1. A SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER
SUBMITTED TO PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE BIRNIN KEBBI
BY
AHMED BELLO KALGO
SUPERVISED
BY
HAJIYA SAMIRA AHMAD KANGIWA
OCTOBER, 2022
2. Introduction
Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor of the lower most
part of the uterus.
The cervix connects the body of the uterus (upper parts
where fetus grows) cancer starts when cells in the body
begin to grow out of control
Various strain of human papiloma viruses a sexually
transmitted infection play a role in causing most cervical
cancers.
3. The anatomical structure of the cervix
The cervix is composed of two regions, the ectocervix and
endocervix canal, the endocervix is the inner part of the cervix
lining canal leading into the uterus. The ectocervix is outer part of
the cervix it is round and lip like and sticks out into the vagina
4. Epidemiology
Cervical cancer is one of the leading cause cancer death among
women
Over the past 30 years, the increasing proportion of women
affected by cervial cancer has range from 10% to 40%
WHO and IARC estimated in the year 2008 529000 new cases of
cervical cancer globally.
Study revealed that in northern part of Nigeria 66.7%
gynecological cancer are carcinoma of cervix and this
percentage appears to be connected with some detrimental
sociocultural practices.
5. RISK FACTORS
1. Human papilloma virus
2. Chlamydia
3. Gonorhea
4. Fibroids
5. Adenomyosis
6. Endometrosis
7. HIV AIDS
8. Genital warts
9. Smoke
10. Diet
6. Early signs of cervical cancer
1. Vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse (heavy or with
foul odor)
2. Pain during intercourse
3. Pelvic pain
4. Lower back pain
5. Pain and swelling in legs
8. Papanicolous stain:- This is cytological stain used for
demonstration of squamous epithelial cells and differentiation of
malignant cells for the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
PAP procedure
1. Take the slide into Haematoxylin for 10 minutes
2. Rinse the slide with two change of 95% alcohol
3. Take the slide into orange G6 for 6 minutes
4. Rinse the slide with two change
of 95% alcohol
5. Take the slide into eosin for 3 minute
6. Rinse the slide with 95% and absolute alcohol
10. Biopsy
This is removal of tissue from living patient for
examination under microscope
Sample of choice
Tissue Sample: is obtain or cut up from cervix
altogether followed by fixation with 10% buffered
formalin.
Stages of tissue process
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
Embedding
11. Haemotoxylin and Eosin staining technique H & E
Procedure
1. Dewax the section in three changes of xylene for 5 minutes
2. Take the slide to descending grades of alcohol absolute 70% 50%
3. Stain in haematoxylin for 10 minutes
4. Take the slide to 1% acid alcohol briefly
5. Counter stain with eosin for 3 minutes
6. Dehydrate in ascending grade of alcohol 70% 95% absolute alcohol for 5
minutes
7. Clear with two 2 changes of xylene
8. Mount with DPX
9. Allow to air dry
10. Examine under microscope using x10 and x40 objective lens
13. Conclusion
1. Precancerous cells of cervical cancer could be cured with
early screening
2. Woman with risk of human papilloma virus does not mean
that has cervical cancer now, but warning sign that cervical
cancer could develop in future
3. Untreated cervical cancer could lead to life sentence to
death in women
14. Recommendation
1. Women with the risk factor of age range between 35 to 44 should
be tested regularly even after the outcome of PAP test negative
2. Voluntarily screening test for cervical cancer among women with
family cancer history is imperative
3. I recommend the medical practitioners to organize an awareness
campaign about cervical cancer as such that prevention is better
than cure
4. I also recommend that the pathology department of Federal
Medical Centre Birnin kebbi to employ the method of liquid based
cytology LBC in collecting specimen for cervical cancer diagnosis
15. REFERENCE
Carraher Jr CE (2014). Carraher's polymer chemistry (Ninth ed.). Boca Raton:
Taylor & Francis. p. 385.
Nama V, Angelopoulos G, Twigg J, Murdoch JB, Bailey J, Lawrie TA (October
2018). "Type II or type III radical hysterectomy compared to
chemoradiotherapy as a primary intervention for stage IB2 cervical
cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (10): CD011478.
Sardain H, Lavoue V, Redpath M, Bertheuil N, Foucher F, Levêque J (August
2015). "Curative pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical carcinoma in the
era of concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A systematic
review" (PDF). European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 41 (8): 975–985.
Nygård M (June 2011). "Screening for cervical cancer: when theory meets
reality". BMC Cancer. 11: 240. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-240
