Hox screencast 4
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The document discusses Hox genes and their role in limb formation and patterning. It notes that Hox A and D genes are primary determinants in limb formation, regulating the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. It also discusses how specific Hox genes like Hoxd9, Hoxd11, and Hoxd13 determine limb identity when knocked out in experiments.
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Hormonal control of gametogenesis involves the hypothalamus releasing GnRH which acts on the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. In males, FSH acts on Sertoli cells to facilitate spermatogenesis while LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which further stimulates spermatogenesis and causes secondary sex characteristics. Rising testosterone provides negative feedback to slow spermatogenesis. In females, FSH causes follicular development while LH triggers ovulation and the corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, maintaining the endometrium lining during pregnancy.
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Hormonal control of gametogenesis involves the hypothalamus releasing GnRH which acts on the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. In males, FSH acts on Sertoli cells to facilitate spermatogenesis while LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which further stimulates spermatogenesis and causes secondary sex characteristics. Rising testosterone provides negative feedback to slow spermatogenesis. In females, FSH causes follicular development while LH triggers ovulation and the corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, maintaining the endometrium lining during pregnancy.
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1. The places where limbs emerge from the body axis depend upon Hox gene expression.
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3. The proximal-distal axis of the developing limb is determined by the induction of the ectoderm at the dorsal-ventral boundary to form the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). This induction is caused by an FGF, probably FGF10. The AER secretes FGF8, which keeps the underlying mesenchyme proliferative and undifferentiated. This mesenchyme is called the progress zone.
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5. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by the expression of Sonic hedgehog in the posterior mesoderm of the limb bud. This region is called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). If the ZPA or Sonic hedgehog-secreting cells or beads are placed in the anterior margin, they establish a second, mirror-image pattern of Hox gene expression and a corresponding mirror-image duplication of the digits.
6. The ZPA is established by the interaction of FGF8 from the AER and mesenchyme made competent to express Sonic hedgehog by its expression of particular Hox genes. Sonic hedgehog acts, probably in an indirect manner, to change the expression of the Hox genes in the limb bud.
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Congenital anomalies of upper limb
- Limb development begins in the 4th week of gestation from lateral plate mesoderm under the guidance of three signaling centers: the AER, ZPA, and dorsal/ventral ectoderm.
- The AER guides proximal-distal growth through FGF signaling, the ZPA patterns anterior-posterior development using SHH, and the ectoderm determines dorsal-ventral fates through WNT7a.
- Failure of limb formation can result in transverse or longitudinal deficiencies, where parts of the limb fail to develop fully, such as in radial club hand where the radius is absent. Classification systems aim to describe the spectrum of abnormalities.
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This document discusses radial club hand, which is a congenital deformity where there is failure of formation along the radial border of the upper extremity. Key points include:
- Radial club hand can range from mild shortening of the radius to total absence. It occurs in about 1 in 30,000 to 100,000 births.
- Surgical treatment involves centralizing the carpus on the distal ulna to provide support. Additional procedures like thumb reconstruction or tendon transfers may be needed.
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Development of tetrapod limb
The development of the tetrapod limb involves specification of the limb field and induction of the early limb bud through FGF10 signaling. The proximal-distal axis is established by the AER, which secretes FGF8 to maintain the progress zone. The anterior-posterior axis is specified by SHH expression in the ZPA. The dorsal-ventral axis forms through Wnt7a expression on the dorsal side. Cell death regulated by BMPs then separates the digits and forms joints.
Vertebrate embryonic patterning 6
1. The places where limbs emerge from the body axis depend upon Hox gene expression.
2. The specification of the limb field into a hindlimb or forelimb bud is determined by Tbx4 and
Tbx5 expression.
3. The proximal-distal axis of the developing limb is determined by the induction of the ectoderm at the dorsal-ventral boundary to form the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). This induction is caused by an FGF, probably FGF10. The AER secretes FGF8, which keeps the underlying mesenchyme proliferative and undifferentiated. This mesenchyme is called the progress zone.
4. As the limb grows outward, the stylopod forms first, then the zeugopod, and the autopod is formed last. Each of these phases involves the expression of Hox genes, and the formation of the autopod involves a reversal of Hox gene expression that distinguishes fish fins from tetrapod limbs.
5. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by the expression of Sonic hedgehog in the posterior mesoderm of the limb bud. This region is called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). If the ZPA or Sonic hedgehog-secreting cells or beads are placed in the anterior margin, they establish a second, mirror-image pattern of Hox gene expression and a corresponding mirror-image duplication of the digits.
6. The ZPA is established by the interaction of FGF8 from the AER and mesenchyme made competent to express Sonic hedgehog by its expression of particular Hox genes. Sonic hedgehog acts, probably in an indirect manner, to change the expression of the Hox genes in the limb bud.
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Este documento resume los usos de los verbos ser y estar, así como las preposiciones por y para. Explica que ser se usa para describir características inherentes y atributos físicos, mientras que estar se usa para estados temporales. También incluye ejemplos de expresiones comunes con por y para, y una lista de adverbios de tiempo y frecuencia.
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This document summarizes congenital radial club hand deformities. It describes the classification system including types I-IV based on the severity of radial dysplasia. Type IV is the most common, involving total absence of the radius. Associated anomalies can include deficiencies of the thumb, scaphoid, trapezium and other carpal bones. Muscles on the radial side like the brachialis and brachioradialis are often absent or hypoplastic. Associated syndromes that sometimes occur include Holt-Oram syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome. Surgical treatment requires consideration of any associated anomalies.
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تطويل العظام في الاردن
تطويل العظام، افضل إستشاري عظام في الاردن، جراحة العظام في الاردن، علاج أمراض العظام في الاردن، افضل دكتور عظام في الاردن ، افضل اخصائي عظام في الاردن
Congenital upper limb البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان - استشاري جراحة العظام في الاردن
Congenital upper limb البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان - استشاري جراحة العظام في الاردنProf Freih Abu Hassan البروفيسور فريح ابوحسان
جراحة العظام / علاج العظام في الاردن / افضل دكتور عظام في الاردن / افضل اخصائي عظام في الاردن / استشاري عظام/افضل استشاري عظام في الاردن /جراحة عظام / /عمليات تطويل العظام في الاردن / خلع الكتف/ خلع الركبة / اطباء العظام في الاردن / دكتور طب عظام في الاردن / الاطباء في الاردن / خلع ورك / عمليات اليزاروف في الاردن /علاج الكسور /خلع الولادة / تركيب المفصل / اوجاع العظام /افضل طبيب عظام اطفال في الاردن / استشاري اطفال عظام في الاردن / /علاج خلع الكتف / علاج التواء الكاحل / التواء الكاحل / علاج الام العظام / علاج هشاشة العظام / ارقام اطباء عظام في الاردن / مشاكل العظام والمفاصل /مستشار جراحة العظام والمفاصل والكسور/مستشار جراحة عظام الأطفال.Limb development in vertebrates
This document summarizes limb development in vertebrates using the chicken wing and mouse forelimb as models. It describes how the limb develops axes and patterns of differentiated tissues over time. The early limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells covered by ectoderm. As the bud elongates, the thickened apical ectodermal ridge and differences in expansion across the limb axes influence patterning and contribute to formation of proximal versus distal structures. While chicken wings and mouse forelimbs follow similar developmental processes, there are some differences in morphology and growth.
Radial Club Hand
The document discusses the use of the Evans Bilobed Flap technique for managing radial club hand at the Red Cross Children's Hospital from 2010-2014. It provides a brief history of incision techniques used previously. The Evans Bilobed Flap technique provides excellent exposure of the radius and ulna as well as dorsal and volar exposure, allowing for one-stage correction. It had no major complications and provided good soft tissue coverage away from the area of potential pollicization with only a 20% minor complication rate of epidermolysis. Results on 7 patients who underwent the procedure are presented.
Club foot
Club foot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape. It occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include family history, smoking during pregnancy, and lack of amniotic fluid. Treatment options for club foot include stretching and casting, which is the most common approach, as well as stretching and taping or surgery. With early treatment, those with club foot can often walk normally and lead active lives.
Tumors around knee
This document provides an overview of approaches to musculoskeletal neoplasms (tumors). It discusses the classification and staging of bone tumors, the evaluation and workup of patients, and treatment approaches including biopsy, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Specifically, it summarizes a case of a 51-year-old woman who presented with knee pain and was found to have a low-grade chondrosarcoma in her fibula that was successfully treated with wide excision without preoperative biopsy.
Congenital anamolies upper limb - Dr.KK
This document discusses congenital anomalies of the upper limb, including definition, incidence, embryology, classification, and specific anomalies such as club hand, Madelung deformity, Apert's syndrome, cleft hand, and thumb abnormalities. Upper limb anomalies can occur due to arrest of development during crucial embryonic stages between 4-8 weeks. Common types include transverse or longitudinal arrest of parts, failure of differentiation, duplication, and overgrowth/undergrowth. Radial and ulnar club hands are described in detail along with associated syndromes and treatment approaches.
Avn
1. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, also known as osteonecrosis, refers to the death of bone cells in the femur due to interrupted blood supply, leading to structural changes and collapse of the femoral head.
2. It most commonly affects adults aged 30-70 years old and is seen more often in males. Common causes include fractures of the femoral neck, hip dislocations, chronic alcoholism, and steroid use.
3. Early diagnosis is important as imaging like MRI can detect osteonecrosis before changes are evident on x-ray. X-rays may eventually show signs like sclerosis, cysts, flattening of the femoral head. Bone scans can also help detect early changes through decreased
Flaps in orthopaedics
The document discusses various types of skin grafts and flaps used in orthopedics. It describes split thickness skin grafts which contain part of the epidermis and dermis and are useful for covering defects when the area is too wide for a full thickness graft. It also discusses axial pattern flaps which contain a direct cutaneous artery and allow coverage of the hand while preserving movement. Local flaps are preferred over distant flaps when possible due to better color and texture matching and reduced risk of complications.
Congenital anomalies of upper limb
- Limb development begins in the 4th week of gestation from lateral plate mesoderm under the guidance of three signaling centers: the AER, ZPA, and dorsal/ventral ectoderm.
- The AER guides proximal-distal growth through FGF signaling, the ZPA patterns anterior-posterior development using SHH, and the ectoderm determines dorsal-ventral fates through WNT7a.
- Failure of limb formation can result in transverse or longitudinal deficiencies, where parts of the limb fail to develop fully, such as in radial club hand where the radius is absent. Classification systems aim to describe the spectrum of abnormalities.
Radial club hand
This document discusses radial club hand, which is a congenital deformity where there is failure of formation along the radial border of the upper extremity. Key points include:
- Radial club hand can range from mild shortening of the radius to total absence. It occurs in about 1 in 30,000 to 100,000 births.
- Surgical treatment involves centralizing the carpus on the distal ulna to provide support. Additional procedures like thumb reconstruction or tendon transfers may be needed.
- Nonsurgical treatment involves serial casting and splinting from birth to gradually correct the deformity. Surgery is usually done at 3-6 months if splinting is insufficient to provide radial support.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. It affects around 10% of the general population. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand and fingers innervated by the median nerve. Diagnosis is based on physical exam findings like Tinel's sign and Phalen's maneuver, as well as electrodiagnostic testing. Conservative treatment involves splinting and anti-inflammatory medications while surgical treatment involves cutting the transverse carpal ligament to relieve pressure on the median nerve. Recurrence can occur due to incomplete release of pressure or scarring.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the hand, including:
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2) The flexor tendons in the hand divide into zones as they pass through the carpal tunnel and palm. Extensor tendons are held in place by the extensor retinaculum.
3) Bones and joints of the hand include the carpals that make up the carpal tunnel, the metacarpals, and the interphalangeal joints between phalanges.
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