Seismic Method Estimate velocity from seismic data.pptx
Hormones & Vaccines
1.
2. HORMONES
A “hormone” (greek – ‘impetus’) is a
class of signaling molecules produced by
glandsin multicellular organisms that are
transported by the circulatory system to
target distant organs to regulate
physiology and behaviour.
3. HISTORY OF HORMONE
One hundred years ago Ernest Starling
(1866–1927), almost surreptitiously, slipped
the word ‘hormone’ into the English language.
This review, beginning in the middle of the
nineteenth century, attempts to trace the
growth of ideas in endocrinology up to this
important moment. There is no magic date
from which to begin a survey of
4. , for man has made use of endocrinological
principles from time immemorial. Fuller
Albright (1943) observed ‘The earliest
beginnings of endocrinology had as
their such ends as the procurement of a form
of man-power safe for the harem, the
salvaging of a male soprano voice for the
choir, and the increased palatability that a
rooster attains when he turns into a capon.
6. E XAMPL E S O F AMIN E PE PT IDE PRO T E IN AND
STEROID HORMONE STURCTURE
7. STEROID HORMONES
Steroid hormones can be grouped into five
groups by the receptors to which they
bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, an
drogens, estrogens
and progestogens. Vitamin D derivatives are
a sixth closely related hormone system with
homologous receptors.
8. PROTEIN HORMONES
Peptide hormones are proteins that have an
effect on the endocrine system of animals.
Like other proteins, peptide hormones are
synthesized in cells from amino acids
according to mRNA transcripts, which are
synthesized from DNA templates inside the
cell nucleus. Preprohormones, peptide
hormone precursors, are then processed in
9. HORMONE CLASS AND
COMPONENTS
HORMONE CLASS COMPONENTS
AMINE HORMONE Amino acids with
modified groups
(norepinephrine’s
carboxyl group is a
replaced with a benzene
ring)
PEPTIDE HORMONE Short chains of linked
amino acids
PROTEIN HORMONE Long chains of linked
amino acids
STEROID HORMONE Derived from the lipid
cholesterol
10.
11. VACCINES
A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease. A
vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its
surface proteins.
12. The agent
stimulates the
body's immune
system to
recognize the agent
as foreign, destroy
it, and keep a
record of it, so that
the immune system
13. Vaccines can be
prophylactic ,
(example : to
prevent or
ameliorate the
effects of a future
infection by any
natural or ‘wild’
pathogen)
14. HISTORY
He used it in 1798 in the long title of his
Inquiry into the...Variolae
vaccinae...known...[as]...the Cow Pox, in which
he described the protective effect of cowpox
against smallpox.[1] In 1881, to honour
Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms
should be extended to cover the new
protective inoculations then being
15. Vaccines are made
using several
different processes.
The first human
vaccines against
viruses were based
using weaker or
attenuated viruses
to generate
16. TYPES OF VACCINE
VACCINE
TYPE
VACCINES OF
THIS TYPE ON
U.S.
LIVE , ATTENUATED MEASLES, MUMPS,
RUBELLA
VARICELLA
(CHICKENPOX)
INFLUENZA (NASAL
SPRAY)
ROTAVIRUS
INACTIVATED/KILLE
D
POLIO (IPV)
19. LIVE , ATTENUATED
VACCINES
Attenuated vaccines can be made in several
different ways. Some of the most common
methods involve passing the disease-causing
virus through a series of cell cultures or animal
embryos ( typically chick embryos ). A virus
targeted for use in a vaccine may be grown
through --”passaged” through– upwards of
200 different embryos or cell cultures.
20. KILLED OR INACTIVATED
VACCINES
One alternative to attenuated vaccines is
killed or inactivated vaccine. Vaccines of this
type are created by inactivating a pathogen,
typically using heat or chemicals such as
formaldehyde or formalin. This destroys the
pathogen’s ability to replicate, but keeps it
“intact” so that the immune system can still
recognize.
21. TOXOIDS
Some bacterial diseases are not directly
caused by a bacterium itself, but by a toxin
produced by the bacterium. One example is
tetanus; its symptoms are not caused by the
Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a
neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin).
Immunizations created using inactivated
22. SUBUNIT AND CONJUGATE
VACCINES
Both subunit and conjugate vaccines contain
only pieces of the pathogens they protect
against. Subunit vaccines use only part of a
target to provoke a response from the
immune system. This may be done by
isolating a specific protein from a pathogen
and presenting it as an antigen on its own. The
acellular pertussis vaccine and influenze
