4. Top Admit won the “Most Promising
Startup” in Echelon Japan Satellite 2013.
Charles Chin (Manager) & Mohan Belani (e27)
PRESS & AWARDS
5. Dr. Gabriel Lee
(gabriel@topsciedit.com)
1998 - Singapore O & A level certificate
2004 - B.S, Biochemistry,
U of Wisconsin-Madison
2011 - Chief research advisor at TopSCIedit.com
2012 - PhD, Biomedical Science,
U of Massachusetts Medical School
ABOUT MYSELF
Unive
Massa
Medic
RE: Men
6. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
What is a scientific paper?
1. Fixed number of words
2. Academic English
3. Fixed format
7. ACADEMIC ENGLISH
What is academic English?
Not spoken or conversational English
Serious, formal English
Usually written from the third person.
8. An example of conversational English:
Let me tell you that eukaroytic cells are
sorted into different network of
endomembranes.
C O N V E R S A T I O N A L E N G L I S H
9. Let me tell you that eukaroytic cells are sorted into a
network of endomembranes.
First person, casual, wordy
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
into a network of endomembranes.
C O N V E R S A T I O N A L E N G L I S H (cont.)
10. I heard that journal editors like authors to
write in simple English. Journal editors
hate to see literary tricks(特殊寫作技巧)
and metaphors (暗喻).
Y O U R T U R N …
11. I heard that journal editors like authors to
write in simple English. Journal editors
hate to see literary tricks and metaphors.
Literary tricks and metaphors are not
seen in academic journals. Journal
editors are happy with plain English
vocabulary.
A N S W E R
12. J O U R N A L W R I T I N G F O R M A T
Abstract 摘要
Methods 研究方法
Results 結果
References 參考書目
Introduction
緒論
Discussion
討論
13. T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N
Why is the
introduction an
inverted ladder
shape?
Abstract 摘要
Methods 研究方法
Results 結果
References 參考書目
Introduction
緒論
Discussion
討論
14. T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N (CONT.)
Background (Big picture)
Literature review
Research rational
& hypothesis
Research value
Brief
summary of
results
Why is the
introduction an
inverted ladder
shape?
15. Bad Example!
There is not enough
background information
for the audience to
understand what is going
on.
G I V I N G C O N T E X T
16. This essay is now
readable.
Additional background
information provides
enough context for the
audience to understand
the content.
G I V I N G C O N T E X T (cont.)
17. 1. In recent years, there has been a tremendous
wave of interest in the relationship between
and _______.
9 SENTENCES for the INTRODUCTION
Example: In recent years, there has been a
tremendous wave of interest in the relationship
between consumption of hydrogenated oil
(氫化油) and cancer.
18. 2. One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of research is the question
of how _______ causes _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
19. Example: One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of cancer research is the
question of how consumption of hydrogenated oil
causes cancer.
2. One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of research is the question
of how _______ causes _______.
A N S W E R
20. 3. Recently, _______ is getting considerable
attention from _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
21. 3. Recently, _______ is getting considerable
attention from _______.
Example: Recently, hydrogenated oil is getting
considerable attention from the cancer
research community.
A N S W E R
23. 4. _______has increasingly been the object of
_______ research in recent years.
Example: Hydrogenated oil has increasingly
been the object of cancer research in recent years.
A N S W E R
24. 5. A number of issues have appeared on recent
research on the relationship between _______
and _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
25. Example: A number of issues have appeared on
recent research on the relationship between
hydrogenated oil and cancer.
5. A number of issues have appeared on recent
research on the relationship between _______
and _______.
A N S W E R
26. 6. The literature is full of discussions surrounding the
relationship between _______ and _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
27. Example: The literature is full of discussions
surrounding the relationship between hydrogenated
oil and cancer..
6. The literature is full of discussions surrounding the
relationship between _______ and _______.
A N S W E R
28. 7. For sometime there has been evidence that
_______caused _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
29. Example: For sometime there has been evidence
that hydrogenated oil caused cancer.
7. For sometime there has been evidence that
_______caused _______.
A N S W E R
30. 8. A growing number of research studies are now
available to shed some light on how _______
caused _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
31. Example: A growing number of research studies
are now available to shed some light on how
hydrogenated oil caused cancer..
8. A growing number of research studies are now
available to shed some light on how _______
caused _______.
A N S W E R
32. 8. With increasing usage of _______, it is crucial to
find out whether it is _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
33. Example: With increasing usage of hydrogenated
oil in snacks, it is crucial to find out whether it is
carcinogenic.
8. With increasing usage of _______, it is crucial to
find out whether it is _______.
A N S W E R
