast traffic
which now began. For four or five days an intense struggle reigned. All their armored divisions-
or what Was left of them-together with great masses of infantry and artillery, hurled themselves in
vain upon the ever-narrowing, ever-contracting appendix within which the British and French
Armies fought.
Meanwhile, the Royal Navy, with the willing help of countless merchant seamen, strain.
The document provides background on the Illyrian tribes that inhabited the lands north of Greece. It discusses:
1) The origins of the various Illyrian tribes according to Greek mythology and their expansion across the region.
2) The first conflict between the Romans and Illyrians after the Illyrian king Agron attacked Roman allies, leading to a Roman invasion. This established Roman dominance over several coastal cities.
3) Subsequent Illyrian rebellions and Roman retaliation, culminating in the subjugation of the region after several wars over the next centuries.
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
The Gallic Wars
By Julius Caesar
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
Chapter 1
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in
their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language,
customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine
separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from
the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and
import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who
dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also
surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when
they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of
these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded
by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the
Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from
the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and
the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of
the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.
Chapter 2
Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala
and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility,
and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions, [saying] that it
would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to acquire the supremacy of the whole of Gaul. To
this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii, are confined on every side by the nature
of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian
territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated]
between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which
separates our Province from the Helvetii. From these circumstances it resulted, that they could range
less widely, and could less easily make war upon their neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as
they were] were affected with great regret. They thought, that considering the extent of their
population, and their renown for warfare and bra ...
1) The document summarizes Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, specifically recounting his campaign against the Helvetii tribe who were migrating through Gaul in 58 BC.
2) It describes how the Helvetii planned to move through Roman Gaul but Caesar prevented their passage, instead forcing them to travel through the narrow territory of the Sequani.
3) Caesar then hurried to Italy to raise additional legions before catching up to the Helvetii in Gaul and defeating the rear division of their forces at the Saone River, avenging earlier Roman losses to the Helvetii.
Medieval Sourcebook Tacitus Germania, trans. Thomas GordonInt.docxandreecapon
Medieval Sourcebook: Tacitus: Germania, trans. Thomas Gordon
Introductory Note
The dates of the birth and death of Tacitus are uncertain, but it is probable that he was born about 54 A. D. and died after 117. He was a contemporary and friend of the younger Pliny, who addressed to him some of his most famous epistles. Tacitus was apparently of the equestrian class, was an advocate by training, and had a reputation as an orator, though none of his speeches has survived. He held a number of important public offices, and married the daughter of Agricola, the conqueror of Britain, whose life he wrote.
The two chief works of Tacitus, the "Annals" and the "Histories," covered the history of Rome from the death of Augustus to A. D. 96; but the greater part of the "Histories" is lost, and the fragment that remains deals only with the year 69 and part of 70. In the "Annals" there are several gaps, but what survives describes a large part of the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. His minor works, besides the life of Agricola, already mentioned, are a "Dialogue on Orators" and the account of Germany, its situation, its inhabitants, their character and customs, which is here printed.
Tacitus stands in the front rank of the historians of antiquity for the accuracy of his learning, the fairness of his judgments, the richness, concentration, and precision of his style. His great successor, Gibbon, called him a "philosophical historian, whose writings will instruct the last generations of mankind"; and Montaigne knew no author "who, in a work of history, has taken so broad a view of human events or given a more just analysis of particular characters."
The "Germany" treatise is a document of the greatest interest and importance, since it gives us by far the most detailed account of the state of culture among the tribes that are the ancestors of the modern Teutonic nations, at the time when they first came into contact with the civilization of the Mediterranean.
Germany - Part I
The whole of Germany is thus bounded; separated from Gaul, from Rhoetia and Pannonia, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; from Sarmatia and Dacia by mutual fear, or by high mountains: the rest is encompassed by the ocean, which forms huge bays, and comprehends a tract of islands immense in extent: for we have lately known certain nations and kingdoms there, such as the war discovered. The Rhine rising in the Rhoetian Alps from a summit altogether rocky and perpendicular, after a small winding towards the west, is lost in the Northern Ocean. The Danube issues out of the mountain Abnoba, one very high but very easy of ascent, and traversing several nations, falls by six streams into the Euxine Sea; for its seventh channel is absorbed in the Fenns.
The Germans, I am apt to believe, derive their original from no other people; and are nowise mixed with different nations arriving amongst them: since anciently those who went in search of new buildings, travelled not by land, but were carrie ...
The Life of Charlemagne, Einhard (c. 775-840)...15. Extent of .docxcdorothy
The Life of Charlemagne, Einhard (c. 775-840)
...
15. Extent of Charlemagne's Conquests
Such are the wars, most skillfully planned and successfully fought, which this most powerful king waged during the forty-seven years of his reign. He so largely increased the Frank kingdom, which was already great and strong when he received it at his father's hands, that more than double its former territory was added to it. ... In fine, he vanquished and made tributary all the wild and barbarous tribes dwelling in Germany between the Rhine and the Vistula, the Ocean and the Danube, all of which speak very much the same language, but differ widely from one another in customs and dress. The chief among them are the Welatabians, the Sorabians, the Abodriti, and the Bohemians, and he had to make war upon these; but the rest, by far the larger number, submitted to him of their own accord.
16. Foreign Relations
He added to the glory of his reign by gaining the good will of several kings and nations... The Emperors of Constantinople, Nicephorus [I 802-811], Michael [I, 811-813], and Leo [V, 813-820], made advances to Charles, and sought friendship and alliance with him by several embassies; and even when the Greeks suspected him of designing to wrest the empire from them, because of his assumption of the title Emperor, they made a close alliance with him, that he might have no cause of offense. In fact, the power of the Franks was always viewed by the Greeks and Romans with a jealous eye, whence the Greek proverb "Have the Frank for your friend, but not for your neighbor."
17. Public Works
This King, who showed himself so great in extending his empire and subduing foreign nations, and was constantly occupied with plans to that end, undertook also very many works calculated to adorn and benefit his kingdom, and brought several of them to completion. Among these, the most deserving of mention are the basilica of the Holy Mother of God at Aix-la-Chapelle, built in the most admirable manner, and a bridge over the Rhine at Mayence, half a mile long, the breadth of the river at this point. This bridge was destroyed by fire [May, 813] the year before Charles died, but, owing to his death so soon after, could not be repaired, although he had intended to rebuild it in stone. He began two palaces of beautiful workmanship - one near his manor called Ingelheim, not far from Mayence; the other at Nimeguen, on the Waal, the stream that washes the south side of the island of the Batavians. But, above all, sacred edifices were the object of his care throughout his whole kingdom; and whenever he found them falling to ruin from age, he commanded the priests and fathers who had charge of them to repair them , and made sure by commissioners that his instructions were obeyed. He also fitted out a fleet for the war with the Northmen; the vessels required for this purpose were built on the rivers that flow from Gaul and Germany into the Northern Ocean. Moreover, since the Northmen co.
The document appears to be a collection of quatrains or four line poems in French attributed to Nostradamus. The poems make references to future people and events using symbolic or cryptic language that is open to interpretation. In total there are 29 quatrains covering topics like political intrigues, military conflicts, the death of leaders, and changes in power.
This document provides an excerpt from Charles Dickens' classic novel "A Tale of Two Cities". The summary is:
1) The excerpt sets the historical context of 18th century London and Paris, describing it as a time of both hope and despair.
2) It introduces the story's setting of traveling by mail coach from Dover to London on a rainy night.
3) While stopping to change horses, the mail coach passengers hear a horseman rapidly approaching and calling out for a passenger named Jarvis Lorry, who is revealed to be one of the travelers.
1 Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Speech 4 June 1940,.docxcroftsshanon
1
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
Speech 4 June 1940, House of Commons
From the moment that the French defenses at Sedan and on the Meuse were broken at the end of
the second week of May, only a rapid retreat to Amiens and the south could have saved the British
and French Armies who had entered Belgium at the appeal of the Belgian King; but this strategic
fact was not immediately realized. …
However, the German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies
of the north. Eight or nine armored divisions, each of about four hundred armored vehicles of
different kinds, but carefully assorted to be complementary and divisible into small self-contained
units, cut off all communications between us and the main French Armies. It severed our own
communications for food and ammunition, which ran first to Amiens and afterwards through
Abbeville, and it shore its way up the coast to Boulogne and Calais, and almost to Dunkirk. Behind
this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind
them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army
and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and
comforts which they have never known in their own.
…Thus it was that the port of Dunkirk was kept open. When it was found impossible for the Armies
of the north to reopen their communications to Amiens with the main French Armies, only one
choice remained. It seemed, indeed, forlorn. The Belgian, British and French Armies were almost
surrounded. Their sole line of retreat was to a single port and to its neighboring beaches. They
were pressed on every side by heavy attacks and far outnumbered in the air.
….The enemy attacked on all sides with great strength and fierceness, and their main power, the
power of their far more numerous Air Force, was thrown into the battle or else concentrated upon
Dunkirk and the beaches. Pressing in upon the narrow exit, both from the east and from the west,
the enemy began to fire with cannon upon the beaches by which alone the shipping could approach
or depart. They sowed magnetic mines in the channels and seas; they sent repeated waves of hostile
aircraft, sometimes more than a hundred strong in one formation, to cast their bombs upon the
single pier that remained, and upon the sand dunes upon which the troops had their eyes for shelter.
Their U-boats, one of which was sunk, and their motor launches took their toll of the vast traffic
which now began. For four or five days an intense struggle reigned. All their armored divisions-
or what Was left of them-together with great masses of infantry and artillery, hurled themselves in
vain upon the ever-narrowing, ever-contracting appendix within which the British and French
Armies fought.
Meanwhile, the Royal Navy, with the willing help of countless merchant seamen, strain.
The document provides background on the Illyrian tribes that inhabited the lands north of Greece. It discusses:
1) The origins of the various Illyrian tribes according to Greek mythology and their expansion across the region.
2) The first conflict between the Romans and Illyrians after the Illyrian king Agron attacked Roman allies, leading to a Roman invasion. This established Roman dominance over several coastal cities.
3) Subsequent Illyrian rebellions and Roman retaliation, culminating in the subjugation of the region after several wars over the next centuries.
Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE)History, XIV.16 The Luxury .docxgalerussel59292
Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE):
History, XIV.16: The Luxury of the Rich in Rome, c. 400 CE.
Rome is still looked upon as the queen of the earth, and the name of the Roman people is respected and venerated. But the magnificence of Rome is defaced by the inconsiderate levity of a few, who never recollect where they are born, but fall away into error and licentiousness as if a perfect immunity were granted to vice. Of these men, some, thinking that they can be handed down to immortality by means of statues, are eager after them, as if they would obtain a higher reward from brazen figures unendowed with sense than from a consciousness of upright and honorable actions; and they are even anxious to have them plated over with gold!
Others place the summit of glory in having a couch higher than usual, or splendid apparel; and so toil and sweat under a vast burden of cloaks which are fastened to their necks by many clasps, and blow about by the excessive fineness of the material, showing a desire by the continual wriggling of their bodies, and especially by the waving of the left hand, to make more conspicuous their long fringes and tunics, which are embroidered in multiform figures of animals with threads of divers colors.
Others again, put on a feigned severity of countenance, and extol their patrimonial estates in a boundless degree, exaggerating the yearly produce of their fruitful fields, which they boast of possessing in numbers, from east and west, being forsooth ignorant that their ancestors, who won greatness for Rome, were not eminent in riches; but through many a direful war overpowered their foes by valor, though little above the common privates in riches, or luxury, or costliness of garments.
If now you, as an honorable stranger, should enter the house of any passing rich man, you will be hospitably received, as though you were very welcome; and after having had many questions put to you, and having been forced to tell a number of lies, you will wonder---since the gentleman has never seen you before---that a person of high rank should pay such attention to a humble individual like yourself, so that you become exceeding happy, and begin to repent not having come to Rome ten years before. When, however, relying on this affability you do the same thing the next day, you will stand waiting as one utterly unknown and unexpected, while he who yesterday urged you to "come again," counts upon his fingers who you can be, marveling for a long time whence you came, and what you can want. But when at last you are recognized and admitted to his acquaintance, if you should devote yourself to him for three years running, and after that cease with your visits for the same stretch of time, then at last begin them again, you will never be asked about your absence any more than if you had been dead, and you will waste your whole life trying to court the humors of this blockhead.
But when those long and unwholesome banquets, which are indulged in at .
The document provides details about the barbaric invasions of Europe beginning in 406 CE. Several Germanic tribes crossed the frozen Rhine River and invaded Gaul. Over the next few decades, the Vandals and other tribes invaded and conquered territories across Europe and North Africa, including sacking Rome in 455 CE. By the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire was overwhelmed by these invasions, though the Eastern Empire survived until the 15th century. The invasions had severe social and economic consequences for Europe.
1) Emperor Augustus brought peace and stability to Rome after years of civil war, but established an autocratic system that ended the Roman Republic.
2) Caligula completed public works projects but became an oppressive and erratic ruler, putting some senators to death and humiliating others.
3) Nero blamed Christians for the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE and had many executed in cruel ways, increasing persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.
Virginia a commentary on lord macaulays pastiche ofKeith Armstrong
This is a commentary on Lord Macaulays pastiche of a Roman epic poem Virginia from his book; Lord Macaulays Essays And The Lays Of Rome first published in 1842.
His works include an essay on Milton 1825 published in the Edinburgh Review, a volume of verse, Lays of Ancient Rome 1842, and the History of England 1848-61 covering the years up to 1702.
NOTE: This rare book by a very popular Bible scholar of the past is now a collectors item that you can purchase for 25 to 45 dollars. This free copy has a good many spelling errors, but the value is still here for those who want to know its content.
This document is an excerpt from Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities. It describes the setting of 18th century London and Paris before the French Revolution. Specifically, it summarizes the political and social unrest in both countries. In London, crime runs rampant on the streets. In Paris, the clergy and aristocracy oppress the people. The excerpt then follows three passengers traveling by coach from Dover to London. One passenger, Jarvis Lorry, receives a mysterious message to "wait at Dover for Mam'selle."
Rome's geographic location offered strategic advantages that contributed to its rise as a great power. Its site along major rivers and near the sea provided access to inland and overseas trade routes, bringing wealth and resources into the city. This commercial network expanded greatly as Rome established control over the Mediterranean region and established roads connecting its territories. However, as the empire grew vast and Rome struggled with internal problems like economic difficulties and inequality, it became increasingly difficult to govern such a large domain. External invasions by groups like the Huns also threatened the empire. While the Roman Empire ultimately declined, it had a profound lasting legacy as the foundations of modern Western law, language, engineering and architecture have their roots in Roman innovations and institutions.
This document contains the second Centurie of quatrains by Nostradamus, published in 1555. It consists of 41 sets of 4 line poems (quatrains) that are prophetic predictions. Some quatrains predict natural disasters, wars, and political events involving places like Aquitaine, Britain, Euboea, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Dalmatia and more.
The document provides an excerpt from Chapter 1 of The Scarlet Pimpernel by Baroness Orczy. It describes the setting of Paris in September 1792 during the French Revolution. Citizens are executing aristocrats daily via the guillotine. At the barricades, Sergeant Bibot enjoys catching aristocrats trying to escape disguised and sends them to their deaths. He brags about how he will catch the elusive English spy known as the Scarlet Pimpernel who has been helping many aristocrats escape France.
The Roman Empire originated in Italy in the city of Rome and expanded greatly over time through military conquests to cover large portions of Europe and the Mediterranean world. Key events in the rise of Rome included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BC to establish the Roman Republic, conflicts between the patrician and plebeian classes that led to reforms increasing plebeian rights, and the expansion of Roman territory throughout Italy and beyond via victories in the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Roman Empire emerged in 27 BC under Augustus and went on to experience periods of great prosperity and stability as well as challenges like invasions and the eventual split into Western and Eastern sections. Roman culture had a significant lasting
The document provides a summary of the third century of Nostradamus' prophecies in 3 sentences or less:
It introduces the third century of Nostradamus' prophecies, which was first published in 1555. It contains 41 quatrains (4 line poems) that provide cryptic predictions about future events. Many of the quatrains predict natural disasters, wars, and political changes.
1) Grendel, a troll-like monster, begins attacking the great hall of King Hrothgar, called Heorot, killing Hrothgar's warriors every night.
2) For twelve years Grendel terrorizes the Danes, emptying Heorot as none can stand against him.
3) The Danes are distressed by Grendel's attacks and discuss how to defend against the monster, though as pagans they do not pray to the Christian God for help.
The project gutenberg e book of a tale of two citiesChricho Bautista
This document is a summary of the novel "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens posted on the website Todolodescargo.com. It includes the full text of the first chapter which sets the historical context in London and Paris in the years leading up to the French Revolution. The summary also lists the book's three parts and chapter titles to outline the story and events that will take place in the novel.
The document provides background information on the early Germanic peoples who lived in a region called Germania by the Romans. It describes the geography and climate of Germania, which stretched from Norway to Poland and consisted of forest, hills, rivers, bogs and marshland. The early Germans lived in villages of 12-60 thatched houses surrounded by palisades, and grew crops and raised livestock. They did not have a unified identity but identified with their individual tribes like the Chauci and Anglii. Archaeology has revealed more about their Iron Age culture than the Romans knew.
This summarizes the first quatrain (4 line poem) from Nostradamus' Centurie I. It describes Nostradamus sitting alone at night in secret study, with a small flame coming from emptiness that makes successful what should not be believed in vain.
This document provides a summary of the genocide of California Native Americans that occurred when white settlers arrived in the region. It describes how settlers justified taking Native lands by promoting the concept of "Manifest Destiny," which held that white Americans were destined to expand across North America. It then details some of the initial encounters between Native peoples and European explorers and missionaries in California. However, it argues that the settlers ultimately carried out massive violence and genocide against Native populations in order to steal their lands.
1) In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes including the Swabians, Vandals, and Alans migrated into the Iberian peninsula after the weakening of Roman power. The Swabians settled in the northwest regions that had a climate and landscape similar to their homeland.
2) The Swabians introduced small, privately owned farm systems to the northwest regions, in contrast to the previous Roman large estates and Celtic communal lands. They also maintained Roman administrative systems and allowed the Catholic church to function, though some tribes adopted heresies before accepting orthodoxy.
3) The Swabian kingdom centered around Braga extended from the Bay of Biscay to the Douro
NEW-SPAINAmong other massacres was one which took place in Cho.docxhenrymartin15260
NEW-SPAIN
Among other massacres was one which took place in Cholula,
a great city of some thirty thousand inhabitants. When all the
dignitaries of the city and the region came out to welcome the
Spaniards with all due pomp and ceremony, the priests to the
fore and the high/priest at the head of the procession, and then
proceeded to escort them into the city and lodge them in the
houses of the lord and the leading citizens, the Spaniards decided
that the moment had come to organize a massacre (or 'punishment'
as they themselves express such things) in order to inspire
fear and teiror in all the people of the territory. This was, indeed,
the pattern they followed in all the lands they invaded:
to stage a bloody massacre of the most public possible kind in
order to terrorize those meek and gentle peoples. What they did
was the following. They' requested the local lord to send for all
the nobles and leading citizens of the city and of all the surround-
ing communities subject to it and, as soon as they arrived and
entered the building to begin talks with the Spanish commander,
Ithey were seized without anyone outside getting wind of what
was afoot. Part of the original request was that they should
bring with them five or six thousand native bearers and these
were mustered in the courtyards when and as they arrived. One
could not watch these poor wretches getting ready to carry the
Spaniards' packs without taking pity on them, stark naked as
they were with only their modesty hidden from view, each with
a kind of little net on his shoulders in which he carried his own
modest store of provisions. They all got down on their haunches
and waited patiently like sheep. Once they were all safely inside
the courtyard, together with a number of others who were also
there at the time, armed guards took up positions covering the
exits and Spanish soldiers unsheathed their swords and grasped
their lances and proceeded to slaughter these poor innocents.
Not a single soul escaped. After a day or two had gone by,
several victims surfaced, soaked from head to foot in the blood
of their fellows beneath whose bodies they had sheltered (so
thick was the carpet of corpses in the courtyard) and, with tears
in their eyes, pleaded for their lives; but the Spaniards showed
them no mercy nor any compassion, and no sooner did they
crawl out from under the pile of corpses than they were butchered.
The Spanish commander gave orders that the leading citizens,
who numbered over a hundred and were roped together,
were to be tied to stakes set in the ground and burned alive. One
of these dignitaries, however, who may' well have been the first
among them and the king of that whole region, managed to get
free and took refuge, along with twenty or thirty or forty others,
in the great temple of the city, which was fortified and was
known in the local language as quu.
There they put up a stout
defence against the Spaniards which lasted f.
HW in teams of 3 studentsAn oil remanufacturing company uses c.docxwellesleyterresa
HW in teams of 3 students
An oil remanufacturing company uses clay in its manufacturing process. This clay comes into the plant in 80-pound bags stacked 40 per pallet and 50 pallets per boxcar. The railroad spur comes into the plant property but your plant does not have a rail car siding. Two car loads per year are used. The union and the company agreed that the part time workers would be hired for one week, twice a year at the rate of $7.5 per hour to unload these cars. You feel that this is a bad job and no one should have to work this hard. You look into this project
1
Why is this done?
We need the clay, and the railroad is by far the cheapest way to transport it
What: 80pounds bags of clay=160,000 pound boxcar load
Where: from the boxcar in our yard to the storeroom, 300ft away
Who: 2 temporary workers
When: one week, twice a year
How: Present method: manually unload the pallets off the boxcar then move these pallets into the storeroom with the fork truck we already own
2
How much could you spend improving this job?
We spend a week, twice a year with 2 temporary workers at $7.5
4 weeks* 40 hours per week*7.5per hour = $1,200
3
Questions:
Should the current method stays the same?
Are there other alternatives?
Is the current method the cheapest in the long run?
How would you justify an expenditure over $3,000
What do you think about cumulative trauma disorders and work-related injuries?
4
Write a report with the answers to your questions.
Include figures, tables, and other sources of information to help justify the project and also answer the questions. You can certainly use the textbook to help you.
Include in your report a list of references and of course cite all your sources of information.
This work MUST be done in teams of 3 people or 2. No individual assignment will be accepted.
5
Psychotherapy Interventions II
Case Conceptualization Exemplar
Case Conceptualization Exemplar (cont.)
Student Name:
Case Name/#: Case Study Exemplar: Linda
1. Problem identification and definition: [1–2 paragraphs]
[Primary and contributing concerns for the client]
· Client concerns: Cognitive abilities
· Client concerns: Feeling “anxious,” associated with being accepted by others
· Clinical concerns: Interpersonal isolation
· Clinical concerns: Self-devaluation, adequacy
· Clinical concerns: Depressive symptoms
2. Contextual considerations: [1–2 paragraphs]
[What ethical, legal, cultural, or other key considerations need to be considered with this client when creating a treatment plan?]
· Given no family, friends, or beliefs were identified as a support base, it would seem there are no resources on which Linda might rely.
· Given her sustained employment, attempts at effecting change, and self-referral, it seems as Linda may have the capacity for insight, ability to sustain, and motivation for change.
3. Diagnosis
Axis I: [Be sure to provide full title and code]
300.04
Dysthymic Disorder
Axis II:
V71.0 ...
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Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE)History, XIV.16 The Luxury .docxgalerussel59292
Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE):
History, XIV.16: The Luxury of the Rich in Rome, c. 400 CE.
Rome is still looked upon as the queen of the earth, and the name of the Roman people is respected and venerated. But the magnificence of Rome is defaced by the inconsiderate levity of a few, who never recollect where they are born, but fall away into error and licentiousness as if a perfect immunity were granted to vice. Of these men, some, thinking that they can be handed down to immortality by means of statues, are eager after them, as if they would obtain a higher reward from brazen figures unendowed with sense than from a consciousness of upright and honorable actions; and they are even anxious to have them plated over with gold!
Others place the summit of glory in having a couch higher than usual, or splendid apparel; and so toil and sweat under a vast burden of cloaks which are fastened to their necks by many clasps, and blow about by the excessive fineness of the material, showing a desire by the continual wriggling of their bodies, and especially by the waving of the left hand, to make more conspicuous their long fringes and tunics, which are embroidered in multiform figures of animals with threads of divers colors.
Others again, put on a feigned severity of countenance, and extol their patrimonial estates in a boundless degree, exaggerating the yearly produce of their fruitful fields, which they boast of possessing in numbers, from east and west, being forsooth ignorant that their ancestors, who won greatness for Rome, were not eminent in riches; but through many a direful war overpowered their foes by valor, though little above the common privates in riches, or luxury, or costliness of garments.
If now you, as an honorable stranger, should enter the house of any passing rich man, you will be hospitably received, as though you were very welcome; and after having had many questions put to you, and having been forced to tell a number of lies, you will wonder---since the gentleman has never seen you before---that a person of high rank should pay such attention to a humble individual like yourself, so that you become exceeding happy, and begin to repent not having come to Rome ten years before. When, however, relying on this affability you do the same thing the next day, you will stand waiting as one utterly unknown and unexpected, while he who yesterday urged you to "come again," counts upon his fingers who you can be, marveling for a long time whence you came, and what you can want. But when at last you are recognized and admitted to his acquaintance, if you should devote yourself to him for three years running, and after that cease with your visits for the same stretch of time, then at last begin them again, you will never be asked about your absence any more than if you had been dead, and you will waste your whole life trying to court the humors of this blockhead.
But when those long and unwholesome banquets, which are indulged in at .
The document provides details about the barbaric invasions of Europe beginning in 406 CE. Several Germanic tribes crossed the frozen Rhine River and invaded Gaul. Over the next few decades, the Vandals and other tribes invaded and conquered territories across Europe and North Africa, including sacking Rome in 455 CE. By the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire was overwhelmed by these invasions, though the Eastern Empire survived until the 15th century. The invasions had severe social and economic consequences for Europe.
1) Emperor Augustus brought peace and stability to Rome after years of civil war, but established an autocratic system that ended the Roman Republic.
2) Caligula completed public works projects but became an oppressive and erratic ruler, putting some senators to death and humiliating others.
3) Nero blamed Christians for the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE and had many executed in cruel ways, increasing persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.
Virginia a commentary on lord macaulays pastiche ofKeith Armstrong
This is a commentary on Lord Macaulays pastiche of a Roman epic poem Virginia from his book; Lord Macaulays Essays And The Lays Of Rome first published in 1842.
His works include an essay on Milton 1825 published in the Edinburgh Review, a volume of verse, Lays of Ancient Rome 1842, and the History of England 1848-61 covering the years up to 1702.
NOTE: This rare book by a very popular Bible scholar of the past is now a collectors item that you can purchase for 25 to 45 dollars. This free copy has a good many spelling errors, but the value is still here for those who want to know its content.
This document is an excerpt from Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities. It describes the setting of 18th century London and Paris before the French Revolution. Specifically, it summarizes the political and social unrest in both countries. In London, crime runs rampant on the streets. In Paris, the clergy and aristocracy oppress the people. The excerpt then follows three passengers traveling by coach from Dover to London. One passenger, Jarvis Lorry, receives a mysterious message to "wait at Dover for Mam'selle."
Rome's geographic location offered strategic advantages that contributed to its rise as a great power. Its site along major rivers and near the sea provided access to inland and overseas trade routes, bringing wealth and resources into the city. This commercial network expanded greatly as Rome established control over the Mediterranean region and established roads connecting its territories. However, as the empire grew vast and Rome struggled with internal problems like economic difficulties and inequality, it became increasingly difficult to govern such a large domain. External invasions by groups like the Huns also threatened the empire. While the Roman Empire ultimately declined, it had a profound lasting legacy as the foundations of modern Western law, language, engineering and architecture have their roots in Roman innovations and institutions.
This document contains the second Centurie of quatrains by Nostradamus, published in 1555. It consists of 41 sets of 4 line poems (quatrains) that are prophetic predictions. Some quatrains predict natural disasters, wars, and political events involving places like Aquitaine, Britain, Euboea, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Dalmatia and more.
The document provides an excerpt from Chapter 1 of The Scarlet Pimpernel by Baroness Orczy. It describes the setting of Paris in September 1792 during the French Revolution. Citizens are executing aristocrats daily via the guillotine. At the barricades, Sergeant Bibot enjoys catching aristocrats trying to escape disguised and sends them to their deaths. He brags about how he will catch the elusive English spy known as the Scarlet Pimpernel who has been helping many aristocrats escape France.
The Roman Empire originated in Italy in the city of Rome and expanded greatly over time through military conquests to cover large portions of Europe and the Mediterranean world. Key events in the rise of Rome included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BC to establish the Roman Republic, conflicts between the patrician and plebeian classes that led to reforms increasing plebeian rights, and the expansion of Roman territory throughout Italy and beyond via victories in the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Roman Empire emerged in 27 BC under Augustus and went on to experience periods of great prosperity and stability as well as challenges like invasions and the eventual split into Western and Eastern sections. Roman culture had a significant lasting
The document provides a summary of the third century of Nostradamus' prophecies in 3 sentences or less:
It introduces the third century of Nostradamus' prophecies, which was first published in 1555. It contains 41 quatrains (4 line poems) that provide cryptic predictions about future events. Many of the quatrains predict natural disasters, wars, and political changes.
1) Grendel, a troll-like monster, begins attacking the great hall of King Hrothgar, called Heorot, killing Hrothgar's warriors every night.
2) For twelve years Grendel terrorizes the Danes, emptying Heorot as none can stand against him.
3) The Danes are distressed by Grendel's attacks and discuss how to defend against the monster, though as pagans they do not pray to the Christian God for help.
The project gutenberg e book of a tale of two citiesChricho Bautista
This document is a summary of the novel "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens posted on the website Todolodescargo.com. It includes the full text of the first chapter which sets the historical context in London and Paris in the years leading up to the French Revolution. The summary also lists the book's three parts and chapter titles to outline the story and events that will take place in the novel.
The document provides background information on the early Germanic peoples who lived in a region called Germania by the Romans. It describes the geography and climate of Germania, which stretched from Norway to Poland and consisted of forest, hills, rivers, bogs and marshland. The early Germans lived in villages of 12-60 thatched houses surrounded by palisades, and grew crops and raised livestock. They did not have a unified identity but identified with their individual tribes like the Chauci and Anglii. Archaeology has revealed more about their Iron Age culture than the Romans knew.
This summarizes the first quatrain (4 line poem) from Nostradamus' Centurie I. It describes Nostradamus sitting alone at night in secret study, with a small flame coming from emptiness that makes successful what should not be believed in vain.
This document provides a summary of the genocide of California Native Americans that occurred when white settlers arrived in the region. It describes how settlers justified taking Native lands by promoting the concept of "Manifest Destiny," which held that white Americans were destined to expand across North America. It then details some of the initial encounters between Native peoples and European explorers and missionaries in California. However, it argues that the settlers ultimately carried out massive violence and genocide against Native populations in order to steal their lands.
1) In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes including the Swabians, Vandals, and Alans migrated into the Iberian peninsula after the weakening of Roman power. The Swabians settled in the northwest regions that had a climate and landscape similar to their homeland.
2) The Swabians introduced small, privately owned farm systems to the northwest regions, in contrast to the previous Roman large estates and Celtic communal lands. They also maintained Roman administrative systems and allowed the Catholic church to function, though some tribes adopted heresies before accepting orthodoxy.
3) The Swabian kingdom centered around Braga extended from the Bay of Biscay to the Douro
NEW-SPAINAmong other massacres was one which took place in Cho.docxhenrymartin15260
NEW-SPAIN
Among other massacres was one which took place in Cholula,
a great city of some thirty thousand inhabitants. When all the
dignitaries of the city and the region came out to welcome the
Spaniards with all due pomp and ceremony, the priests to the
fore and the high/priest at the head of the procession, and then
proceeded to escort them into the city and lodge them in the
houses of the lord and the leading citizens, the Spaniards decided
that the moment had come to organize a massacre (or 'punishment'
as they themselves express such things) in order to inspire
fear and teiror in all the people of the territory. This was, indeed,
the pattern they followed in all the lands they invaded:
to stage a bloody massacre of the most public possible kind in
order to terrorize those meek and gentle peoples. What they did
was the following. They' requested the local lord to send for all
the nobles and leading citizens of the city and of all the surround-
ing communities subject to it and, as soon as they arrived and
entered the building to begin talks with the Spanish commander,
Ithey were seized without anyone outside getting wind of what
was afoot. Part of the original request was that they should
bring with them five or six thousand native bearers and these
were mustered in the courtyards when and as they arrived. One
could not watch these poor wretches getting ready to carry the
Spaniards' packs without taking pity on them, stark naked as
they were with only their modesty hidden from view, each with
a kind of little net on his shoulders in which he carried his own
modest store of provisions. They all got down on their haunches
and waited patiently like sheep. Once they were all safely inside
the courtyard, together with a number of others who were also
there at the time, armed guards took up positions covering the
exits and Spanish soldiers unsheathed their swords and grasped
their lances and proceeded to slaughter these poor innocents.
Not a single soul escaped. After a day or two had gone by,
several victims surfaced, soaked from head to foot in the blood
of their fellows beneath whose bodies they had sheltered (so
thick was the carpet of corpses in the courtyard) and, with tears
in their eyes, pleaded for their lives; but the Spaniards showed
them no mercy nor any compassion, and no sooner did they
crawl out from under the pile of corpses than they were butchered.
The Spanish commander gave orders that the leading citizens,
who numbered over a hundred and were roped together,
were to be tied to stakes set in the ground and burned alive. One
of these dignitaries, however, who may' well have been the first
among them and the king of that whole region, managed to get
free and took refuge, along with twenty or thirty or forty others,
in the great temple of the city, which was fortified and was
known in the local language as quu.
There they put up a stout
defence against the Spaniards which lasted f.
HW in teams of 3 studentsAn oil remanufacturing company uses c.docxwellesleyterresa
HW in teams of 3 students
An oil remanufacturing company uses clay in its manufacturing process. This clay comes into the plant in 80-pound bags stacked 40 per pallet and 50 pallets per boxcar. The railroad spur comes into the plant property but your plant does not have a rail car siding. Two car loads per year are used. The union and the company agreed that the part time workers would be hired for one week, twice a year at the rate of $7.5 per hour to unload these cars. You feel that this is a bad job and no one should have to work this hard. You look into this project
1
Why is this done?
We need the clay, and the railroad is by far the cheapest way to transport it
What: 80pounds bags of clay=160,000 pound boxcar load
Where: from the boxcar in our yard to the storeroom, 300ft away
Who: 2 temporary workers
When: one week, twice a year
How: Present method: manually unload the pallets off the boxcar then move these pallets into the storeroom with the fork truck we already own
2
How much could you spend improving this job?
We spend a week, twice a year with 2 temporary workers at $7.5
4 weeks* 40 hours per week*7.5per hour = $1,200
3
Questions:
Should the current method stays the same?
Are there other alternatives?
Is the current method the cheapest in the long run?
How would you justify an expenditure over $3,000
What do you think about cumulative trauma disorders and work-related injuries?
4
Write a report with the answers to your questions.
Include figures, tables, and other sources of information to help justify the project and also answer the questions. You can certainly use the textbook to help you.
Include in your report a list of references and of course cite all your sources of information.
This work MUST be done in teams of 3 people or 2. No individual assignment will be accepted.
5
Psychotherapy Interventions II
Case Conceptualization Exemplar
Case Conceptualization Exemplar (cont.)
Student Name:
Case Name/#: Case Study Exemplar: Linda
1. Problem identification and definition: [1–2 paragraphs]
[Primary and contributing concerns for the client]
· Client concerns: Cognitive abilities
· Client concerns: Feeling “anxious,” associated with being accepted by others
· Clinical concerns: Interpersonal isolation
· Clinical concerns: Self-devaluation, adequacy
· Clinical concerns: Depressive symptoms
2. Contextual considerations: [1–2 paragraphs]
[What ethical, legal, cultural, or other key considerations need to be considered with this client when creating a treatment plan?]
· Given no family, friends, or beliefs were identified as a support base, it would seem there are no resources on which Linda might rely.
· Given her sustained employment, attempts at effecting change, and self-referral, it seems as Linda may have the capacity for insight, ability to sustain, and motivation for change.
3. Diagnosis
Axis I: [Be sure to provide full title and code]
300.04
Dysthymic Disorder
Axis II:
V71.0 ...
HW 5.docxAssignment 5 – Currency riskYou may do this assig.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 5.docx
Assignment 5 – Currency risk
You may do this assignment alone or with one other person. For each of your answers, be as specific as possible about all transactions and amounts involved.
All interest rates are stated as annual rates.
Part 1 Transaction risk
1 (10 points)
a. Select a foreign currency
b. Find the spot exchange rate for that currency
c. Select an amount between 150 million and 200 million
d. Select a number of months between 3 and 9
e. Select either payable or receivable. If you select payable, for the rest of the questions in this part of the assignment, assume a US firm is required to make a payment of the number selected in part c of the foreign currency from part a at the time selected in part d. If you select receivable, assume a US firm expects to receive a payment of the number of units selected in part c of the foreign currency from part a at the time selected in part d.
e. Describe the future payment (in $) from the above assumptions if the exchange rate remains the same as it is today.
2. (10 points) Explain how the firm can use leading or lagging to reduce the exchange rate risk created by this payment.
3. (20 points) Assume the US interest rate is 2% and the foreign interest rate is 5%, how can the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with the payment using a money market hedge?
4 (20 points)
a. How can the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with the payment using a forward market hedge?
b. If the forward price is 1% lower than the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the date the payment is due is 1% higher than the spot exchange rate, what will the dollar value of the amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
c. If the forward price is 2% higher than the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the date the payment is due is 1% higher than the spot exchange rate, what will the dollar value of the amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
5 (20 points)
a. How can the firm hedge the risk associated with the payment using a foreign currency option?
b. If the option’s strike price is equal to the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the payment is due is 2% lower than the spot market price, will the firm exercise the options and what will the dollar amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
c. If the option’s strike price is equal to the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the payment is due is 2% higher than the spot market price, will the firm exercise the options and what will the dollar amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
6. (10 points) How could the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with this payment by exposure netting or funds adjustment?
Part 2 Economic risk
1. (10 points) Obtain weekly stock prices for the last five years for a US company and a foreign company of your choice.
2. (10 points) Obtain exchange rates for three dif ...
HW#3 – Spring 20181. Giulia is traveling from Italy to China. .docxwellesleyterresa
The document contains instructions for several programming assignments involving object-oriented design principles in Java. Students are asked to:
1. Create a Student class with methods to add courses and compute GPA, and test it by making objects for two students.
2. Modify the Account class to add overloaded constructors, a withdraw method with fees, and tracking of open accounts.
3. Add functionality for closing accounts and consolidating accounts with the same name.
4. Add methods to transfer funds between accounts either through objects or directly between accounts.
This homework assignment is due on July 1st by 5:00 PM. The assignment is labeled "HW 2" indicating it is the second homework assignment of the course. Students must submit the completed homework by the specified due date and time.
HW 4 Gung Ho Commentary DUE Thursday, April 20 at 505 PM on.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 4: Gung Ho Commentary
DUE: Thursday, April 20 at 5:05 PM on Isidore (upload) and in class (hard copy)
Unlike watching a movie for entertainment, this assignment requires you to mindfully pay attention to how leadership is expressed, and how people from different cultures differ in their leadership styles. Specifically, use the guide below to (1) describe leaders, (2) analyze effective and ineffective leadership styles, and (3) provide suggestions for improving leadership in cross-cultural situations. Use the entire movie to inform your answers.
Read this viewing guide BEFORE you begin watching the movie. AFTER watching the movie, write down your observations and analysis pertaining to each of these questions.
Instructions
· Read through the questions in this worksheet
· Watch the movie “Gung Ho”
· Use this worksheet to write down your answers to each of the questions
1) Based on this movie, how would you describe the culture—values and beliefs about what is “right” and “wrong”—in Japanese companies?
2) Based on this movie, how would you describe the culture—values and beliefs about what is “right” and “wrong”—in American companies?
3) Drawing on your answers on questions 1 and 2, what would be an effective leadership style in Japanese organizations? Alternatively, what would be an effective leadership style in American organizations?
4) Gung Ho means working together in Chinese. What tactics did the leaders of this factory use to get workers from different cultures to work together?
5) How would you describe Hunt’s leadership style at the beginning of the movie? What about the end of the movie? Support your answers with specific examples from the movie.
6) How would you describe the leadership style of the executives at Assan Motors (such as Kazihiro and Saito)? Support your answers with specific examples from the movie.
HW
4:
Gung
Ho
Commentary
DUE:
Thursday,
April
20
at
5:05
PM
on
Isidore
(upload)
and
in
class
(hard
copy)
Unlike
watching
a
movie
for
entertainment,
this
assignment
requires
you
to
mindfully
pay
attention
to
how
leadership
is
expressed,
and
how
people
from
different
cultures
differ
in
their
leadership
styles.
Specifically,
use
the
guide
below
to
(1)
describe
leaders,
(2)
analyze
effective
and
ineffective
leadership
styles,
and
(3)
provide
suggestions
for
improving
leadership
in
cross-cultural
situations.
Use
the
entire
movie
to
inform
your
answers.
Read
this
viewing
guide
BEFORE
you
begin
watching
the
movie.
AFTER
watching
the
movie,
write
down
your
observations
and
analysis
pertaining
to
each
of
these
questions.
Instructions
·
Read
through
the
questions
in
this
worksheet
·
Watch
the
movie
“
Gung
Ho
”
·
Use
this
worksheet
to
write
down
your
answers
to
each
of
the
questions
...
HW 5 Math 405. Due beginning of class – Monday, 10 Oct 2016.docxwellesleyterresa
Romeo and Juliet's relationship is modeled mathematically. Their love and hate for each other oscillates over time based on a set of differential equations. Mercutio tries to interfere by negatively influencing Romeo's feelings for Juliet. This changes the model and results in a different outcome for Romeo and Juliet's relationship. The model is further complicated by Mercutio developing feelings for Juliet and Juliet having mixed feelings for both Romeo and Mercutio, creating a love triangle. The dynamics of this new system are analyzed using eigenvalues and phase planes. Additional models examine planetary orbits and competition between rabbits and sheep.
HW 5-RSA/ascii2str.m
function str = ascii2str(ascii)
% Convert to string
str = char(ascii);
HW 5-RSA/bigmod.m
function remainder = bigmod (number, power, modulo)
% modulo function for large numbers, -> number^power(mod modulo)
% by bennyboss / 2005-06-24 / Matlab 7
% I used algorithm from this webpage:
% http://www.disappearing-inc.com/ciphers/rsa.html
% binary decomposition
binary(1,1) = 1;
col = 2;
while ( binary(1, col-1) <= power-binary(1, col-1) )
binary(1, col) = 2*binary(1, col-1);
col = col + 1;
end
% flip matrix
binary = fliplr(binary);
% extract binary decomposition from number
result = power;
cols = length(binary);
extracted_binary = zeros(1, cols);
index = zeros(1, cols);
for ( col=1 : cols )
if( result-binary(1, col) > 0 )
result = result - binary(1, col);
extracted_binary(1, col) = binary(1, col);
index(1, col) = col;
elseif ( result-binary(1, col) == 0 )
extracted_binary(1, col) = binary(1, col);
index(1, col) = col;
break;
end
end
% flip matrix
binary = fliplr(binary);
% doubling the powers by squaring the numbers
cols2 = length(extracted_binary);
rem_sqr = zeros(1, cols);
rem_sqr(1, 1) = mod(number^1, modulo);
if ( cols2 > 1 )
for ( col=2 : cols)
rem_sqr(1, col) = mod(rem_sqr(1, col-1)^2, modulo);
end
end
% flip matrix
rem_sqr = fliplr(rem_sqr);
% compute reminder
index = find(index);
remainder = rem_sqr(1, index(1, 1));
cols = length(index);
for (col=2 : cols)
remainder = mod(remainder*rem_sqr(1, index(1, col)), modulo);
end
HW 5-RSA/EGCP447-Lecture No 10.pdf
RSA Encryption
RSA = Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman (MIT), 1978
Underlying hard problem
– Number theory – determining prime factors of a given
(large) number
e.g., factoring of small #: 5 -) 5, 6 -) 2 *3
– Arithmetic modulo n
How secure is RSA?
– So far remains secure (after all these years...)
– Will somebody propose a quick algorithm to factor
large numbers?
– Will quantum computing break it? -) TBD
RSA Encryption
In RSA:
– P = E (D(P)) = D(E(P)) (order of D/E does not matter)
– More precisely: P = E(kE, D(kD, P)) = D(kD, E(kE, P))
Encryption: C = Pe mod n KE = e
– n is the key length
– Note, P is turned into an integer using a padding
scheme
– Given C, it is very difficult to find P without knowing
KD
Decryption: P = Cd mod n KD = d
We will look at this algorithm in detail next time
RSA Algorithm
1. Key Generation
– A key generation algorithm
2. RSA Function Evaluation
– A function F, that takes as an input a point x and a
key k and produces either an encrypted result or
plaintext, depending on the input and the key
Key Generation
The key generation algorithm is the most
complex part of RSA
The aim of the key generation algorithm is to
generate both th ...
HW 3 Project Control• Status meeting agenda – shows time, date .docxwellesleyterresa
HW 3: Project Control
• Status meeting agenda – shows time, date and location of the meeting. Each agenda item should show the item to be discussed, who is the primary facilitator for that topic, and how long the item is estimated to be discussed. A section of the form should capture action items taken from the meeting, including who is responsible and what the desired date for conclusion is.
• Issues tracking worksheet – allows all open issues on a project to be captured, along with a rating of their importance, point person responsible, notes, and desired date of resolution.
• Status report form – includes the most important elements of project status. Examples: project name, brief scope, CPI, SPI, project manager, key issues, key risks, recent accomplishments, upcoming accomplishments.
...
HW 1January 19 2017Due back Jan 26, in class.1. (T.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 1
January 19 2017
Due back Jan 26, in class.
1. (Tadelis p.12) You plan on buying a used car. You have $12,000 and you are not
eligible for any loans. the prices of available cars on the lot are given as follows:
Make, model and year Price
Toyota Corolla 2002 9350
Toyota Camry 2001 10500
Buick Lesabre 2001 8825
Honda Civic 2000 9215
Subaru Impreza 2000 9690
For any given year, you prefer a Camry to an Impreza, an Impreza to a Corolla, a
Corolla to a Civic, and a Civic to a LeSabre. For any given year, you are willing to
pay $999 to move from any given car to the next preferred one. For example, if the
price of the Corolla is z, then you are willing to buy it rather than a Civic if the Civic
costs more than z−999 but prefer the civic if it costs less than this. For any given car,
you are willing to move to a model a year older if it is cheaper by at least $500. For
example, if the price of a 2003 Civic is x, then you are willing to buy it rather than a
2002 Civic, if the 2002 Civic costs more than x−500.
(a) What is your set of possible alternatives?
(b) What are your preferences between each pair of alternatives in your set?
(c) What car would you choose?
2. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #1
3. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #6
4. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #9.
1
Symmetric Information and Competitive
Equilibrium
Neil Wallace
January 3, 2017
1 Introduction
We are all familiar with the general idea of uncertainty. We are uncertain
about tomorrow’s weather, about whether we will wake up with a headache
tomorrow morning, and about whether someone’s estimate of the labor re-
quired to repair our car is correct. Considerable effort is directed toward
coping with uncertainty. Some farmers have costly irrigation systems in or-
der to make output less dependent on variations in rainfall. And many of
us buy insurance of various sorts to limit our exposure to some kinds of un-
certainty. Moreover, there are government programs like disaster aid and
unemployment insurance that are intended to offset some of the effects of
uncertainty.
Here is an example of the kind of setting we will study. There are N
people labelled 1, 2, ...,N. Rainfall is uncertain and it can either be high or
low, just two possibilities. We denote the level of rainfall by s ∈ {H,L},
where we use the letter s as a shorthand for state or state-of-the-world and
where H stands for high and L for low. We suppose that each person has
some land that will without effort bear a crop of some amount of rice. The
size of the crop will depend on whether rainfall is high or low. For person n,
we denote the size of the rice crop by (wnH,wnL), where wns is the crop on
n’s land if the state is s. We assume that wns > 0, but, otherwise, make no
other special assumptions about it. In particular, we want to assume that
some land does better with high rainfall and other land does better with low
rainfall. If s = H, the total crop is
∑N
n=1 wnH, denoted WH; if s = L, t ...
hw1.docxCS 211 Homework #1Please complete the homework problem.docxwellesleyterresa
hw1.docxCS 211 Homework #1
Please complete the homework problems on the following page using a separate piece of paper. Note that this is an individual assignment and all work must be your own. Be sure to show your work when appropriate. This assignment is due in lab on Monday, October 10, 2016.
1. [3] Given the following pre-order and in-order traversals, reconstruct the appropriate binary tree. NOTE: You must draw a single tree that works for both traversals.
Pre-order: A, E, D, G, B, F, I, C
In-order: D, E, B, G, A, F, I, C
2. [3] Starting with an empty BST, draw each step in the following operation sequence. Assume that all removals come from the left subtree when the node to remove is full.
Insert(5), Insert(10), Insert(2), Insert(9), Insert(1), Insert(3), Remove(5).
3. [3] Starting with an empty BST, draw each step in the following operation sequence. Assume that all removals come from the right subtree when the node to remove is full.
Insert(10), Insert(5), Insert(23), Insert(4), Insert(19), Insert(7), Insert(9), Insert(6), Remove(5).
4. Given the following binary tree:
A. [1] What is the height of the tree?
B. [1] What is the depth of node 90?
C. [1] What is the height of node 90?
D. [3] Give the pre-order, in-order, and post-order traversal of this tree.
5. Given the following two functions:
int f(int n)
{
if(n <= 0)
{
Return 0;
}
return 1 + f(n - 1);
}
int g(int n)
{
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
sum += 1;
}
Return sum;
}
A. [2] State the runtime complexity of both f() and g()
B. [2] State the memory complexity for both f() and g()
C. [4] Write another function called "int h(int n)" that does the same thing but has a more efficient runtime complexity.
Requirements:
This abstract and outline is for your individual paper that you will be handing in on finals week. Same topic as with your team, but you will write a one paragraph abstract describing your topic, and how you plan to treat it. While you will be walking through all the steps of the Systems Process (which I understand we havent covered in full yet) you may in your abstract and outline want to mention parts that will have more emphasis based on your knowledge of the background of your problem. The outline should obviously include all the steps of the systems process with extra elements based your what you think will have heavier emphasis.
Idea:
So as you know, Elon Musk has just announced SpaceX plan to colonize Mars in the upcoming decades and we thought this would be an interesting topic to research through the 13 steps of the systems engineering process.
Links:
Full Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAZ-Xbn5hr0
Short Abbreviated: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yzw6_V7LGeY
Our group idea: after people went to Mars, they will build a system
these ideas supposed to be I think or depends on you:
Buildings, spaces to live, water, and other elements required for life, write in an engineering ...
HUS 335: Interpersonal Helping Skills
Case Assessment Format
The case assessment takes place after the intake and assessment interviews have been conducted. The helping professional must evaluate the application for services to determine eligibility for services. This is just one process for conducting a case assessment.
Step 1. Provide me with your agency’s profile with your eligibility guidelines (on a separate page)
Step 2. Review the case assessment process (things to think about as you complete the assessment)
Step 3. Complete the Case Assessment (p. 2)
I. Examine your agency’s guidelines for eligibility as well as federal or state guidelines, if applicable. What are your agency’s guidelines for eligibility?
II. Review all the information you have gather on your client during the initial contact, intake, and assessment phases.
a. Applicant’s reason for applying for services
b. His/her background
c. Strengths
d. Weaknesses
e. The problem that is causing difficulty
f. What the applicants want to have happen as a result of service delivery
III. Determine if the client is eligible for services at your agency.
A. Is the client eligible for services? Why or why not?
B. What problems are identified (i.e., presenting problem)?
C. Are services or resources available that relate to the problems identified?
D. Will the agency’s involvement help the client reach the objectives goals that have been established.
E. Is more information needed (e.g., referral source, client’s family, chool officials, employer, medical doctor, mental health professional, previous social service agencies, etc.)
IV. Impressions
V. Assessment
VI. Service Identification/Recommendations for Services
VII. Case Assignment
Your Agency’s Name
Case Assessment
Pseudo Client Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _________________
Human Services Professional: ______________________________________ Title: _________________
Intake Date: ______________________ Assessment Interview Date: _________________________
I. Demographic description of client
Age, gender, cultural background, race, socioeconomic status, religion, occupation, marital/family status, education
II. Presenting Problem
Indicate referral source (e.g., self-referred or agency referral). If an agency referred the client, state why they referred the client to your agency.
State what brought the client to your agency from the client’s perspective. (This only needs to be a few sentences and not the history of the client.)
III. Impression/Interview affect, behavior, and mental status
How does the client appear to you (grooming, dress, voice, tone, mood, timeliness for the interview, cooperativeness, etc.)? Has this been consistent or changed throughout sessions (intake and assessment interview sessions)?
IV. History
Present the history as objectively as possible and only key information. Facts that were collected from the client, significant records, and referral source. Let the facts s ...
HW #1Tech Alert on IT & Strategy (Ch 3-5Ch 3 -5 IT Strategy opt.docxwellesleyterresa
Zara gathers customer feedback and sales data from its stores to inform product design and inventory decisions. Store managers use PDAs to chat with customers and get input on styles. After closing, they analyze unsold items to identify customer preferences. Manager updates combine this qualitative feedback with quantitative sales data from POS systems. This evidence-based approach allows Zara to quickly design and reorder based on demand rather than guesses, helping it dominate the fast fashion industry.
HW 2 (1) Visit Monsanto (httpwww.monsanto.com) again and Goog.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 2
(1) Visit Monsanto (http://www.monsanto.com) again and Google to find various information about internal factors of Monsanto.
(2) Based on the information, perform your own internal audit for Monsanto. You do not need to perform financial analysis for this assignment. If you perform the internal audit, you will find strengths and weaknesses of Monsanto.
(3) List the strengths and weaknesses of Mondanto. Then, explain why you think so.
Note: Strengths and Weakness are SW of SWOT analysis. We will use strengths and weaknesses in the last module later.
1
Class Today
• Print notes and examples
• Trusses
– Definition
– Working with Trusses
– Truss Analysis
• Example Problems
• Group Work Time
http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses.pdf
http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses_examples.pdf
…these are cool trusses
Norman Foster
Sainsbury Centre
Santiago Calatrava
Turning Torso
Shigeru Ban
Japanese Pavilion
KMR
… be inspired!
3
Renzo Piano
Kansai International Airport
Rem Koolhaas
The Shenzhen Stock Exchange
KMR
So what are trusses?
http://bridgehunter.com/story/1109/
http://www.americanpoleandtimber.com/img/wood-timber-trusses-park-BIG.jpg
http://www.hndszj.com/eng/uploads/201008101822313.jpg
Trusses are …
• Structures designed to support loads:
− Will transmit loads through the joints of the structure
− Will ultimately transmit loads to the foundation
• Cost effective in design because:
− Weight is minimized (weight of members is typically
light compared to loads carried, so it is often
neglected)
− Strength to weight ratio is maximized
Image copyright 2013, Pearson Education, publishing as Prentice Hall
Working with Trusses:
Assumptions
• All loads are applied / transmitted at joints
• All members are joined by pin connections
• Consist entirely of two-force members
(review section 5.4)
• Can contain zero-force members
Image copyright 2013, Pearson Education, publishing as Prentice Hall
Zero-force Members
What are zero-force members?
• Structural members that carry no force
Why do we use them?
• Used to provide stability
– During construction
– If (intermittent) loading of the truss changes
• Shortens chord length and increases
buckling capacity of compression members
7
Zero-force Members: Case 1
Zero-force Members: Case 2
10
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/static_files/Images/Construction/Reference/
architectural%20studio/elements/Structural%20steel%20trusses/j2.jpg
http://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/rose2.shtml
http://sluggyjunx.com/rr/georgetown_branch/gallery/04_16_0
3_gb_canal_bridges/04_16_03-gb_canal_br-34.jpg
Gusset plate
pin
Joint Connections
Welded
connection http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching-
resources/architectural-teaching-resource/elements/connections/connections-
in-trusses
11
http://civildigital.com/wp-con ...
Hunters Son Dialogue Activity1. Please write 1-2 sentences for e.docxwellesleyterresa
Hunters Son Dialogue Activity
1. Please write 1-2 sentences for each of the characters below, explaining the broader point of view that they represent:
HUNTER:
HUNTER’S SON:
THE BOY:
2. Based on your answers above, please explain in 2-3 sentences what you think the author is trying to achieve by bringing these perspectives together and having them speak with one another.
3. In a sentence or two, please explain what you think the play is telling us (the reader) about how indigenous writers and people relate to animals?
...
HW 2 - SQL The database you will use for this assignme.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 2 - SQL
The database you will use for this assignment contains information related to Major League
Baseball (MLB) about players, teams, and games. The relations are:
Players(playerID, playerName, team, position, birthYear)
● playerID is a player identifier used in MLB, and all players throughout the history of
baseball have a unique ID
● playerName is player’s name
● team is the name of the MLB team the player is currently playing on (or the last team the
player played for if they are not currently playing)
● position is the position of the player
● birthYear is the year that player was born
Teams(teamID, teamName, home, leagueName)
● teamID is a unique ID internal to MLB.
● teamName is the name of the team
● home is the home city of the team
● leagueName is the league the team is in, i.e. either “National” or “American”, which
stands for “National League” and “American League”, respectively
Games(gameID, homeTeamID, guestTeamID, date)
● gameID is a unique ID used internally in MLB
● homeTeamID is the ID of the hometeam
● guestTeamID is the ID of the visiting team
● date is the date of the game.
A sample instance of this database is given at the end of this homework handout. Since it is just
one instance of the database designed to give you some intuition, you should not “customize”
your answer to work only with this instance.
1. (10 points each) Write the following queries in SQL, using the schema provided
above. (Note: Your queries must not be “state-dependent", that is, they should work without
modification even if another instance of the database is given.)
(a) Print the names of all players who were born in 1970 and played for the Braves.
(b) Print the names of teams that do not have a pitcher.
(c) Print names of all players who have played in the National League.
(d) Print all gameIDs with Phillies as the home team.
2. (15 points each) Write the following queries in SQL, using the schema provided
above.
(a) Print all teamIDs where the team played against the Phillies but not against the Braves.
(b) Print all tuples (playerID1, playerID2, team) where playerID1 and playerID2 are (or have
been) on the same team. Avoid listing self-references or duplicates, e.g. do not allow
(1,1,”Braves”) or both (2,5,”Phillies”) and (5,2,”Phillies”).
(c) Print all tuples (teamID1, league1, teamID2, league2, date) where teamID1 and teamID2
played against each other in a World Series game. Although there is no direct information
about the World Series games in the relations, we can infer that when two teams from different
leagues play each other, it is a World Series game. So, in this relation, league1 and league2
should be different leagues.
(d) List all cities that have a team in all leagues. For example, there are currently two leagues
(National and American). Although not shown in this instance, New York is home to the Mets in
the National ...
Humanities Commons Learning Goals1. Write about primary and seco.docxwellesleyterresa
Humanities Commons Learning Goals
1. Write about primary and secondary texts on the topic of literacy from the perspective of English Studies and at least one additional discipline in the Humanities Commons in a manner that reflects their ability to read critically;
2. Engage in a process approach to writing college-level prose;
3. Produce rhetorically effective college-level expository prose;
4. Demonstrate effective use of scholarly sources in their writing;
5. Recount in college-level prose their personal literacy histories and current literacy practices;
6. Examine in writing the discourse of a community different from themselves with respect to factors such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and so forth.
7. Explore the relevance of Catholic intellectual tradition for the study of reading, writing, and/or rhetoric as human endeavors.
you are to put together your Final Exam Portfolio. In this, you should have your Diagnostic Essay, drafts and revisions of your Literacy Narrative/Metawriting Assignment, Catholic Intellectual Tradition Response, Discourse Community Ethnography, and Argumentative Proposal Synthesis. You also need a final reflective essay discussing how you have grown as a writer over the term. This should be around one to three pages, but may go longer.
As a review, here is an overview of the material we covered:
Humanities Commons Learning Goals
Write about primary and secondary texts on the topic of literacy from the perspective of English Studies and at least one additional discipline in the Humanities Commons in a manner that reflects their ability to read critically;
Engage in a process approach to writing college-level prose;
Produce rhetorically effective college-level expository prose;
Demonstrate effective use of scholarly sources in their writing;
Recount in college-level prose their personal literacy histories and current literacy practices;
Examine in writing the discourse of a community different from themselves with respect to factors such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and so forth.
Explore the relevance of Catholic intellectual tradition for the study of reading, writing, and/or rhetoric as human endeavors.
Metawriting
“Sponsors of Literacy” - Brandt
Portrait of the Artists as
A Young Person – Literacy Narrative
A Young Adult – Autoethnography
MLA Conventions
Library Research
Grammar
Write in Active Voice
Seven Comma Rules
Affect/Effect; it’s its; etc.
Introduce Quotations
Quote, Summary, Paraphrase
Hamburger Metaphor for integrating quotes
Classical Aristotelian Essay Form
Rebuttal
Compare Contrast Essay: Block vs. Alternating
Works Cited List
Top Twenty Errors
Discourse Community Ethnography
“The Concept of a Discourse Community” – Swales
C.A.R.S. – Creating a Research Space – Swales
“Learning to Serve: The Language and Literacy of Food Service Workers” – Mirabelli
“Rethinking Subcultural Resistance: Core Values of the Straight Edge Movement” –
Haenfl ...
HURRICANE KATRINA A NATION STILL UNPREPARED .docxwellesleyterresa
The document summarizes a Senate report on the government's response to Hurricane Katrina. It finds that while officials were warned of Katrina's potential devastation, they failed to adequately prepare. Evacuation and shelter plans for New Orleans were incomplete. The storm exceeded the response capacity of all levels of government. Leadership failures at the federal, state and local levels compounded the crisis. FEMA and DHS were unprepared for a catastrophe of this scale.
Humanities 115
Short Essay Grading Criteria
Excellent
Passing
Unacceptable
Analysis
25, 18, 10
Details of individual myths are discussed thoughtfully, articulately, and accurately. Critical approaches and terminology are applied accurately and insightfully. Discussion of myths reflects rich, genuine intellectual engagement.
Applications of critical approaches and terms to myths occur, and demonstrate intellectual engagement with course materials, but maybe relatively superficial or contain some inaccuracy. Discussion may at times be vague, ideas may be somewhat underdeveloped.
Important elements missing or very underdeveloped. Substantial inaccuracies may occur.
Scholarly Rigor
13, 9, 5
Assertions are consistently backed with textual evidence. Sources are precisely cited with in-text parenthetical citations as well as a works cited page, if applicable.
Text-based support is sometimes used, citation is imprecise or incomplete.
Text-based support is generally absent, and/or citations are absent.
Coherence
5, 3, 1
Ideas are organized into coherent paragraphs. Transitions are used effectively within paragraphs. Transitions also fluently connect paragraphs.
Ideas are organized into paragraphs. Transitions are usually present and effective.
Essay lacks coherent paragraphs and transitions are absent or ineffective.
Grammar
& Mechanics
5, 3, 1
Standard Academic English is deployed in a controlled manner. Punctuation is precise. Small, occasional errors might occur, but never impede meaning.
Controlled deployment of Academic English is emerging. When errors occur, they only occasionally impede meaning.
Errors are numerous and consistently impede meaning.
Formatting
2, 1, 0
The following conventions of Modern Language Association format are used precisely: essay is consistently double-spaced throughout; a heading with your name, instructor’s name, course name, and date appears at the top left corner of the first page; title is centered just below the heading; text of the journal begins one double spaced line below the title; last name and page number appear at the top right of each page.
Most conventions are followed.
Most conventions are not followed.
Student Sample Essay #2
Genesis Myth
“And God created man in His own image, in the image of God he created male and female. He created them. And God blessed them.” (Leonard, Mcclure, 87) Unfortunately, the sentiment that men and women are equals is contradicted several times in the Genesis myth. The Genesis myth has had a negative influence on women’s roles in society that continually have impacts in today’s modern world. The myth describes women’s purpose as being subservient to men, women are easily swayed and manipulated, and that for seeking knowledge, women deserve the painful shame of childbirth. This patriarchal creation myth has played a role in justifying the suppression of equal rights throughout history and is still debated today.
To begin, the sole reason for the creation of woman ...
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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2. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19725/19725-h/19725-
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37
Though danger of such magnitude was impending (so
completely does Fortune blind the minds
of men when she wishes not her threatening stroke to be foiled)
a state, which against the
Fidenatian and Veientian enemies, and other neighbouring
states, had recourse to aid even from
the most extreme quarters, and had appointed a dictator on
many trying occasions, that same
state now, when an enemy, never before seen or heard of, from
the ocean and remotest
regions[Pg 369] of the earth, was advancing in arms against
them, looked not for any
extraordinary command or aid. Tribunes, by whose temerity the
war had been brought on them,
were appointed to the chief direction of affairs, and even
making less of the war than fame had
represented it, held the levy with no greater diligence than used
3. to be exercised for ordinary
wars. In the mean while the Gauls, on hearing that honour was
even conferred on the violators of
human law, and that their embassy was slighted, inflamed with
resentment, over which that
nation has no control, immediately snatched up their standards,
and enter on their march with the
utmost expedition. When the cities, alarmed at the tumult
occasioned by them as they passed
precipitately along, began to run to arms, and the peasants took
to flight, they indicated by a loud
shout that they were proceeding to Rome, taking up an immense
space of ground, wherever they
passed, with their horses and men, their troops spreading widely
in every direction. But fame and
the messengers of the Clusians, and then of the other states one
after another, preceding them,
the rapid advance of the enemy brought the greatest
consternation to Rome; for, with their
tumultuary troops hastily led on, they met them within the
distance of the eleventh mile-stone,
where the river Allia, descending from the Crustuminian
mountains in a very deep channel, joins
the river Tiber not far below the road. Already all places in
4. front and on each side were crowded
with the enemy, and this nation, which has a natural turn for
causeless confusion, by their harsh
music and discordant clamours, filled all places with a horrible
din.
38
There the military tribunes, without having previously selected
a place for their camp, without
having previously raised a rampart to which they might have a
retreat, unmindful of their duty to
the gods, to say nothing of that to man, without taking auspices
or offering sacrifices, draw up
their line, which was extended towards the flanks, lest they
should be surrounded by the great
numbers of the enemy. Still their front could not be made equal
to that of the enemy, though by
thinning their line they rendered their centre weak and scarcely
connected. There was on the
right a small eminence, which it was determined to fill with
bodies of reserve; and that
circumstance, as it was the first cause of their dismay and
flight, so it proved their only means of
safety in[Pg 370] their flight. For Brennus, the chieftain of the
Gauls, being chiefly apprehensive
5. of some design[169] being intended in the small number of the
enemy, thinking that the high
ground had been seized for this purpose, that, when the Gauls
had been engaged in front with the
line of the legions, the reserve was to make an attack on their
rear and flank, directed his troops
against the reserve; certain, that if he had dislodged them from
their ground, the victory would be
easy in the plain for a force which had so much the advantage in
point of numbers: thus not only
fortune, but judgment also stood on the side of the barbarians.
In the opposite army there
appeared nothing like Romans, either in the commanders, or in
the soldiers. Terror and dismay
had taken possession of their minds, and such a forgetfulness of
every thing, that a far greater
number of them fled to Veii, a city of their enemy, though the
Tiber stood in their way, than by
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6. the direct road to Rome, to their wives and children. Their
situation defended the reserve for
some time; throughout the remainder of the line as soon as the
shout was heard, by those who
stood nearest on their flank, and by those at a distance on their
rear, almost before they could
look at the enemy as yet untried, not only without attempting to
fight, but without even returning
the shout, fresh and unhurt they took to flight. Nor was there
any slaughter of them in the act of
fighting; but their rear was cut to pieces, whilst they obstructed
their flight by their struggling
one with another. Great slaughter was made on the bank of the
Tiber, whither the entire left
wing, having thrown down their arms, directed their flight; and
many who did not know how to
swim, or were exhausted, being weighed down by their coats of
mail and other defensive armour,
were swallowed up in the current. The greatest part however
escaped safe to Veii; whence not
only no reinforcement, but not even an account of their defeat,
was forwarded to Rome. Those
on the right wing which had been posted at a distance from the
river, and rather near the foot of
7. the mountain, all made for Rome, and, without even shutting the
gates, fled into the citadel.
[Pg 371]
39
The miraculous attainment of so sudden a victory held even the
Gauls in a state of stupefaction.
And at first they stood motionless with panic, as if not knowing
what had happened; then they
apprehended a stratagem; at length they began to collect the
spoils of the slain, and to pile up the
arms in heaps, as is their custom. Then, at length, when no
appearance of any thing hostile was
any where observed, having proceeded on their journey, they
reach the city of Rome not long
before sun-set: where when some horsemen, who had advanced
before, brought back word that
the gates were not shut, that no guard was posted before the
gates, no armed troops on the walls,
another cause of amazement similar to the former made them
halt; and dreading the night and
ignorance of the situation of the city, they posted themselves
between Rome and the Anio, after
sending scouts about the walls and the several gates to ascertain
what plans the enemy would
8. adopt in their desperate circumstances. With respect to the
Romans, as the greater part had gone
to Veii from the field of battle, and no one supposed that any
survived except those who had fled
back to Rome, being all lamented as lost, both those living and
those dead, they caused the entire
city to be filled with wailings. The alarm for the public interest
stifled private sorrow, as soon as
it was announced that the enemy were at hand. Presently the
barbarians patrolling around the
walls in troops, they heard their yells and the dissonant
clangour of their arms. All the interval up
to the next day kept their minds in such a state of suspense, that
an assault seemed every moment
about to be made on the city: on their first approach, when they
arrived at the city, [it was
expected;] for if this were not their design, that they would have
remained at the Allia; then
towards sunset, because there was not much of the day
remaining, they imagined that they would
attack them before night; then that the design was deferred until
night, in order to strike the
greater terror. At length the approach of light struck them with
dismay; and the calamity itself
9. followed closely upon their continued apprehension of it, when
the troops entered the gates in
hostile array. During that night, however, and the following
day, the state by no means bore any
resemblance to that which which had fled in so dastardly a
manner at the Allia. For as there was
not a hope that the city could be defended, so small a
number[Pg 372] of troops now remaining,
it was determined that the youth fit for military service, and the
abler part of the senate with their
wives and children, should retire into the citadel and Capitol;
and having collected stores of arms
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and corn, and thence from a fortified post, that they should
defend the deities, and the
inhabitants, and the Roman name: that the flamen [Quirinalis]
and the vestal priestesses should
carry away far from slaughter and conflagration the objects
appertaining to the religion of the
state: and that their worship should not be intermitted, until
there remained no one who should
10. continue it. If the citadel and Capitol, the mansion of the gods,
if the senate, the source of public
counsel, if the youth of military age, should survive the
impending ruin of the city, the loss
would be light of the aged, the crowd left behind in the city,
and who were sure to perish[170]
under any circumstances. And in order that the plebeian portion
of the multitude might bear the
thing with greater resignation, the aged men, who had enjoyed
triumphs and consulships, openly
declared that they would die along with them, and that they
would not burden the scanty stores of
the armed men with those bodies, with which they were now
unable to bear arms, or to defend
their country. Such was the consolation addressed to each other
by the aged now destined to
death.
40
Their exhortations were then turned to the band of young men,
whom they escorted to the
Capitol and citadel, commending to their valour and youth
whatever might be the remaining
fortune of a city, which for three hundred and sixty years had
11. been victorious in all its wars.
When those who carried with them all their hope and resources,
parted with the others, who had
determined not to survive the ruin of their captured city; both
the circumstance itself and the
appearance [it exhibited] was really distressing, and also the
weeping of the women, and their
undecided running together, following now these, now those,
and asking their husbands and
children what was to become of them, [all together] left nothing
that could be added to human
misery. A great many of them, however, escorted their friends
into the citadel, no one either
preventing or inviting them; because the measure[Pg 373] which
was advantageous to the
besieged, that of reducing the number of useless persons, was
but little in accordance with
humanity. The rest of the crowd, chiefly plebeians, whom so
small a hill could not contain, nor
could they be supported amid such a scarcity of corn, pouring
out of the city as if in one
continued train, repaired to the Janiculum. From thence some
were dispersed through the
country, some made for the neighbouring cities, without any
12. leader or concert, following each
his own hopes, his own plans, those of the public being given
up as lost. In the mean time the
Flamen Quirinalis and the vestal virgins, laying aside all
concern for their own affairs, consulting
which of the sacred deposits should be carried with them, which
should be left behind, for they
had not strength to carry them all, or what place would best
preserve them in safe custody,
consider it best to put them into casks and to bury them in the
chapel adjoining to the residence
of the Flamen Quirinalis, where now it is profane to spit out.
The rest they carry away with them,
after dividing the burden among themselves, by the road which
leads by the Sublician bridge to
the Janiculum. When Lucius Albinius, a Roman plebeian, who
was conveying his wife and
children in a waggon, beheld them on that ascent among the rest
of the crowd which was leaving
the city as unfit to carry arms; even then the distinction of
things divine and human being
preserved, considering it an outrage on religion, that the public
priests and sacred utensils of the
Roman people should go on foot and be carried, that he and his
13. family should be seen in a
carriage, he commanded his wife and children to alight, placed
the virgins and sacred utensils in
the vehicle, and carried them on to Cære, whither the priests
had intended to go.
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41
Meanwhile at Rome all arrangements being now made, as far as
was possible in such an
emergency, for the defence of the citadel, the crowd of aged
persons having returned to their
houses, awaited the enemy's coming with minds firmly prepared
for death. Such of them as had
borne curule offices, in order that they may die in the insignia
of their former station, honours,
and merit, arraying themselves in the most magnificent
garments worn by those drawing the
chariots of the gods in procession, or by persons riding in
triumph, seated themselves in their
14. ivory chairs, in the middle of their halls. Some say that they
devoted themselves for their
coun[Pg 374]try and the citizens of Rome, Marcus Fabius, the
chief pontiff, dictating the form of
words. The Gauls, both because by the intervention of the night
they had abated all angry
feelings arising from the irritation of battle, and because they
had on no occasion fought a well-
disputed fight, and were then not taking the city by storm or
violence, entering the city the next
day, free from resentment or heat of passion, through the
Colline gate which lay open, advance
into the forum, casting their eyes around on the temples of the
gods, and on the citadel, which
alone exhibited any appearance of war. From thence, after
leaving a small guard, lest any attack
should be made on them whilst scattered, from the citadel or
Capitol, they dispersed in quest of
plunder; the streets being entirely desolate, rush some of them
in a body into the houses that were
nearest; some repair to those which were most distant,
considering these to be untouched and
abounding with spoil. Afterwards being terrified by the very
solitude, lest any stratagem of the
15. enemy should surprise them whilst being dispersed, they
returned in bodies into the forum and
the parts adjoining to the forum, where the houses of the
commons being shut, and the halls of
the leading men lying open, almost greater backwardness was
felt to attack the open than the
shut houses; so completely did they behold with a sort of
veneration men sitting in the porches of
the palaces, who besides their ornaments and apparel more
august than human, bore a striking
resemblance to gods, in the majesty which their looks and the
gravity of their countenance
displayed. Whilst they stood gazing on these as on statues, it is
said that Marcus Papirius, one of
them, roused the anger of a Gaul by striking him on the head
with his ivory, while he was
stroking his beard, which was then universally worn long; and
that the commencement of the
bloodshed began with him, that the rest were slain in their seats.
After the slaughter of the
nobles, no person whatever was spared; the houses were
plundered, and when emptied were set
on fire.
42
16. But whether it was that all were not possessed with a desire of
destroying the city, or it had been
so determined by the leading men of the Gauls, both that some
fires should be presented to their
view, [to see] if the besieged could be forced into a surrender
through affection for their
dwellings, and that all the houses should not be burned down, so
that what[Pg 375]ever portion
should remain of the city, they might hold as a pledge to work
upon the minds of the enemy; the
fire by no means spread either indiscriminately or extensively
on the first day, as is usual in a
captured city. The Romans beholding from the citadel the city
filled with the enemy, and their
running to and fro through all the streets, some new calamity
presenting itself in every different
quarter, were neither able to preserve their presence of mind,
nor even to have perfect command
of their ears and eyes. To whatever direction the shouts of the
enemy, the cries of women and
children, the crackling of the flames, and the crash of falling
houses, had called their attention,
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thither, terrified at every incident, they turned their thoughts,
faces, and eyes, as if placed by
fortune to be spectators of their falling country, and as if left as
protectors of no other of their
effects, except their own persons: so much more to be
commiserated than any others who were
ever besieged, because, shut out from their country, they were
besieged, beholding all their
effects in the power of the enemy. Nor was the night, which
succeeded so shockingly spent a
day, more tranquil; daylight then followed a restless night; nor
was there any time which failed
to produce the sight of some new disaster. Loaded and
overwhelmed by so many evils, they did
not at all abate their determination, [resolved,] though they
should see every thing in flames and
levelled to the dust, to defend by their bravery the hill which
they occupied, small and ill
provided as it was, being left [as a refuge] for liberty. And now,
as the same events recurred
every day, as if habituated to misfortunes, they abstracted their
thoughts from all feeling of their
18. circumstances, regarding their arms only, and the swords in
their right hands, as the sole
remnants of their hopes.
43
The Gauls also, after having for several days waged an
ineffectual war against the buildings of
the city, when they saw that among the fires and ruins of the
captured city nothing now remained
except armed enemies, neither terrified by so many disasters,
nor likely to turn their thoughts to a
surrender, unless force were employed, determine to have
recourse to extremities, and to make
an attack on the citadel. A signal being given at break of day,
their entire multitude is marshalled
in the forum; thence, after raising the shout and forming a
testudo, they advance to the attack.
Against[Pg 376] whom the Romans, acting neither rashly nor
precipitately, having strengthened
the guards at every approach, and opposing the main strength of
their men in that quarter where
they saw the battalions advancing, suffer the enemy to ascend,
judging that the higher they
ascended, the more easily would they be driven back down the
19. steep. About the middle of the
ascent they met them: and making a charge thence from the
higher ground, which of itself bore
them against the enemy, they routed the Gauls with slaughter
and destruction, so that never after,
either in parties or with their whole force, did they try that kind
of fighting. Laying aside all hope
of succeeding by force of arms, they prepare for a blockade; of
which having had no idea up to
that time, they had, whilst burning the city, destroyed whatever
corn had been therein, and during
those very days all the provisions had been carried off from the
land to Veii. Accordingly,
dividing their army, they resolved that one part should plunder
through the neighbouring states,
that the other part should carry on the siege of the citadel, so
that the ravagers of the country
might supply the besiegers with corn.
44
The Gauls, who marched from the city, were led by fortune
herself, to make trial of Roman
valour, to Ardea, where Camillus was in exile: who, more
distressed by the fortune of the public
20. than his own, whilst he now pined away arraigning gods and
men, fired with indignation, and
wondering where were now those men who with him had taken
Veii and Falerii, who had
conducted other wars rather by their own valour than by the
favour of fortune, hears on a sudden
that the army of the Gauls was approaching, and that the people
of Ardea in consternation were
met in council on the subject. And as if moved by divine
inspiration, after he advanced into the
midst of the assembly, having hitherto been accustomed to
absent himself from such meetings,
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he says, "People of Ardea, my friends of old, of late my fellow-
citizens also, since your kindness
so ordered it, and my good fortune achieved it, let no one of you
suppose that I have come
forward here forgetful of my condition; but the [present] case
and the common danger obliges
every one to contribute to the common good whatever service he
can in our present alarming
21. situation. And when shall I repay you for your so very
important services to me, if I now be
remiss? or where will[Pg 377] you derive benefit from me, if
not in war? By this
accomplishment I maintained my rank in my native country:
and, unconquered in war, I was
banished during peace by my ungrateful fellow-citizens. To you,
men of Ardea, a favourable
opportunity has been presented of making a return for all the
former favours conferred by the
Roman people, such as you yourselves remember, (for which
reason, as being mindful of them,
you are not to be upbraided with them,) and of obtaining great
military renown for this your city
over the common enemy. The nation, which now approaches in
disorderly march, is one to
which nature has given great spirits and bodies rather huge than
firm. Let the disaster of Rome
serve as a proof. They captured the city when lying open to
them; a small handful of men from
the citadel and Capitol withstand them. Already tired out by the
slow process of a siege, they
retire and spread themselves through the country. Gorged with
food and wine hastily swallowed,
22. when night comes on they stretch themselves indiscriminately,
like brutes, near streams of water,
without entrenchment, without guards or advanced posts; more
incautious even now than usual
in consequence of success. If you then are disposed to defend
your own walls, and not to suffer
all these places to become Gaul, take up arms in a full body at
the first watch: follow me to
slaughter, not to battle. If I do not deliver them up to you
fettered by sleep, to be butchered like
cattle, I decline not the same issue of my affairs at Ardea as I
had at Rome."
45
Both friends and enemies were satisfied that there existed no
where at that time a man of equal
military talent. The assembly being dismissed, they refresh
themselves, carefully watching the
moment the signal should be given; which being given, during
the silence of the beginning of the
night they attended Camillus at the gates. Having gone forth to
no great distance from the city,
they found the camp of the Gauls, as had been foretold,
unprotected and neglected on every side,
and attack it with a shout. No fight any where, but slaughter
23. every where; their bodies, naked and
relaxed with sleep, are cut to pieces. Those most remote,
however, being roused from their beds,
not knowing what the tumult was, or whence it came, were
directed to flight, and some of them,
without perceiving it, into the midst of the enemy. A great
number flying into the territory of
Antium, an attack[Pg 378] being made on them in their
straggling march by the townspeople,
were surrounded and cut off. A like carnage was made of the
Tuscans in the Veientian territory;
who were so far from compassionating the city which had now
been its neighbour for nearly four
hundred years, overpowered as it now was by a strange and
unheard-of enemy, that at that very
time they made incursions on the Roman territory; and laden
with plunder, had it in
contemplation to lay siege to Veii, the bulwark and last hope of
the Roman race. The Roman
soldiers had seen them straggling over the country, and
collected in a body, driving the spoil
before them, and they perceived their camp pitched at no great
distance from Veii. Upon this,
first self-commiseration, then indignation, and after that
24. resentment, took possession of their
minds: "Were their calamities to be a subject of mockery to the
Etrurians, from whom they had
turned off the Gallic war on themselves?" Scarce could they
curb their passions, so as to refrain
from attacking them at the moment; and being restrained by
Quintus Cædicius, the centurion,
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whom they had appointed their commander, they deferred the
matter until night. A leader equal
to Camillus was all that was wanted; in other respects matters
were conducted in the same order
and with the same fortunate result. And further, under the
guidance of some prisoners, who had
survived the nightly slaughter, they set out to Salinæ against
another body of Tuscans, they
suddenly made on the following night still greater havoc, and
returned to Veii exulting in their
double victory.
46
25. Meanwhile, at Rome, the siege, in general, was slow, and there
was quiet on both sides, the
Gauls being intent only on this, that none of the enemy should
escape from between their posts;
when, on a sudden, a Roman youth drew on himself the
admiration both of his countrymen and
the enemy. There was a sacrifice solemnized at stated times by
the Fabian family on the Quirinal
hill. To perform this Caius Fabius Dorso having descended from
the Capitol, in the Gabine
cincture, carrying in his hands the sacred utensils, passed out
through the midst of the enemy's
post, without being at all moved by the calls or threats of any of
them, and reached the Quirinal
hill; and after duly performing there the solemn rites, coming
back by the same way with the
same firm countenance and gait, confident that the gods[Pg 379]
were propitious, whose worship
he had not even neglected when prohibited by the fear of death,
he returned to the Capitol to his
friends, the Gauls being either astounded at such an
extraordinary manifestation of boldness, or
moved even by religious considerations, of which the nation is
by no means regardless. In the
26. mean time, not only the courage, but the strength of those at
Veii increased daily, not only those
Romans repairing thither from the country who had strayed
away after the unsuccessful battle, or
the disaster of the city being taken, but volunteers also flowing
in from Latium, to come in for
share of the spoil. It now seemed high time that their country
should be recovered and rescued
from the hands of the enemy. But a head was wanting to this
strong body. The very spot put
them in mind of Camillus, and a considerable part consisted of
soldiers who had fought
successfully under his guidance and auspices: and Cædicius
declared that he would not give
occasion that any one, whether god or man, should terminate his
command rather than that,
mindful of his own rank, he would himself call (for the
appointment of) a general. With universal
consent it was resolved that Camillus should be sent for from
Ardea, but not until the senate at
Rome were first consulted: so far did a sense of propriety
regulate every proceeding, and so
carefully did they observe the distinctions of things in their
almost desperate circumstances.
27. They had to pass at great risk through the enemy's guards. For
this purpose a spirited youth,
Pontius Cominius, offered his services, and supporting himself
on cork was carried down the
Tiber to the city. From thence, where the distance from the bank
was shortest, he makes his way
into the Capitol over a portion of the rock that was craggy, and
therefore neglected by the
enemy's guard: and being conducted to the magistrates, he
delivers the instructions received from
the army. Then having received a decree of the senate, both that
Camillus should be recalled
from exile at the comitia curiata, and be forthwith appointed
dictator by order of the people, and
that the soldiers should have the general whom they wished, he
passed out the same way and
proceeded with his despatches to Veii; and deputies being sent
to Camillus to Ardea, conducted
him to Veii: or else the law was passed by the curiæ, and he was
nominated dictator in his
absence; for I am more inclined to believe that he did not set
out[Pg 380] from Ardea until he
found that the law was passed; because he could neither change
his residence without an order of
28. the people, nor hold the privilege of the auspices in the army
until he was nominated dictator.
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47
Whilst these things were going on at Veii, in the mean while the
citadel and Capitol of Rome
were in great danger. For the Gauls either having perceived the
track of a human foot where the
messenger from Veii had passed, or having of themselves
remarked the easy ascent by the rock
at the temple of Carmentis, on a moonlight night, after they had
at first sent forward an unarmed
person, to make trial of the way, delivering their arms,
whenever any difficulty occurred,
alternately supported and supporting each other, and drawing
each other up, according as the
ground required, they reached the summit in such silence, that
they not only escaped the notice
of the sentinels, but of the dogs also, an animal extremely
wakeful with respect to noises by
night. The notice of the geese they did not escape, which, as
29. being sacred to Juno, were spared
though they were in the greatest scarcity of food. Which
circumstance was the cause of their
preservation. For Marcus Manlius, who three years before had
been consul, a man distinguished
in war, being aroused from sleep by their cackling and the
clapping of their wings, snatched up
his arms, and at the same time calling the others to do the same,
proceeds to the spot; and whilst
the others are thrown into confusion, he struck with the boss of
his shield and tumbles down a
Gaul, who had already got footing on the summit; and when the
fall of this man as he tumbled
threw down those who were next him, he slew others, who in
their consternation had thrown
away their arms, and caught hold of the rocks to which they
clung. And now the others also
having assembled beat down the enemy by javelins and stones,
and the entire band, having lost
their footing, were hurled down the precipice in promiscuous
ruin. The alarm then subsiding, the
remainder of the night was given up to repose, (as far as could
be done considering the disturbed
state of their minds,) when the danger, even though past, still
30. kept them in a state of anxiety. Day
having appeared, the soldiers were summoned by sound of
trumpet to attend the tribunes in
assembly, when recompence was to be made both to merit and
to demerit; Manlius was first of
all commended for his bravery and presented with[Pg 381] gifts,
not only by the military
tribunes, but with the consent of the soldiers, for they all
carried to his house, which was in the
citadel, a contribution of half a pound of corn and half a pint of
wine: a matter trifling in the
relation, but the [prevailing] scarcity had rendered it a strong
proof of esteem, when each man,
depriving himself of his own food, contributed in honour of one
man a portion subtracted from
his body and from his necessary requirements. Then the guards
of that place where the enemy
had climbed up unobserved, were summoned; and when Quintus
Sulpicius declared openly that
he would punish all according to the usage of military
discipline, being deterred by the
consentient shout of the soldiers who threw the blame on one
sentinel, he spared the rest. The
man, who was manifestly guilty of the crime, he threw down
31. from the rock, with the approbation
of all. From this time forth the guards on both sides became
more vigilant; on the part of the
Gauls, because a rumour spread that messengers passed between
Veii and Rome, and on that of
the Romans, from the recollection of the danger which occurred
during the night.
48
But beyond all the evils of siege and war, famine distressed
both armies; pestilence, moreover,
[oppressed] the Gauls, both as being encamped in a place lying
between hills, as well as heated
by the burning of the houses, and full of exhalations, and
sending up not only ashes but embers
also, whenever the wind rose to any degree; and as the nation,
accustomed to moisture and cold,
is most intolerant of these annoyances, and, suffering severely
from the heat and suffocation,
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they were dying, the diseases spreading as among cattle, now
becoming weary of burying
32. separately, they heaped up the bodies promiscuously and burned
them; and rendered the place
remarkable by the name of Gallic piles. A truce was now made
with the Romans, and
conferences were held with the permission of the commanders;
in which when the Gauls
frequently alluded to the famine, and referred to the urgency of
that as a further motive for their
surrendering, for the purpose of removing that opinion, bread is
said to have been thrown in
many places from the Capitol, into the advanced posts of the
enemy. But the famine could
neither be dissembled nor endured any longer. Accordingly,
whilst the dictator is engaged in
person in holding a levy, in ordering his[Pg 382] master of the
horse, Lucius Valerius, to bring
up the troops from Veii, in making preparations and
arrangements, so that he may attack the
enemy on equal terms, in the mean time the army of the Capitol,
wearied out with keeping guard
and with watches, having surmounted all human sufferings,
whilst nature would not suffer
famine alone to be overcome, looking forward from day to day,
to see whether any succour
33. would come from the dictator, at length not only food but hope
also failing, and their arms
weighing down their debilitated bodies, whilst the guards were
being relieved, insisted that there
should be either a surrender, or that they should be bought off,
on whatever terms were possible,
the Gauls intimating in rather plain terms, that they could be
induced for no very great
compensation to relinquish the siege. Then the senate was held
and instructions were given to the
military tribunes to capitulate. Upon this the matter was settled
between Quintus Sulpicius, a
military tribune, and Brennus, the chieftain of the Gauls, and
one thousand pounds' weight of
gold was agreed on as the ransom of a people, who were soon
after to be the rulers of the world.
To a transaction very humiliating in itself, insult was added.
False weights were brought by the
Gauls, and on the tribune objecting, his sword was thrown in in
addition to the weight by the
insolent Gaul, and an expression was heard intolerable to the
Romans, "Woe to the vanquished!"
49
34. But both gods and men interfered to prevent the Romans from
living on the condition of being
ransomed; for by some chance, before the execrable price was
completed, all the gold being not
yet weighed in consequence of the altercation, the dictator
comes up, and orders the gold to be
removed, and the Gauls to clear away. When they, holding out
against him, affirmed that they
had concluded a bargain, he denied that the agreement was a
valid one, which had been entered
into with a magistrate of inferior authority without his orders,
after he had been nominated
dictator; and he gives notice to the Gauls to get ready for battle.
He orders his men to throw their
baggage in a heap, and to get ready their arms, and to recover
their country with steel, not with
gold, having before their eyes the temples of the gods, and their
wives and children, and the soil
of their country disfigured by the calamities of war, and all
those objects which they were
solemnly bound[Pg 383] to defend, to recover, and to revenge.
He then draws up his army, as the
nature of the place admitted, on the site of the half-demolished
city, and which was uneven by
35. nature, and he secured all those advantages for his own men,
which could be prepared or selected
by military skill. The Gauls, thrown into confusion by the
unexpected event, take up arms, and
with rage, rather than good judgment, rushed upon the Romans.
Fortune had now changed; now
the aid of the gods and human prudence assisted the Roman
cause. At the first encounter,
therefore, the Gauls were routed with no greater difficulty than
they had found in gaining the
victory at Allia. They were afterwards beaten under the conduct
and auspices of the same
Camillus, in a more regular engagement, at the eighth stone on
the Gabine road, whither they had
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betaken themselves after their defeat. There the slaughter was
universal: their camp was taken,
and not even one person was left to carry news of the defeat.
The dictator, after having recovered
his country from the enemy, returns into the city in triumph;
and among the rough military jests
36. which they throw out [on such occasions] he is styled, with
praises by no means undeserved,
Romulus, and parent of his country, and a second founder of the
city. His country, thus preserved
by arms, he unquestionably saved a second time in peace, when
he hindered the people from
removing to Veii, both the tribunes pressing the matter with
greater earnestness after the burning
of the city, and the commons of themselves being more inclined
to that measure; and that was the
cause of his not resigning his dictatorship after the triumph, the
senate entreating him not to
leave the commonwealth in so unsettled a state.
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37. The Gallic Wars
By Julius Caesar
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn
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Chapter 1
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae
inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in
their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All
these differ from each other in language,
customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from
the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine
separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the
bravest, because they are furthest from
the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants
least frequently resort to them, and
import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they
are the nearest to the Germans, who
dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging
war; for which reason the Helvetii also
38. surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the
Germans in almost daily battles, when
they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves
wage war on their frontiers. One part of
these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its
beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded
by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the
Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the
Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches
toward the north. The Belgae rises from
the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the
river Rhine; and look toward the north and
the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the
Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of
the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of
the sun, and the north star.
Chapter 2
Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most
distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala
and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty,
formed a conspiracy among the nobility,
and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with
39. all their possessions, [saying] that it
would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to acquire
the supremacy of the whole of Gaul. To
this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii,
are confined on every side by the nature
of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and
deep river, which separates the Helvetian
territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very
high mountain, which is [situated]
between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of
Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which
separates our Province from the Helvetii. From these
circumstances it resulted, that they could range
less widely, and could less easily make war upon their
neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as
they were] were affected with great regret. They thought, that
considering the extent of their
population, and their renown for warfare and bravery, they had
but narrow limits, although they
extended in length 240, and in breadth 180 [Roman] miles.
Chapter 3
Induced by these considerations, and influenced by the authority
40. of Orgetorix, they determined to
provide such things as were necessary for their expedition - to
buy up as great a number as possible of
beasts of burden and wagons - to make their sowings as large as
possible, so that on their march plenty
of corn might be in store - and to establish peace and friendship
with the neighboring states. They
reckoned that a term of two years would be sufficient for them
to execute their designs; they fix by
decree their departure for the third year. Orgetorix is chosen to
complete these arrangements. He took
upon himself the office of embassador to the states: on this
journey he persuades Casticus, the son of
Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had possessed
the sovereignty among the people for
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many years, and had been styled "friend" by the senate of the
Roman people), to seize upon the
sovereignty in his own state, which his father had held before
him, and he likewise persuades Dumnorix,
an Aeduan, the brother of Divitiacus, who at that time possessed
the chief authority in the state, and
41. was exceedingly beloved by the people, to attempt the same,
and gives him his daughter in marriage.
He proves to them that to accomplish their attempts was a thing
very easy to be done, because he
himself would obtain the government of his own state; that
there was no doubt that the Helvetii were
the most powerful of the whole of Gaul; he assures them that he
will, with his own forces and his own
army, acquire the sovereignty for them. Incited by this speech,
they give a pledge and oath to one
another, and hope that, when they have seized the sovereignty,
they will, by means of the three most
powerful and valiant nations, be enabled to obtain possession of
the whole of Gaul.
Chapter 4
When this scheme was disclosed to the Helvetii by informers,
they, according to their custom,
compelled Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains; it was the law
that the penalty of being burned by fire
should await him if condemned. On the day appointed for the
pleading of his cause, Orgetorix drew
together from all quarters to the court, all his vassals to the
42. number of ten thousand persons; and led
together to the same place all his dependents and debtor-
bondsmen, of whom he had a great number;
by means of those he rescued himself from [the necessity of]
pleading his cause. While the state,
incensed at this act, was endeavoring to assert its right by arms,
and the magistrates were mustering a
large body of men from the country, Orgetorix died; and there is
not wanting a suspicion, as the Helvetii
think, of his having committed suicide.
Chapter 5
After his death, the Helvetii nevertheless attempt to do that
which they had resolved on, namely, to go
forth from their territories. When they thought that they were at
length prepared for this undertaking,
they set fire to all their towns, in number about twelve - to their
villages about four hundred - and to the
private dwellings that remained; they burn up all the corn,
except what they intend to carry with them;
that after destroying the hope of a return home, they might be
the more ready for undergoing all
dangers. They order every one to carry forth from home for
43. himself provisions for three months, ready
ground. They persuade the Rauraci, and the Tulingi, and the
Latobrigi, their neighbors, to adopt the
same plan, and after burning down their towns and villages, to
set out with them: and they admit to
their party and unite to themselves as confederates the Boii,
who had dwelt on the other side of the
Rhine, and had crossed over into the Norican territory, and
assaulted Noreia.
Chapter 6
There were in all two routes, by which they could go forth from
their country one through the Sequani
narrow and difficult, between Mount Jura and the river Rhone
(by which scarcely one wagon at a time
could be led; there was, moreover, a very high mountain
overhanging, so that a very few might easily
intercept them; the other, through our Province, much easier and
freer from obstacles, because the
Rhone flows between the boundaries of the Helvetii and those
of the Allobroges, who had lately been
subdued, and is in some places crossed by a ford. The furthest
town of the Allobroges, and the nearest
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to the territories of the Helvetii, is Geneva. From this town a
bridge extends to the Helvetii. They
thought that they should either persuade the Allobroges,
because they did not seem as yet well-affected
toward the Roman people, or compel them by force to allow
them to pass through their territories.
Having provided every thing for the expedition, they appoint a
day, on which they should all meet on
the bank of the Rhone. This day was the fifth before the kalends
of April [i.e. the 28th of March], in the
consulship of Lucius Piso and Aulus Gabinius [B.C. 58.]
Chapter 7
When it was reported to Caesar that they were attempting to
make their route through our Province he
hastens to set out from the city, and, by as great marches as he
can, proceeds to Further Gaul, and
arrives at Geneva. He orders the whole Province [to furnish] as
great a number of soldiers as possible, as
there was in all only one legion in Further Gaul: he orders the
45. bridge at Geneva to be broken down.
When the Helvetii are apprized of his arrival they send to him,
as embassadors, the most illustrious men
of their state (in which embassy Numeius and Verudoctius held
the chief place), to say "that it was their
intention to march through the Province without doing any
harm, because they had" [according to their
own representations,] "no other route: that they requested, they
might be allowed to do so with his
consent." Caesar, inasmuch as he kept in remembrance that
Lucius Cassius, the consul, had been slain,
and his army routed and made to pass under the yoke by the
Helvetii, did not think that [their request]
ought to be granted: nor was he of opinion that men of hostile
disposition, if an opportunity of marching
through the Province were given them, would abstain from
outrage and mischief. Yet, in order that a
period might intervene, until the soldiers whom he had ordered
[to be furnished] should assemble, he
replied to the ambassadors, that he would take time to
deliberate; if they wanted any thing, they might
return on the day before the ides of April [on April 12th].
Chapter 8
46. Meanwhile, with the legion which he had with him and the
soldiers which had assembled from the
Province, he carries along for nineteen [Roman, not quite
eighteen English] miles a wall, to the height of
sixteen feet, and a trench, from the Lake of Geneva, which
flows into the river Rhone, to Mount Jura,
which separates the territories of the Sequani from those of the
Helvetii. When that work was finished,
he distributes garrisons, and closely fortifies redoubts, in order
that he may the more easily intercept
them, if they should attempt to cross over against his will.
When the day which he had appointed with
the embassadors came, and they returned to him; he says, that
he can not, consistently with the custom
and precedent of the Roman people, grant any one a passage
through the Province; and he gives them
to understand, that, if they should attempt to use violence he
would oppose them. The Helvetii,
disappointed in this hope, tried if they could force a passage
(some by means of a bridge of boats and
numerous rafts constructed for the purpose; others, by the fords
of the Rhone, where the depth of the
river was least, sometimes by day, but more frequently by
47. night), but being kept at bay by the strength
of our works, and by the concourse of the soldiers, and by the
missiles, they desisted from this attempt.
Chapter 9
There was left one way, [namely] through the Sequani, by
which, on account of its narrowness, they
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could not pass without the consent of the Sequani. As they
could not of themselves prevail on them,
they send embassadors to Dumnorix the Aeduan, that through
his intercession, they might obtain their
request from the Sequani. Dumnorix, by his popularity and
liberality, had great influence among the
Sequani, and was friendly to the Helvetii, because out of that
state he had married the daughter of
Orgetorix; and, incited by lust of sovereignty, was anxious for a
revolution, and wished to have as many
states as possible attached to him by his kindness toward them.
He, therefore, undertakes the affair,
and prevails upon the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to march
48. through their territories, and arranges that
they should give hostages to each other - the Sequani not to
obstruct the Helvetii in their march - the
Helvetii, to pass without mischief and outrage.
Chapter 10
It is again told Caesar, that the Helvetii intended to march
through the country of the Sequani and the
Aedui into the territories of the Santones, which are not far
distant from those boundaries of the
Tolosates, which [viz. Tolosa, Toulouse] is a state in the
Province. If this took place, he saw that it would
be attended with great danger to the Province to have warlike
men, enemies of the Roman people,
bordering upon an open and very fertile tract of country. For
these reasons he appointed Titus Labienus,
his lieutenant, to the command of the fortification which he had
made. He himself proceeds to Italy by
forced marches, and there levies two legions, and leads out from
winter-quarters three which were
wintering around Aquileia, and with these five legions marches
rapidly by the nearest route across the
Alps into Further Gaul. Here the Centrones and the Graioceli
49. and the Caturiges, having taken possession
of the higher parts, attempt to obstruct the army in their march.
After having routed these in several
battles, he arrives in the territories of the Vocontii in the
Further Province on the seventh day from
Ocelum, which is the most remote town of the Hither Province;
thence he leads his army into the
country of the Allobroges, and from the Allobroges to the
Segusiani. These people are the first beyond
the Province on the opposite side of the Rhone.
Chapter 11
The Helvetii had by this time led their forces over through the
narrow defile and the territories of the
Sequani, and had arrived at the territories of the Aedui, and
were ravaging their lands. The Aedui, as
they could not defend themselves and their possessions against
them, send embassadors to Caesar to
ask assistance, [pleading] that they had at all times so well
deserved of the Roman people, that their
fields ought not to have been laid waste - their children carried
off into slavery - their towns stormed,
almost within sight of our army. At the same time the Ambarri,
50. the friends and kinsmen of the Aedui,
apprize Caesar, that it was not easy for them, now that their
fields had been devastated, to ward off the
violence of the enemy from their towns: the Allobroges
likewise, who had villages and possessions on
the other side of the Rhone, betake themselves in flight to
Caesar, and assure him that they had nothing
remaining, except the soil of their land. Caesar, induced by
these circumstances, decides, that he ought
not to wait until the Helvetii, after destroying all the property of
his allies, should arrive among the
Santones.
Chapter 12
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There is a river [called] the Saone, which flows through the
territories of the Aedui and Sequani into the
Rhone with such incredible slowness, that it can not be
determined by the eye in which direction it
flows. This the Helvetii were crossing by rafts and boats joined
51. together. When Caesar was informed by
spies that the Helvetii had already conveyed three parts of their
forces across that river, but that the
fourth part was left behind on this side of the Saone, he set out
from the camp with three legions during
the third watch, and came up with that division which had not
yet crossed the river. Attacking them
encumbered with baggage, and not expecting him, he cut to
pieces a great part of them; the rest betook
themselves to flight, and concealed themselves in the nearest
woods. That canton [which was cut down]
was called the Tigurine; for the whole Helvetian state is divided
into four cantons. This single canton
having left their country, within the recollection of our fathers,
had slain Lucius Cassius the consul, and
had made his army pass under the yoke. Thus, whether by
chance, or by the design of the immortal
gods, that part of the Helvetian state which had brought a signal
calamity upon the Roman people, was
the first to pay the penalty. In this Caesar avenged not only the
public but also his own personal wrongs,
because the Tigurini had slain Lucius Piso the lieutenant [of
Cassius], the grandfather of Lucius
Calpurnius Piso, his [Caesar's] father-in-law, in the same battle
52. as Cassius himself.
Chapter 13
This battle ended, that he might be able to come up with the
remaining forces of the Helvetii, he
procures a bridge to be made across the Saone, and thus leads
his army over. The Helvetii, confused by
his sudden arrival, when they found that he had effected in one
day, what they, themselves had with
the utmost difficulty accomplished in twenty namely, the
crossing of the river, send embassadors to
him; at the head of which embassy was Divico, who had been
commander of the Helvetii, in the war
against Cassius. He thus treats with Caesar: - that, "if the
Roman people would make peace with the
Helvetii they would go to that part and there remain, where
Caesar might appoint and desire them to
be; but if he should persist in persecuting them with war that he
ought to remember both the ancient
disgrace of the Roman people and the characteristic valor of the
Helvetii. As to his having attacked one
canton by surprise, [at a time] when those who had crossed the
river could not bring assistance to their
53. friends, that he ought not on that account to ascribe very much
to his own valor, or despise them; that
they had so learned from their sires and ancestors, as to rely
more on valor than on artifice and
stratagem. Wherefore let him not bring it to pass that the place,
where they were standing, should
acquire a name, from the disaster of the Roman people and the
destruction of their army or transmit
the remembrance [of such an event to posterity]."
Chapter 14
To these words Caesar thus replied: - that "on that very account
he felt less hesitation, because he kept
in remembrance those circumstances which the Helvetian
embassadors had mentioned, and that he felt
the more indignant at them, in proportion as they had happened
undeservedly to the Roman people: for
if they had been conscious of having done any wrong, it would
not have been difficult to be on their
guard, but for that very reason had they been deceived, because
neither were they aware that any
offense had been given by them, on account of which they
should be afraid, nor did they think that they
54. ought to be afraid without cause. But even if he were willing to
forget their former outrage, could he
also lay aside the remembrance of the late wrongs, in that they
had against his will attempted a route
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
through the Province by force, in that they had molested the
Aedui, the Ambarri, and the Allobroges?
That as to their so insolently boasting of their victory, and as to
their being astonished that they had so
long committed their outrages with impunity, [both these
things] tended to the same point; for the
immortal gods are wont to allow those persons whom they wish
to punish for their guilt sometimes a
greater prosperity and longer impunity, in order that they may
suffer the more severely from a reverse
of circumstances. Although these things are so, yet, if hostages
were to be given him by them in order
that he may be assured these will do what they promise, and
provided they will give satisfaction to the
Aedui for the outrages which they had committed against them
and their allies, and likewise to the
Allobroges, he [Caesar] will make peace with them." Divico
55. replied, that "the Helvetii had been so
trained by their ancestors, that they were accustomed to receive,
not to give hostages; of that fact the
Roman people were witness." Having given this reply, he
withdrew.
Chapter 15
On the following day they move their camp from that place;
Caesar does the same, and sends forward
all his cavalry, to the number of four thousand (which he had
drawn together from all parts of the
Province and from the Aedui and their allies), to observe toward
what parts the enemy are directing
their march. These, having too eagerly pursued the enemy's
rear, come to a battle with the cavalry of
the Helvetii in a disadvantageous place, and a few of our men
fall. The Helvetii, elated with this battle,
because they had with five hundred horse repulsed so large a
body of horse, began to face us more
boldly, sometimes too from their rear to provoke our men by an
attack. Caesar [however] restrained his
men from battle, deeming it sufficient for the present to prevent
the enemy from rapine, forage, and
depredation. They marched for about fifteen days in such a
56. manner that there was not more than five or
six miles between the enemy's rear and our van.
Chapter 16
Meanwhile, Caesar kept daily importuning the Aedui for the
corn which they had promised in the name
of their state; for, in consequence of the coldness (Gaul, being
as before said, situated toward the
north), not only was the corn in the fields not ripe, but there
was not in store a sufficiently large quantity
even of fodder: besides he was unable to use the corn which he
had conveyed in ships up the river
Saone, because the Helvetii, from whom he was unwilling to
retire had diverted their march from the
Saone. The Aedui kept deferring from day to day, and saying
that it was being collected - brought in - on
the road." When he saw that he was put off too long, and that
the day was close at hand on which he
ought to serve out the corn to his soldiers; - having called
together their chiefs, of whom he had a great
number in his camp, among them Divitiacus and Liscus who was
invested with the chief magistracy
(whom the Aedui style the Vergobretus, and who is elected
57. annually and has power of life or death over
his countrymen), he severely reprimands them, because he is not
assisted by them on so urgent an
occasion, when the enemy were so close at hand, and when
[corn] could neither be bought nor taken
from the fields, particularly as, in a great measure urged by
their prayers, he had undertaken the war;
much more bitterly, therefore does he complain of his being
forsaken.
Chapter 17
Then at length Liscus, moved by Caesar's speech, discloses
what he had hitherto kept secret: - that there
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
are some whose influences with the people is very great, who,
though private men, have more power
than the magistrates themselves: that these by seditions and
violent language are deterring the
populace from contributing the corn which they ought to supply;
[by telling them] that, if they can not
any longer retain the supremacy of Gaul, it were better to
58. submit to the government of Gauls than of
Romans, nor ought they to doubt that, if the Romans should
overpower the Helvetii, they would wrest
their freedom from the Aedui together with the remainder of
Gaul. By these very men, [said he], are our
plans and whatever is done in the camp, disclosed to the enemy;
that they could not be restrained by
him: nay more, he was well aware, that though compelled by
necessity, he had disclosed the matter to
Caesar, at how great a risk he had done it; and for that reason,
he had been silent as long as he could."
Chapter 18
Caesar perceived that by this speech of Liscus, Dumnorix, the
brother of Divitiacus, was indicated; but,
as he was unwilling that these matters should be discussed
while so many were present, he speedily
dismisses: the council, but detains Liscus: he inquires from him
when alone, about those things which he
had said in the meeting. He [Liscus] speaks more unreservedly
and boldly. He [Caesar] makes inquiries
on the same points privately of others, and discovered that it is
all true; that "Dumnorix is the person, a
59. man of the highest daring, in great favor with the people on
account of his liberality, a man eager for a
revolution: that for a great many years he has been in the habit
of contracting for the customs and all
the other taxes of the Aedui at a small cost, because when he
bids, no one dares to bid against him. By
these means he has both increased his own private property, and
amassed great means for giving
largesses; that he maintains constantly at his own expense and
keeps about his own person a great
number of cavalry, and that not only at home, but even among
the neighboring states, he has great
influence, and for the sake of strengthening this influence has
given his mother in marriage among the
Bituriges to a man the most noble and most influential there;
that he has himself taken a wife from
among the Helvetii, and has given his sister by the mother's side
and his female relations in marriage
into other states; that he favors and wishes well to the Helvetii
on account of this connection; and that
he hates Caesar and the Romans, on his own account, because
by their arrival his power was weakened,
and his brother, Divitiacus, restored to his former position of
influence and dignity: that, if any thing
60. should happen to the Romans, he entertains the highest hope of
gaining the sovereignty by means of
the Helvetii, but that under the government of the Roman people
he despairs not only of royalty, but
even of that influence which he already has." Caesar discovered
too, on inquiring into the unsuccessful
cavalry engagement which had taken place a few days before,
that the commencement of that flight
had been made by Dumnorix and his cavalry (for Dumnorix was
in command of the cavalry which the
Aedui had sent for aid to Caesar); that by their flight the rest of
the cavalry were dismayed.
Chapter 19
After learning these circumstances, since to these suspicions the
most unequivocal facts were added,
viz., that he had led the Helvetii through the territories of the
Sequani; that he had provided that
hostages should be mutually given; that he had done all these
things, not only without any orders of his
[Caesar's] and of his own state's, but even without their [the
Aedui] knowing any thing of it themselves;
that he [Dumnorix] was reprimanded: by the [chief] magistrate
of the Aedui; he [Caesar] considered that
61. there was sufficient reason, why he should either punish him
himself, or order the state to do so. One
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
thing [however] stood in the way of all this - that he had
learned by experience his brother Divitiacus's
very high regard for the Roman people, his great affection
toward him, his distinguished faithfulness,
justice, and moderation; for he was afraid lest by the
punishment of this man, he should hurt the
feelings of Divitiacus. Therefore, before he attempted any thing,
he orders Divitiacus to be summoned
to him, and, when the ordinary interpreters had been withdrawn,
converses with him through Caius
Valerius Procillus, chief of the province of Gaul, an intimate
friend of his, in whom he reposed the
highest confidence in every thing; at the same time he reminds
him of what was said about Dumnorix in
the council of the Gauls, when he himself was present, and
shows what each had said of him privately in
his [Caesar's] own presence; he begs and exhorts him, that,
without offense to his feelings, he may
62. either himself pass judgment on him [Dumnorix] after trying the
case, or else order the [Aeduan] state
to do so.
Chapter 20
Divitiacus, embracing Caesar, begins to implore him, with many
tears, that "he would not pass any very
severe sentence upon his brother; saying, that he knows that
those charges are true, and that nobody
suffered more pain on that account than he himself did; for
when he himself could effect a very great
deal by his influence at home and in the rest of Gaul, and he
[Dumnorix] very little on account of his
youth, the latter had become powerful through his means, which
power and strength he used not only
to the lessening of his [Divitiacus] popularity, but almost to his
ruin; that he, however, was influenced
both by fraternal affection and by public opinion. But if any
thing very severe from Caesar should befall
him [Dumnorix], no one would think that it had been done
without his consent, since he himself held
such a place in Caesar's friendship: from which circumstance it
would arise, that the affections of the
63. whole of Gaul would be estranged from him." As he was with
tears begging these things of Caesar in
many words, Caesar takes his right hand, and, comforting him,
begs him to make an end of entreating,
and assures him that his regard for him is so great, that he
forgives both the injuries of the republic and
his private wrongs, at his desire and prayers. He summons
Dumnorix to him; he brings in his brother; he
points out what he censures in him; he lays before him what he
of himself perceives, and what the state
complains of; he warns him for the future to avoid all grounds
of suspicion; he says that he pardons the
past, for the sake of his brother, Divitiacus. He sets spies over
Dumnorix that he may be able to know
what he does, and with whom he communicates.
Running head: PRIMARY SOURCES
1
PRIMARY SOURCES
5
Military Invasion
I have chosen the topic because civil military invasion ( talk
about the impact of military invasion on non-combatants) are a
major challenge to states today. States fight each other because
of authority not to talk of citizens fighting amongst themselves
because of resources. Military invasion had stirred by greed for
the wealth of struggle for leadership. The effect of military
64. invasion is significant for they paralyze fully the activities of
the country. For instance, children are unable to attend schools,
the property is destroyed, and many people lose their lives.The
primary sources that will clearly give light to the topic of civil
war will be the book on Gallic wars by Julius Caesar and the
History of Rome ( what are these sources ? when ? for what
purpose they written?) by Titus Livius.
The topic is significant because it provides expository
information to readers who are unfamiliar with effects of
military invasion such as genocide or large-scale violation of
human rights. The topic relates to the primary sources in the
sense that the primary sources state how a leader by the name of
Dumnorix because he had broken the cord and married a wife
from Orgetorix; he assumes that he has the power to rule over
the territory (Julius Caesar, the Gallic wars 3). Dumnorix
collaborates with other leaders such as Helvettii in taking
control over the town and takes some individuals as hostages.
Helvettii engaged in battles to conquer the Carturiges and the
Graioceli and the Caturiges in a fierce battle. The main aim of
the battle is to ravage the fertile land from the weak territories.
In the second primary source, it indicates that the Romans had
power as compared to the Barbarians and thus they were able to
attack the barbarians and cause terror in the country (Titus
Livius, The History of Rome, 37). It relates to military
intervention because of the fact that it is sometimes stirred by
the struggle for power. Struggle for power is characterized by
the conquering of weak territories. The Gaul’s were angry about
the hostility of the Romans against human law. Thus, they
gathered their arms and prepared for a fight. The Gauls were not
as tough as the Romans and thus they lost the fight. (after you
make the comment above try to write the introduction in just
one page, so summarize it)
Compare and Contrast
Both the two sources are giving information on the rise of
military invasion in Rome. They are both elaborative about the
65. communities that were involved in the wars. It is also certain
that both sources state common reasons as of the factors that
triggered war. In both of the sources, the war was triggered by
the struggle to have power over the territories and the need to
occupy fertile lands for farming. Julius Caesar indicates that the
Helvetii were moving from their territories to other territories
and Caesar dared them to pass through his province forcefully.
In this case, the grabbing of land led to war (Julius Caesar, the
Gallic wars 7).. On the other hand, Livius writes that the Gauls
were instigated to fight back after they realized that they were
being deprived of their human rights. They then took arms and
run in villages as an indication of the agitation (Titus Livius,
The History of Rome, 36).
The contrasting points are on the specific leaders that led the
fights between the states. Caesar is a major influence in the
Gallic wars as written by Julius. For example, Caesar had an
advantage over Gaul communities who quarreled among
themselves him for arbitration. Caesar
( write all the reference below in a good way as footnote
reference Chicago style )
plays them off against each other expertly, granting favors,
issuing reprimands and warnings. Caesar’s power is eminent
and his territories are highly protected. The wars are taking
place in the same territory because the subjects are the same.
The Gauls are associated in both of the primary sources as those
that are oppressed in the wars. Livius states that the war was
induced by the Romans. The writer does not specify on the
specific leader.
Impact of the Similarities and differences in the Primary
sources to Readers ( doesn’t connect to the previous part, it
should be each part relate to each other, so like talk about the
cases that in the similarity and differences
The similarities depict that military invasion are characterized
with the same effects to the affected individuals. In the primary
sources, military invasion lead to killings, forced labor,
66. migrations and dictatorial leadership. The readers are able to
understand that the outcome of military invasion in deadly and
it can last for a very long period if a solution is not synthesized.
The similarities also make the primary sources to be viewed as
valid by the readers.
The differences that arise make it difficult for the reader to
identify which amongst the authors is saying the truth. Primary
sources that have extreme differences lose the confidence of the
readers and the readers and the readers thus need to research
more in order to elaborate on the controversial points. In
addition, the differences make the civil war topic to indicate
that there were differences in the war information was written
and that the information may be subject to biases or lack of
sufficient data.
Historical Question ( you can use this question, how did wars in
the ancient eorld affect non-comatants) ( make sure to answer it
from the sources and try to find another good question from the
resource related to the topic of the paper)
An important question is whether the Germanic peoples beyond
Roman suzerainty would have cooperated with each other to put
up the resistance necessary to thwart Roman armies. The
primary sources give light to the implications of military
invasion through their vivid description of the Gallic wars and
the history of Rome. The outcome of the Rome wars is
explained by massive deaths like those that occurred on river
Tiber. The military invasion that were experienced in Rome led
to a fall back in the rate of development in that when people
were made to evade their home, it was made clear that they
could not continue with their day-to-day activities. Individuals
had to go to other safe zones to start a living there.
The other problem that was associated with military invasion
was the issue of loss of life. The property was also lost due to
67. the frequent fires that were set by the armies on targeted
communities (Boyce, 2013). During the wars, many individuals
were killed the majority of them being the soldiers that were in
tea army. Women and children were left without any means to
feed their families. Emotional torture and poverty struck a
majority of the affected families.
Conversely, there was no stable leadership in the affected areas
because if the issue of wars. Leaders were always faced with the
challenge of settling the wars. Leaders were unable to stabilize
their governance and thus they were no changes in terms of
political and economic diversity. Leaders that were stable were
only the dictators that had acquired power and the influence to
rule over the territories.
Brutality and oppression were experienced by women and
children that were victims. After military invasion, the
energetic men and women were taken as hostages and they were
made to work for their hosts (Boyce, 2013). Hostages are
subject to forced labor that had poor pay. Military invasion
made people be poorer and victims of discrimination. Innocent
individuals were killed in the battles. It is certain that the
population of the countries were at stake when people were
killed every now. In addition, individuals migrated to safer
areas and thus their native lands were sparsely populated.
References
Caesar, J. The Gallic wars
Boyce, J. K. (2013). Investing in peace: Aid and conditionality
after civil wars (No. 351).
Routledge.
Livius, T.The history of Rome. London: John Childs and Sons
68. Julius Caesar, The Gallic wars, Chapter 11-13
Titus Livius, The history of Rome, pg 38-44
Boyce, J. K. (2013). ). Investing in peace: Aid and
conditionality after civil wars (No. 351).
Routledge.