Honeycutt/ Fat Worldlfhi n World
125
been used,, and would it be a useful or appropriate medium change to
suggest to OWH?
4.Who,finally,shouldberesponsibleforactuallytreatingspecificeating
disorders? Does this utto""t for anything in the organization of these
Fact Sheets?
Writing ActivitY
.Uc gtha dini;;#;a!rs,tl'eat;.;-5 "'-;& -6:gng(fact'she'etl.].;na.ro 'of ,lgo,u..1 :* it"a$ in youma$of io.me*b;e!ed)a'$'cu.p.:r.1;.;,6;ix,lanr;i;ng;ieregan'appu... ut.iv"oairow'fo! ..b''apow'':}l9u''to''::
,,a,pprcach.the,[email protected] *"rai,{.p!,!4iiinei"tara;mpte;rrrCtasiroCIm "r
,,lleachers-f.,,,tells,teae the wfr11'6rt'iAa'howof i,ffA..i 'Cdueetotf's''"
, *,Ji *L,i;,;a disoraers.r d etn ada o,Aei. Aas,t$. eI .in:, :,
,ry0ur'l'aYaUtr, ,..,1 .,, , ,
Fat World/Thin World:,,Fat Busters,,,,,Equivocators,',
,,Fat Boosters,,,and the Social Construction of obesity
Karen HoneYcutt
KarenHoneycuttisanAssistantProfessorofSociologyatKeeneStateCollegeinNew
Hampshire. Her research intrir*t" inclide mais media, poputar culture,
and social inequali-
ties based on race, ,torr, grni'l o'd sexuality' Dr' Honeycutt's lxt.eylioe r23ych on obesity
zaas completed while zuritin'gi'diiLssertation ai tlre tlniaeisity of Michigan'
This article on the
topic appears in a collectiu?n of essays entitled Interpreting Weighe Social
Fatness and
fni.n "tt
editedby Jffiey Sobal and Donna Maurer'
Do I feel more attractive [since losing weight]? God, yes' I look at myself
in the
mirror more-I catch myself glancing into one every time I pass it' And
I used to
avoid looking into big itut"-[tu" *Ltdow' in the past' because I didn't
like my
reflection, or was too scared io see what I really looked like. I don't
mind seeing
myself any more. (Jessica)
IwenttoJennyCraigforseveralmonths.Whenlfirststarted,Iwenttoone
of their group meetirigs, and the counselor asked if anyone had gone off the
126 Ch a pter 4/Lea r ni n g from P rofession a I Writi n g
program that week. I looked around and no one was raising their hands, but I de-
cided to be honest and raise mine. So I did and everyone turned and stared at me
and started saying, "Was it worth it? Was it worth it?" They were all so mad at me
for going off. But I know there were other women there who had too. I was just
the only one brave enough to admit it. But I never did again. [laughs] (Laura)
Fat bodies are beautiful. I think all of you are just gorgeous. I saw you out in the
pool yesterday, and the fat was billowing out around you, and I thought it was
just wonderful. You've made me believe that I'm beautiful too' (Leslie)
while Jessic a,Lawa,and Leslie were or are all considered "overweight"l by Amer-
ican standards, they dealt with this "problem" very differently. Jessica dieted and
lost sixty-three pounds (she is a"Fat Buster," in the terms I am using in this chap-
ter). Laura decided to try to stop dieting altogether and accept herself as she was,
but did so on her own (she is an "Equivocator"). Leslie join.
50 Free Persuasive Essay Examples BEST Topics ᐅ TemplateLab. Beth Wilcoxs Northern Learning Centre Blog: Persuasive Essay Format. Writing the persuasive essay. 50 ejemplos de ensayos persuasivos gratuitos MEJORES temas - Mundo .... Persuasive Essay Writing - An Ultimate Guide for Students. Persuasive Essay Topics. School essay: Example for persuasive writing. Persuasive essay examples for students. Samples Of Persuasive Essays For College. FREE 8 Persuasive Essay Samples in MS Word PDF. An example of persuasive essay. Persuasive Essay. Writing Graphic Organizers Persuasive Essay - Persuasion Map. How to write a persuasive paper. 5 Steps to Write a Strong Position .... 007 Examples Of Persuasive Essays Essay Example Gallery For Persuasion .... Persuasive Essay Sample. Writing persuasive essay - The Oscillation Band. Write a persuasive essay. Writing Persuasive Essays. 2019-01-09. 007 Essay Example Of Persuasive Thatsnotus. Persuasive Essay Writing prompts and Template for Free. 013 Good Persuasive Essay Topics Example Thatsnotus. Persuasive Essays Examples And Samples Essay picture Stuff .... Beautiful Best Persuasive Essay Topics Thatsnotus. A Persuasive Essay Research Persuasive Essay Research Persuasive Essay
Essays On Human Rights. Human Rights Essay Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC Thin...Anita Walker
Sample essay on international human rights law. Human Rights Essay. Human Rights Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Human Rights Essay1.Revised. Human Rights Law Essay | 76007 - International Human Rights Law - UTS .... Human Rights | Essay - Studienett.no. Introduction to Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Human Rights Essay | PDF | Human Rights | United Nations. Human Rights essay | Human Rights | Natural And Legal Rights. Essay on Human Rights/Essay on human rights in english/Human rights .... Essay on "Human Rights" | essay writing | English essay | English .... Essay on human rights in english | Essay on human rights in english 2015. Human_Rights_Commission_Essay_Contest_Winners.pdf | Human Rights | Gender.
"Do the Right Thing" by Spike Lee - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. "Do The Right Thing" Lecture Notes - Spike Lee’s “Do The Right Thing .... (PDF) Do The Right Thing | Charles Travis - Academia.edu. (PDF) Do the Right Thing. Write My Essay : 100% Original Content - essay on spike lees do the .... 10 Tips to Write an Essay and Actually Enjoy It. Do the Right Thing Narrative Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Do the right thing - 524 Words - NerdySeal. Do the right thing Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written .... Do the right thing essays | Order essay online. Do the right thing summary essay - frudgereport85.web.fc2.com. Essay About Doing The Right Thing - When Doing The Right Thing is The .... Do the right thing essay uk essays ukessays. Do the Right Thing (1989) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical .... College Essay Format: Simple Steps to Be Followed. To Do a Great Right, Do a Little Wrong Essay Example | StudyHippo.com.
WMST 301Prof. LawstonCultural ideas about what it .docxambersalomon88660
WMST 301
Prof. Lawston
Cultural ideas about what it means to be a woman and what it means to be a man affect everyone in the society. Powerful cultural institutions like the media shape how we see ourselves and the world around us.
What are beauty ideals in western society, for women?How do these ideals affect us, our identities, and our view of ourselves?
The thin body ideal has been referred to as the tyranny of slenderness, or the beauty myth, according to feminists.
Thinness is not necessarily inherently beautiful. Rather, at any given time and place, social norms and institutions dictate what is thought to be attractive. Among others, consumers and mass media promulgate and reinforce this thin ideal. Yet precisely because it is a mutable social construction, it can be challenged, however difficult this task may be because of the embedded social structure.
The thin ideal is a contemporary phenomenon limited to affluent Western nations (Rothblum 1990). In the 17th century, the female beauty ideal represented in, for example, Renoir’s paintings was fleshy, voluptuous, and full-bodied. An emphasis on a slender ideal emerged in the late 19th century/early 20th century, partly as a result of the development of mass-marketing in the fashion industry, a middle- class aesthetic, and a distinct youth culture (Seid 1989; Walden 1985; on the history of fat and dieting, also refer to Stearns 1997; Schwartz 1986).
In some non-Western cultures, individuals continue to covet fat as a sign of wealth and health and eschew thinness because of its association with poverty and malnutrition (Rothblum 1990). For example, in the Andes mountains fat symbolizes strength and well- being (Weismantel 2005) and Nigerian Arabs revere fat as sexy (Popenoe 2005). In Central Africa, there are festivals that still celebrate the voluptuous woman. In short, the thin ideal is a construction specific to both time and place. It is structural, but affects all of us at the individual level.
As countries become more westernized, and the skinny, tall body becomes the ideal, countries become plagued by eating disorders. You see this in some Asian countries, such as China, where eating disorders are on the rise.
Take also Fiji. Fiji did not have access to TV until 1995, when a single station was introduced. It broadcasts programs from the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia. Until that time, Fiji had no reported cases of eating disorders. A study conducted by anthropologist Anne Becker showed that most young girls and women in Fiji were comfortable with their bodies, no matter how large. In 1998, just three years after the TV was introduced, 11% of girls reported vomiting to lose weight, and 62% of the girls surveyed reported dieting during the previous months.
While the media effects on our psychological processes are complex, studies show that higher levels of exposure to media imagery correlates with girls’ and women’s body dissatisfaction (refer to.
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup ...
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup.
1. What are your ideas for your Research Topic inspired by Jac.docxambersalomon88660
1. What are your ideas for your Research Topic inspired by Jacqueline Woodson’s Another
Brooklyn?
Women’s Rights Movement and how Mary Tyler Moore (The Show) helped.
2. Why are you interested in this research? What does it matter to you?
Women’s Rights is an interesting topic for me I’ve always been interested in this particular topic.
I don’t have a specific reason, but maybe because of the lack of women’s rights in the Middle
East.
3. What is the purpose of your research? What question(s) do you want to answer?
The purpose of this research is to show women’s power and inspire other. The questions I’d like
to answer are:
-When and how did the movement started?
-Who started it?
-How did Mary Tyler Moore helped (The Show) changed women perspective about themselves?
-How did it change the US?
-What rights did women accomplished?
-How is it different from now?
4. What are the key words you will use to research your topic? List the words:
-Women’s Rights Movement
-Mary Tyler Moore
-Women’s rights
5. What is your working thesis?
Women’s rights movement is important because it promotes women engagement in political
affairs, sensitizes on social relations and promotes gender equality.
6. What ‘Pattern of Organization’ do you envision as best-suited for your paper? (Note
these ‘Pattern of Organization’ for your research will also be reviewed in class)
Problem and solution.
7. What are likely sources of information (peer-reviewed academic journals, major general
interest newspaper geared toward college educated audience include: New York Times,
Washington Post, Bloomberg Business, Time Magazine, TRADE Publications focused
on
your filed? LIST AT LEAST THREE sources, include data and author or authority:
● Baxter, Judith. Positioning Gender In Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
● Hollows, Joanne. Feminism, Femininity, And Popular Culture . : Manchester University
Press., 2000.
● Klein, Allison. What Would Murphy Brown Do? . Seal Press, 2006.
● Porizkova, Paulina. "America Made Me A Feminist." The New York Times , 2017,
Accessed 15 Nov 2018.
8. What are your concerns (personal and/or professional) as you approach this project?
The key personal concerns are;
Is the government doing enough towards the women’s rights movement sustainability?
Are women engaged in these movements as much as they should?
What is the role of institutions in fostering women rights?
HUM 2313 – Cultural Identification Essay
Due October 23, 100 points
1. This assignment asks you to confront your own sense of identity as well as your prejudices. Write a 3 – 6-page essay discussing your identification as a participant in a culture or in various overlapping cultures. Please indicate some of your own personal connections to major themes from readings of the course such as, but not limited to: home, family, heritage, beliefs, etc. Generally, how do you connect to some of those.
50 Free Persuasive Essay Examples BEST Topics ᐅ TemplateLab. Beth Wilcoxs Northern Learning Centre Blog: Persuasive Essay Format. Writing the persuasive essay. 50 ejemplos de ensayos persuasivos gratuitos MEJORES temas - Mundo .... Persuasive Essay Writing - An Ultimate Guide for Students. Persuasive Essay Topics. School essay: Example for persuasive writing. Persuasive essay examples for students. Samples Of Persuasive Essays For College. FREE 8 Persuasive Essay Samples in MS Word PDF. An example of persuasive essay. Persuasive Essay. Writing Graphic Organizers Persuasive Essay - Persuasion Map. How to write a persuasive paper. 5 Steps to Write a Strong Position .... 007 Examples Of Persuasive Essays Essay Example Gallery For Persuasion .... Persuasive Essay Sample. Writing persuasive essay - The Oscillation Band. Write a persuasive essay. Writing Persuasive Essays. 2019-01-09. 007 Essay Example Of Persuasive Thatsnotus. Persuasive Essay Writing prompts and Template for Free. 013 Good Persuasive Essay Topics Example Thatsnotus. Persuasive Essays Examples And Samples Essay picture Stuff .... Beautiful Best Persuasive Essay Topics Thatsnotus. A Persuasive Essay Research Persuasive Essay Research Persuasive Essay
Essays On Human Rights. Human Rights Essay Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC Thin...Anita Walker
Sample essay on international human rights law. Human Rights Essay. Human Rights Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Human Rights Essay1.Revised. Human Rights Law Essay | 76007 - International Human Rights Law - UTS .... Human Rights | Essay - Studienett.no. Introduction to Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Human Rights Essay | PDF | Human Rights | United Nations. Human Rights essay | Human Rights | Natural And Legal Rights. Essay on Human Rights/Essay on human rights in english/Human rights .... Essay on "Human Rights" | essay writing | English essay | English .... Essay on human rights in english | Essay on human rights in english 2015. Human_Rights_Commission_Essay_Contest_Winners.pdf | Human Rights | Gender.
"Do the Right Thing" by Spike Lee - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. "Do The Right Thing" Lecture Notes - Spike Lee’s “Do The Right Thing .... (PDF) Do The Right Thing | Charles Travis - Academia.edu. (PDF) Do the Right Thing. Write My Essay : 100% Original Content - essay on spike lees do the .... 10 Tips to Write an Essay and Actually Enjoy It. Do the Right Thing Narrative Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Do the right thing - 524 Words - NerdySeal. Do the right thing Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written .... Do the right thing essays | Order essay online. Do the right thing summary essay - frudgereport85.web.fc2.com. Essay About Doing The Right Thing - When Doing The Right Thing is The .... Do the right thing essay uk essays ukessays. Do the Right Thing (1989) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical .... College Essay Format: Simple Steps to Be Followed. To Do a Great Right, Do a Little Wrong Essay Example | StudyHippo.com.
WMST 301Prof. LawstonCultural ideas about what it .docxambersalomon88660
WMST 301
Prof. Lawston
Cultural ideas about what it means to be a woman and what it means to be a man affect everyone in the society. Powerful cultural institutions like the media shape how we see ourselves and the world around us.
What are beauty ideals in western society, for women?How do these ideals affect us, our identities, and our view of ourselves?
The thin body ideal has been referred to as the tyranny of slenderness, or the beauty myth, according to feminists.
Thinness is not necessarily inherently beautiful. Rather, at any given time and place, social norms and institutions dictate what is thought to be attractive. Among others, consumers and mass media promulgate and reinforce this thin ideal. Yet precisely because it is a mutable social construction, it can be challenged, however difficult this task may be because of the embedded social structure.
The thin ideal is a contemporary phenomenon limited to affluent Western nations (Rothblum 1990). In the 17th century, the female beauty ideal represented in, for example, Renoir’s paintings was fleshy, voluptuous, and full-bodied. An emphasis on a slender ideal emerged in the late 19th century/early 20th century, partly as a result of the development of mass-marketing in the fashion industry, a middle- class aesthetic, and a distinct youth culture (Seid 1989; Walden 1985; on the history of fat and dieting, also refer to Stearns 1997; Schwartz 1986).
In some non-Western cultures, individuals continue to covet fat as a sign of wealth and health and eschew thinness because of its association with poverty and malnutrition (Rothblum 1990). For example, in the Andes mountains fat symbolizes strength and well- being (Weismantel 2005) and Nigerian Arabs revere fat as sexy (Popenoe 2005). In Central Africa, there are festivals that still celebrate the voluptuous woman. In short, the thin ideal is a construction specific to both time and place. It is structural, but affects all of us at the individual level.
As countries become more westernized, and the skinny, tall body becomes the ideal, countries become plagued by eating disorders. You see this in some Asian countries, such as China, where eating disorders are on the rise.
Take also Fiji. Fiji did not have access to TV until 1995, when a single station was introduced. It broadcasts programs from the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia. Until that time, Fiji had no reported cases of eating disorders. A study conducted by anthropologist Anne Becker showed that most young girls and women in Fiji were comfortable with their bodies, no matter how large. In 1998, just three years after the TV was introduced, 11% of girls reported vomiting to lose weight, and 62% of the girls surveyed reported dieting during the previous months.
While the media effects on our psychological processes are complex, studies show that higher levels of exposure to media imagery correlates with girls’ and women’s body dissatisfaction (refer to.
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup ...
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup.
1. What are your ideas for your Research Topic inspired by Jac.docxambersalomon88660
1. What are your ideas for your Research Topic inspired by Jacqueline Woodson’s Another
Brooklyn?
Women’s Rights Movement and how Mary Tyler Moore (The Show) helped.
2. Why are you interested in this research? What does it matter to you?
Women’s Rights is an interesting topic for me I’ve always been interested in this particular topic.
I don’t have a specific reason, but maybe because of the lack of women’s rights in the Middle
East.
3. What is the purpose of your research? What question(s) do you want to answer?
The purpose of this research is to show women’s power and inspire other. The questions I’d like
to answer are:
-When and how did the movement started?
-Who started it?
-How did Mary Tyler Moore helped (The Show) changed women perspective about themselves?
-How did it change the US?
-What rights did women accomplished?
-How is it different from now?
4. What are the key words you will use to research your topic? List the words:
-Women’s Rights Movement
-Mary Tyler Moore
-Women’s rights
5. What is your working thesis?
Women’s rights movement is important because it promotes women engagement in political
affairs, sensitizes on social relations and promotes gender equality.
6. What ‘Pattern of Organization’ do you envision as best-suited for your paper? (Note
these ‘Pattern of Organization’ for your research will also be reviewed in class)
Problem and solution.
7. What are likely sources of information (peer-reviewed academic journals, major general
interest newspaper geared toward college educated audience include: New York Times,
Washington Post, Bloomberg Business, Time Magazine, TRADE Publications focused
on
your filed? LIST AT LEAST THREE sources, include data and author or authority:
● Baxter, Judith. Positioning Gender In Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
● Hollows, Joanne. Feminism, Femininity, And Popular Culture . : Manchester University
Press., 2000.
● Klein, Allison. What Would Murphy Brown Do? . Seal Press, 2006.
● Porizkova, Paulina. "America Made Me A Feminist." The New York Times , 2017,
Accessed 15 Nov 2018.
8. What are your concerns (personal and/or professional) as you approach this project?
The key personal concerns are;
Is the government doing enough towards the women’s rights movement sustainability?
Are women engaged in these movements as much as they should?
What is the role of institutions in fostering women rights?
HUM 2313 – Cultural Identification Essay
Due October 23, 100 points
1. This assignment asks you to confront your own sense of identity as well as your prejudices. Write a 3 – 6-page essay discussing your identification as a participant in a culture or in various overlapping cultures. Please indicate some of your own personal connections to major themes from readings of the course such as, but not limited to: home, family, heritage, beliefs, etc. Generally, how do you connect to some of those.
lecture material for my undergraduate class ANTH 187 (Sex and Culture) at UP Mindanao / contents are not mine, see references on last slide / photos were searched on google
The Great Gatsby And The American Dream EssayBritney Gilbert
The American Dream in the Great Gatsby Essay | Essay on the American .... the great gatsby american dream essay. The Great Gatsby Final Essay | The Great Gatsby | American Dream. The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay – Works Cited. American Dream Essay Titles Inspirational the American Dream In the .... Fantastic Great Gatsby American Dream Essay ~ Thatsnotus. The great gatsby american dream theme essay. The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay | English (Advanced .... gatsby essay | The Great Gatsby | American Dream. Gatsbys american dream essay the great gatsby. The great gatsby the american dream essay. American Dream Essay Titles Awesome Download the American Dream An .... The American Dream in The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. The great gatsby american dream essay. The Great Gatsby and the Decline of the American Dream: [Essay Example .... The great gatsby. american dream essay. American Dream and The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example - 1010 Words .... The Great Gatsby Essay - The Theme of the American Dream | English .... Argumentative Essay: The Great Gatsby and the American Dream. Essay about great gatsby and american dream. The-Great-Gatsby---Plaza-scene-essay. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay: Feminism and the .... The Great Gatsby- American Dream - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay - The decline of the american .... American Dream and The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
Baba and Nyonya – Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. College Essay: Essay on anthropology. Anthropology essay. Anthropology in Action Template - Berghahn Journals. Pakistani culture essay anthropology. Culture and Anthropology (600 Words) - PHDessay.com. The Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY-Unit 4, Question # 1 Essay. Extended Essays in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cultural Anthropology Study Resources.
How Important It Is to Help Others Who Are in Need Free Essay Example. Phenomenal Satisfaction From Helping Others Essay Thatsnotus. Essay on help each other. Essay about helping others - reportz725.web.fc2.com. Essay On Helping Others. Essay on helping others - The Best Place to Buy Same day essay.. My Experience in Helping Others Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Helping people essay - Writing an Academic Term Paper Is a Trifle!. The joy of helping others essay - cardiacthesis.x.fc2.com. Essay for helping others bestonlinehelpessay services. Helping others. Essay on helping others. Essay Writing Service.. Essays people helping people. Essay about helping others Logan Square Aud
1L E C T U R E S L I D E S A R E N O T N O T E SLeAnastaciaShadelb
1
L E C T U R E S L I D E S A R E N O T N O T E S
Lecture slides are designed to be visual aids for the live presentation.
Reading them cannot substitute for attending the lecture or listening to
recordings. Sometimes concepts and ideas presented are then critiqued
and challenged during lectures.
1
2
D I V E R S I T Y
A N D
I N C L U S I O N
Dr Helena Liu
2 1 8 8 3
Week 3 — Re-Radicalising Diversity and Inclusion
Photograph of the Civil Rights March on Washington, 28th August, 1963 courtesy of the
National Archives.
2
3
For whom do we do diversity and for what
purpose? Decolonising diversity requires
interrogating how power operates in and
through diversity management. The
systems of power that can be reinforced
through diversity practices include
patriarchy, heteronormativity and white
supremacy.
REVIEW
3
4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUIZ REVIEW
4
9
AGENDA
Week 5
• Queering organisations with Helen Taylor
• Anti-racist feminist futures
• Final Reflexive Practice Journal task
9
10
G U E S T S E M I N A R
W I T H H E L E N T AY L O R
S E C T I O N
10
11
1 0 M I N S B R E A K
S E C T I O N
11
12
A N T I - R A C I S T
F E M I N I S T F U T U R E S
S E C T I O N
12
13
Feminism — or really, feminisms — is both a
theoretical field and a political practice
aimed at ending the subordination of
women.
FEMINISM
13
14
FEMINISMS
Feminism is far from a unitary
movement. Rather, it is often
distinguished through its political
positions including:
1. Liberal feminisms;
2. Marxist feminisms;
3. Poststructuralist and
postmodernist feminisms;
4. Anti-racist and decolonial
feminisms; and
5. Queer theory.
WARNING: There are inherent
limitations in the use of
classifications. Namely, they
suggest a temporal and special
fixedness in each classification. It’s
therefore important to remember
that feminism is also a process,
with each category identified
being revised and reshaped.
14
15
Anti-racism is a theoretical field and a
political practice aimed at ending the
subordination of people of colour. Like
feminist movements, it comprises diverse
groups of people struggling to ameliorate
conditions for their community.
ANTI-RACISM
15
16
Justice is what love looks like
in public
— Cornel West“
16
17
ANTI-RACISM
Anti-racism challenges white supremacy through
scholarship and activism that encourages love for
people of colour; especially, for people of colour to
learn to love ourselves.
This resistance affects organisations because unless
we love people of colour, we are not going to think of
them as capable, reliable, intelligent, creative, etc.
(Bambara, 1989; Yancy, 2018)
17
18
ALLYSHIP
PRIVILEGE AND BLAME
One of the privileges of whiteness is not having to acknowledge race
and thus believe that organisations and societies are meritocratic.
Under neoliberalism, we often insist that individuals wholly
responsible for their ...
What is Sociology? Essays
My Career As A Sociology
Reflective Sociology Essay
What is Sociology?
Essay on Groups in a Society
Essay on Why Should We Study Sociology?
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Sociology
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be .docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be more successful if you had a change manager on your team.
Describe
an actual project you have been part of (not necessarily the leader).
Develop
an argument to your manager on the importance of change management.
Describe
the role of a change manager and how it will benefit the project.
Write
a 1,050- word paper using a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and yo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and you are assigned to review nutritional policies.
1). Write the nutritional policies
2). Identify five stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of the nutritional programs at the community level.
.
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach .docxadampcarr67227
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach a RN/LPN NCLEX review course.
Please develop a complete review course power point presentation with detail speaker notes that will be used to teach the review in its entirely. You want student to pass the nclex exam on the first try. please rearrange order and at to it as you deem fit if I left out some thing (please insert pictures and diagram to enhance lecture) Please be very creative and colorful (Presentation to be shown to a large audience. Please be very detail but highlighting the most important detail.
The power points must include elements as follow:
1. nclex question types
2. steps of question analysis
3. critical thinking and rewording
4. how to dissect nclex question
5. what are considered hig level questions
6. deciding what is important
7. looking for patterns and relationships
8. identifying the problem
9. transferring knowledge from one situation to another
10. applying knowledge
11. discriminating between possible choices and/or course of action
12. evaluating according to criteria established
13. eliminating incorrect answer choices
14. strategies for alternate formate question: select all that apply
15. solving alternate formate questions: select all that apply.
16. prioritization
17. delegation
18. safety and infection control
19. maslow's hierarchy of needs
20. how to approach psychosocial condition question
21. how to answer psych questions
22. how to identify psych diagnosis and nursing care of the psychiatric patient
how to answer health promotion and maintenance question
23. tips on how to pass nclex exam
24. hot spot questions and how to solve them
25. fill in blank question and how to solve them and select all that apply
drag and drop question and how to solve them
26. tips on how to analyze a question
27. NURSING LAB VALUES TO KNOW
28. NURSING DRUGS TO KNOW AND LEVELS
INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING(with nursing most important intervention and things to watch for/ complication problems up each system)
Care of the pediatric patient
Care of OB (maternity) patient
Care of a pre-op patient
Care of a patient post op
Care of a respiratory patient
Care of a cardiac patient
Care of a gastro/intestinal patient
Care of caner patient
Care of urinary system patient
endoceine system
liver
pancreas
nutritional problem
chronic neurological problems
stroke
intracranial problems
muscle skeletal problems
emergency, terrorism and disaster nursing
fluid and electrolytes
the different in IV solution
Administering Blood
Conscious sedation
Reproductive system
nutrition for a newborn
drug calculation
Immunization when due and side effect
Kidney disorders and care of a renal patient with labs
Diabetes management
spinal cord injury
musculoskeletal problem
alzheimer's disease
ABG interpetation
drug calculation
oxygen supplement and delivery system
integumentary system
bur.
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On No.docxadampcarr67227
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On November 10, 2010, Adams is assigned by the court to represent John Edwinson, against whom a paternity petition has been filed. There is a hearing scheduled for march 13, 2011. Edwinson is not a cooperative client. He frequent misses appointment at the law firm office. Frustrated, Adams sends Edwinson a short letter on March 1,2011 that says, " Due to your noncooperation, I am withdrawing from the case as your representative effective immediately." Any ethical problem
.
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The .docxadampcarr67227
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The office represents David Gerry in a divorce action against his wife, Lena Gerry. One of the disputes is how to divide business assets acquired during the marriage. In an effort to pressure Lena to divide the assets in his favor, David tells his attorney to request sole physical and legal custody of their children even though David has no desire to raise the children. He knows, however, that Lena is terrified at the thought of losing sole custody herself. David wants his attorney to engage in extensive discovery (depositions, interrogatories, etc.) On the custody issue for the sole purpose of wearing Lena down in hope that she will reduce her claims on the business assets. Any ethical problems?
.
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a p.docxadampcarr67227
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a public relations task force to address a growing problem: the negative public perception of the police.
The media has been tough on departments around the city, and the police chief wants to address the issue head on. You just completed the first task force meeting, and the facilitator wants you to present information and recommendations regarding how to change the public’s perception.
Create
an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which you:
Explain how an inductive fallacy (e.g., generalizations, weak analogy) or a fallacy of language (e.g., confusing explanations) may affect the public perception of the police.
Provide a categorical claim related to the negative public perception of the police.
Create a visual showing a categorical relation that is negative between the police and the public.
Provide recommendations and examples about what the department can do to:
Change the perception
Develop a positive relationship with the public.
Include
comprehensive speaker notes.
Cite
at least 1 reference to support your assignment.
Format
your citations according to APA guidelines
.
You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent res.docxadampcarr67227
"You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent resident of Canada.
In the context of the Canadian multicultural society, you are involved in your community, holding a volunteer office (e.g. VP, Secretary etc.) in your community association.
At the last community meeting several members raised the issue of whether what is going on the Canadian political scene, such as:
the Jody Wilson- Raybould, former federal Justice Minister and Attorney General, story
the Bill Morneau, former federal Minister of Finance, story, and especially
the Julie Payette, former Governor General of Canada, story
are indicative of changes, in the Canadian society, which will impact the country and its communities.
You were asked to write a report, of maxim 8 pages
( .... your community members appreciate effective communication)
, addressing issues such as:
what Julie Payette's case says about employee-employer relations in Canada?
what Bill Morneau's case says about ethics in Canada?
what Jody Wilson-Raybould's case says about globalization, global competition, competitiveness and ethics in Canada?
Your community is generally optimistic about the state of affairs in Canada, and about the future of the country which depends on its functioning democracy.
Are there warning signs and "red flags" to watch for by engaged members of the Canadian society?"
.
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, an.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, and today is a huge football game. You have received information from a patrol sergeant that one of your male officers is at the football stadium working overtime and wearing an earring and sporting a new, visible and rather risqué tattoo on his lower front arm. The sergeant says that both are highly visible, and that a rudimentary dress code exists in your agency but does not cover earrings. You are aware that the other officers are anxiously watching the situation to see what you do. What are you going to do? Explain yourself.
.
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaki.docxadampcarr67227
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaking part of Canada. You would like to send your children to a French school, but none is available. Remembering how the Gaulois culture and language progressively disappeared in what is now France, you would like to alert the French speaking population and its leaders to the importance of having a Francophone system of education
400-500 words
double spaced
tiems new roman
I need by nov 19th at 4pm
.
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end of Open House by a parent who is upset about one of your classroom procedures. You have tried to explain the value of the procedure; however, the parent continues to adamantly disagree and hold you hostage after everyone has left. What do you think would be the best course of action?
.
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lecture material for my undergraduate class ANTH 187 (Sex and Culture) at UP Mindanao / contents are not mine, see references on last slide / photos were searched on google
The Great Gatsby And The American Dream EssayBritney Gilbert
The American Dream in the Great Gatsby Essay | Essay on the American .... the great gatsby american dream essay. The Great Gatsby Final Essay | The Great Gatsby | American Dream. The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay – Works Cited. American Dream Essay Titles Inspirational the American Dream In the .... Fantastic Great Gatsby American Dream Essay ~ Thatsnotus. The great gatsby american dream theme essay. The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay | English (Advanced .... gatsby essay | The Great Gatsby | American Dream. Gatsbys american dream essay the great gatsby. The great gatsby the american dream essay. American Dream Essay Titles Awesome Download the American Dream An .... The American Dream in The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. The great gatsby american dream essay. The Great Gatsby and the Decline of the American Dream: [Essay Example .... The great gatsby. american dream essay. American Dream and The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example - 1010 Words .... The Great Gatsby Essay - The Theme of the American Dream | English .... Argumentative Essay: The Great Gatsby and the American Dream. Essay about great gatsby and american dream. The-Great-Gatsby---Plaza-scene-essay. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay: Feminism and the .... The Great Gatsby- American Dream - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay - The decline of the american .... American Dream and The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
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1L E C T U R E S L I D E S A R E N O T N O T E SLeAnastaciaShadelb
1
L E C T U R E S L I D E S A R E N O T N O T E S
Lecture slides are designed to be visual aids for the live presentation.
Reading them cannot substitute for attending the lecture or listening to
recordings. Sometimes concepts and ideas presented are then critiqued
and challenged during lectures.
1
2
D I V E R S I T Y
A N D
I N C L U S I O N
Dr Helena Liu
2 1 8 8 3
Week 3 — Re-Radicalising Diversity and Inclusion
Photograph of the Civil Rights March on Washington, 28th August, 1963 courtesy of the
National Archives.
2
3
For whom do we do diversity and for what
purpose? Decolonising diversity requires
interrogating how power operates in and
through diversity management. The
systems of power that can be reinforced
through diversity practices include
patriarchy, heteronormativity and white
supremacy.
REVIEW
3
4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUIZ REVIEW
4
9
AGENDA
Week 5
• Queering organisations with Helen Taylor
• Anti-racist feminist futures
• Final Reflexive Practice Journal task
9
10
G U E S T S E M I N A R
W I T H H E L E N T AY L O R
S E C T I O N
10
11
1 0 M I N S B R E A K
S E C T I O N
11
12
A N T I - R A C I S T
F E M I N I S T F U T U R E S
S E C T I O N
12
13
Feminism — or really, feminisms — is both a
theoretical field and a political practice
aimed at ending the subordination of
women.
FEMINISM
13
14
FEMINISMS
Feminism is far from a unitary
movement. Rather, it is often
distinguished through its political
positions including:
1. Liberal feminisms;
2. Marxist feminisms;
3. Poststructuralist and
postmodernist feminisms;
4. Anti-racist and decolonial
feminisms; and
5. Queer theory.
WARNING: There are inherent
limitations in the use of
classifications. Namely, they
suggest a temporal and special
fixedness in each classification. It’s
therefore important to remember
that feminism is also a process,
with each category identified
being revised and reshaped.
14
15
Anti-racism is a theoretical field and a
political practice aimed at ending the
subordination of people of colour. Like
feminist movements, it comprises diverse
groups of people struggling to ameliorate
conditions for their community.
ANTI-RACISM
15
16
Justice is what love looks like
in public
— Cornel West“
16
17
ANTI-RACISM
Anti-racism challenges white supremacy through
scholarship and activism that encourages love for
people of colour; especially, for people of colour to
learn to love ourselves.
This resistance affects organisations because unless
we love people of colour, we are not going to think of
them as capable, reliable, intelligent, creative, etc.
(Bambara, 1989; Yancy, 2018)
17
18
ALLYSHIP
PRIVILEGE AND BLAME
One of the privileges of whiteness is not having to acknowledge race
and thus believe that organisations and societies are meritocratic.
Under neoliberalism, we often insist that individuals wholly
responsible for their ...
What is Sociology? Essays
My Career As A Sociology
Reflective Sociology Essay
What is Sociology?
Essay on Groups in a Society
Essay on Why Should We Study Sociology?
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Sociology
Similar to Honeycutt Fat Worldlfhi n World125been used,, and would.docx (12)
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be .docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be more successful if you had a change manager on your team.
Describe
an actual project you have been part of (not necessarily the leader).
Develop
an argument to your manager on the importance of change management.
Describe
the role of a change manager and how it will benefit the project.
Write
a 1,050- word paper using a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and yo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and you are assigned to review nutritional policies.
1). Write the nutritional policies
2). Identify five stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of the nutritional programs at the community level.
.
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach .docxadampcarr67227
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach a RN/LPN NCLEX review course.
Please develop a complete review course power point presentation with detail speaker notes that will be used to teach the review in its entirely. You want student to pass the nclex exam on the first try. please rearrange order and at to it as you deem fit if I left out some thing (please insert pictures and diagram to enhance lecture) Please be very creative and colorful (Presentation to be shown to a large audience. Please be very detail but highlighting the most important detail.
The power points must include elements as follow:
1. nclex question types
2. steps of question analysis
3. critical thinking and rewording
4. how to dissect nclex question
5. what are considered hig level questions
6. deciding what is important
7. looking for patterns and relationships
8. identifying the problem
9. transferring knowledge from one situation to another
10. applying knowledge
11. discriminating between possible choices and/or course of action
12. evaluating according to criteria established
13. eliminating incorrect answer choices
14. strategies for alternate formate question: select all that apply
15. solving alternate formate questions: select all that apply.
16. prioritization
17. delegation
18. safety and infection control
19. maslow's hierarchy of needs
20. how to approach psychosocial condition question
21. how to answer psych questions
22. how to identify psych diagnosis and nursing care of the psychiatric patient
how to answer health promotion and maintenance question
23. tips on how to pass nclex exam
24. hot spot questions and how to solve them
25. fill in blank question and how to solve them and select all that apply
drag and drop question and how to solve them
26. tips on how to analyze a question
27. NURSING LAB VALUES TO KNOW
28. NURSING DRUGS TO KNOW AND LEVELS
INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING(with nursing most important intervention and things to watch for/ complication problems up each system)
Care of the pediatric patient
Care of OB (maternity) patient
Care of a pre-op patient
Care of a patient post op
Care of a respiratory patient
Care of a cardiac patient
Care of a gastro/intestinal patient
Care of caner patient
Care of urinary system patient
endoceine system
liver
pancreas
nutritional problem
chronic neurological problems
stroke
intracranial problems
muscle skeletal problems
emergency, terrorism and disaster nursing
fluid and electrolytes
the different in IV solution
Administering Blood
Conscious sedation
Reproductive system
nutrition for a newborn
drug calculation
Immunization when due and side effect
Kidney disorders and care of a renal patient with labs
Diabetes management
spinal cord injury
musculoskeletal problem
alzheimer's disease
ABG interpetation
drug calculation
oxygen supplement and delivery system
integumentary system
bur.
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On No.docxadampcarr67227
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On November 10, 2010, Adams is assigned by the court to represent John Edwinson, against whom a paternity petition has been filed. There is a hearing scheduled for march 13, 2011. Edwinson is not a cooperative client. He frequent misses appointment at the law firm office. Frustrated, Adams sends Edwinson a short letter on March 1,2011 that says, " Due to your noncooperation, I am withdrawing from the case as your representative effective immediately." Any ethical problem
.
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The .docxadampcarr67227
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The office represents David Gerry in a divorce action against his wife, Lena Gerry. One of the disputes is how to divide business assets acquired during the marriage. In an effort to pressure Lena to divide the assets in his favor, David tells his attorney to request sole physical and legal custody of their children even though David has no desire to raise the children. He knows, however, that Lena is terrified at the thought of losing sole custody herself. David wants his attorney to engage in extensive discovery (depositions, interrogatories, etc.) On the custody issue for the sole purpose of wearing Lena down in hope that she will reduce her claims on the business assets. Any ethical problems?
.
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a p.docxadampcarr67227
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a public relations task force to address a growing problem: the negative public perception of the police.
The media has been tough on departments around the city, and the police chief wants to address the issue head on. You just completed the first task force meeting, and the facilitator wants you to present information and recommendations regarding how to change the public’s perception.
Create
an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which you:
Explain how an inductive fallacy (e.g., generalizations, weak analogy) or a fallacy of language (e.g., confusing explanations) may affect the public perception of the police.
Provide a categorical claim related to the negative public perception of the police.
Create a visual showing a categorical relation that is negative between the police and the public.
Provide recommendations and examples about what the department can do to:
Change the perception
Develop a positive relationship with the public.
Include
comprehensive speaker notes.
Cite
at least 1 reference to support your assignment.
Format
your citations according to APA guidelines
.
You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent res.docxadampcarr67227
"You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent resident of Canada.
In the context of the Canadian multicultural society, you are involved in your community, holding a volunteer office (e.g. VP, Secretary etc.) in your community association.
At the last community meeting several members raised the issue of whether what is going on the Canadian political scene, such as:
the Jody Wilson- Raybould, former federal Justice Minister and Attorney General, story
the Bill Morneau, former federal Minister of Finance, story, and especially
the Julie Payette, former Governor General of Canada, story
are indicative of changes, in the Canadian society, which will impact the country and its communities.
You were asked to write a report, of maxim 8 pages
( .... your community members appreciate effective communication)
, addressing issues such as:
what Julie Payette's case says about employee-employer relations in Canada?
what Bill Morneau's case says about ethics in Canada?
what Jody Wilson-Raybould's case says about globalization, global competition, competitiveness and ethics in Canada?
Your community is generally optimistic about the state of affairs in Canada, and about the future of the country which depends on its functioning democracy.
Are there warning signs and "red flags" to watch for by engaged members of the Canadian society?"
.
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, an.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, and today is a huge football game. You have received information from a patrol sergeant that one of your male officers is at the football stadium working overtime and wearing an earring and sporting a new, visible and rather risqué tattoo on his lower front arm. The sergeant says that both are highly visible, and that a rudimentary dress code exists in your agency but does not cover earrings. You are aware that the other officers are anxiously watching the situation to see what you do. What are you going to do? Explain yourself.
.
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaki.docxadampcarr67227
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaking part of Canada. You would like to send your children to a French school, but none is available. Remembering how the Gaulois culture and language progressively disappeared in what is now France, you would like to alert the French speaking population and its leaders to the importance of having a Francophone system of education
400-500 words
double spaced
tiems new roman
I need by nov 19th at 4pm
.
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end of Open House by a parent who is upset about one of your classroom procedures. You have tried to explain the value of the procedure; however, the parent continues to adamantly disagree and hold you hostage after everyone has left. What do you think would be the best course of action?
.
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized organization that is implementing a new inter-organizational system that will impact employees, customers, and suppliers. Your manager has requested that you work with the system development team to create a communications plan for the project. He would like to meet with you in two hours to review your thoughts on the KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. What should those objectives be?
.
You are a network analyst on the fly-away team for the FBIs cyberse.docxadampcarr67227
You are a network analyst on the fly-away team for the FBI's cybersecurity sector engagement division. You've been deployed several times to financial institutions to examine their networks after cyberattacks, ranging from intrusions and data exfiltration to distributed denial of services to their network supporting customer transaction websites. A representative from the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center, FS-ISAC, met with your boss, the chief net defense liaison to the financial services sector, about recent reports of intrusions into the networks of banks and their consortium.
He's provided some of the details of the reports in an email. "Millions of files were compromised, and financial officials want to know who entered the networks and what happened to the information. At the same time, the FS-ISAC has seen extensive distributed denial of service disrupting the bank's networks, impacting the customer websites, and blocking millions of dollars of potential transactions," his email reads.
You realize that the impact from these attacks could cause the downfall of many banks and ultimately create a strain on the US economy. In the email, your chief asks you to travel to one of the banks and using your suite of network monitoring and intrusion detection tools, produce two documents—a report to the FBI and FS-ISAC that contains the information you observed on the network and a joint network defense bulletin to all the banks in the FS-ISAC consortium, recommending prevention methods and remediation against the types of malicious traffic activity that they may face or are facing.
Network traffic analysis and monitoring help to distinguish legitimate traffic from malicious traffic. Network administrators must protect networks from intrusions. This can be done using tools and techniques that use past traffic data to determine what should be allowed and what should be blocked. In the face of constantly evolving threats to networks, network administrators must ensure their intrusion detection and prevention systems are able to analyze, monitor, and even prevent these advanced threats.
In this project, you will research network intrusion and prevention systems and understand their use in a network environment. You will also use monitoring and analysis technologies in the Workspace to compile a Malicious Network Activity Report for financial institutions and a Joint Network Defense Bulletin for a financial services consortium.
The following are the deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
•Malicious Network Activity Report: An eight- to 10-page double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations.
•Joint Network Defense Bulletin: A one- to two-page double-spaced document.
Step 1: Create a Network Architecture Overview
You travel to the various bank locations and gain access to their networks. However, yo.
You are a member of the senior management staff at XYZ Corporation. .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the senior management staff at XYZ Corporation. You have historically been using a functional structure set up with five departments: finance, human resources, marketing, production, and engineering.
Create a drawing of your simplified functional structure, identifying the five departments.
Assume you have decided to move to a project structure. What might be some of the environmental pressures that would contribute to your belief that it is necessary to alter the structure?
With the project structure, you have four projects currently ongoing: stereo equipment, instrumentation and testing equipment, optical scanners, and defense communications.
Draw the new structure that creates these four projects as part of the organizational chart.
Text
Title:
Project Management
ISBN: 9780134730332
Authors: Pinto
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 5TH 19
.
You are a member of the senior hospital administration. You become a.docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the senior hospital administration. You become aware of a problem involving a long-time and well-respected employee, as well as the supervisor of said employee.
The employee in question is a social worker; a very competent and very conscientious professional. His wife has recently suffered a stroke with significant residual neurological deficit. This has resulted in the necessity that the social worker take days off to care for her; come in late or leave early to take her to medical, physical, or occupational therapy appointments; etc.
It is thought that, because of these demands on his time—and the taxing emotional overlay of dealing with the critical illness of a loved one, while simultaneously dealing with patients and families in similar situations—that his charting fell behind. In fact, it was discovered that he was writing social work notes 1–2 days after the fact, back-dating the notes, and placing them in the patients chart between notes of the same time frame as the date on the note.
When the social worker’s immediate supervisor became aware of this, she told him that such behavior must stop immediately. Given the circumstances, however, she opted to take no further action, did not document this in his personnel file, nor did she advise her superiors.
Other members of the staff became aware of this, and someone reported it to the CEO via a “Tell Us About Problems” Dropbox.
You have been assigned to address these multiple issues of ethics, standards of conduct, truth, and fairness. Also describe what concepts of change management theory you would apply in this situation.
Describe your answer in detail, citing references in APA format where appropriate. Your Journal entry should be at least 500 words.
.
YOU ARE A MEMBER OF THE SENIOR HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATI.docxadampcarr67227
YOU ARE A MEMBER OF THE SENIOR
HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION.
YOU BECOME AWARE OF A PROBLEM
INVOLVING A LONG-TIME AND WELL-
RESPECTED EMPLOYEE, AS WELL AS THE
SUPERVISOR OF SAID EMPLOYEE.
THE EMPLOYEE IN QUESTION IS A SOCIAL
WORKER; A VERY COMPETENT AND VERY
CONSCIENTIOUS PROFESSIONAL. HIS WIFE
HAS RECENTLY SUFFERED A STROKE WITH
SIGNIFICANT RESIDUAL NEUROLOGICAL
DEFICIT.
THIS HAS RESULTED IN THE NECESSITY THAT
THE SOCIAL WORKER TAKE DAYS OFF TO CARE
FOR HER; COME IN LATE OR LEAVE EARLY TO
TAKE HER TO MEDICAL, PHYSICAL, OR
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY APPOINTMENTS; ETC.
THAT HIS
CHARTING
FELL BEHIND.
IT IS THOUGHT THAT, BECAUSE OF THESE DEMANDS ON HIS
TIME—AND THE TAXING EMOTIONAL OVERLAY OF DEALING
WITH THE CRITICAL ILLNESS OF A LOVED ONE, WHILE
SIMULTANEOUSLY DEALING WITH PATIENTS AND FAMILIES
IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS—
WHEN THE SOCIAL WORKER’S IMMEDIATE
SUPERVISOR BECAME AWARE OF THIS, SHE TOLD.
IN FACT, IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT HE
WAS WRITING SOCIAL WORK NOTES 1-2
DAYS AFTER THE FACT, BACK-DATING THE
NOTES, AND PLACING THEM IN THE
PATIENTS CHART BETWEEN NOTES OF THE
SAME TIME FRAME AS THE DATE ON THE
NOTE.
GIVEN THE CIRCUMSTANCES,
HOWEVER, SHE OPTED TO TAKE NO
FURTHER ACTION, DID NOT
DOCUMENT THIS IN HIS PERSONNEL
FILE, NOR DID SHE ADVISE HER
SUPERIORS.
JOURNAL TOPIC
POST YOUR RESPONSE ON
THE UNIT 7 JOURNAL AREA.
Other members of the staff became aware of
this, and someone reported it to the CEO via a
“Tell Us About Problems” drop box.
You have been assigned to address these
multiple issues of ethics, standards of conduct,
truth, and fairness. Also describe what concepts
of change management theory you would apply
in this situation.
Describe your answer in detail, citing references
in APA format where appropriate. Your Journal
entry should be at least 500 words.
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4
.
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-si.docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized organization that is implementing a new inter organizational system that will impact employees, customers, and suppliers. Your manager has requested that you work with the system development team to create a communications plan for the project. He would like to meet with you in two hours to review your thoughts on the KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. What should those objectives be?
.
You are a member of the American Indian tribe. Think about how your .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the American Indian tribe. Think about how your life has changed since the English settlers (Plymouth Colonists) have settled on your land. How do you feel with them there? Are you happy? Are they happy? Write a letter to the colonists expressing your feelings. Bring in historical facts to make your letter believeable.
Your letter should include:
Describe your life before the arrival of the English settlers.
What were your first impressions on the settlers?
How has having the settlers live nearby changed your life?
Do you think the English settlers have the right to settle in Plymouth? Why or why not?
What can the settlers learn form you, and what can you learn from the settlers?
How can two cultures live together peacefully? What would you have to do to make this happen?
.
You are a juvenile justice consultant creating a proposal that w.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile justice consultant creating a proposal that will be presented to the state legislature concerning the future of the juvenile justice system.
Create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation, including speaker notes, detailing your proposal. Address recommendations for all aspects of the system, including:
Community involvement
Law enforcement
Courts and sentencing
Corrections
Include
a justification for the system based on history, trends, causation theories, and potential for reform.
.
You are a journalist and you have been sent off to write a story abo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a journalist and you have been sent off to write a story about a break in at a local school. You write for the local paper entitled The Local Post. This is the information that you have got so far.
Things that were stolen include:
Five laptop computers
Money that was raised for Comic Relief
Two digital cameras
The school is called Rosedale Primary School and the Head teacher's name is Mr John Jones.
People that could be interviewed are:
The Head teacher
Mrs Milton - a parent
Mr Thompson - lives down the road
The police have investigated and viewed the CCTV footage. There are two men seen committing this crime, covered in black clothing. Police are appealing for witnesses to come forward.
.
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
Papers will be completed in Word Format as an attachment. The papers will be typed in Times New Roman using 12 font. Papers will be double-spaced. The papers will be at least 500 words in length. The papers will be a critical examination of a topic area chosen by the instructor. Students are encouraged to critically examine and question a topic area in detail using their book.
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Fat World/Thin World:,,Fat Busters,,,,,Equivocators,',
,,Fat Boosters,,,and the Social Construction of obesity
Karen HoneYcutt
KarenHoneycuttisanAssistantProfessorofSociologyatKeeneState
2. CollegeinNew
Hampshire. Her research intrir*t" inclide mais media, poputar
culture,
and social inequali-
ties based on race, ,torr, grni'l o'd sexuality' Dr' Honeycutt's
lxt.eylioe r23ych on obesity
zaas completed while zuritin'gi'diiLssertation ai tlre tlniaeisity
of Michigan'
This article on the
topic appears in a collectiu?n of essays entitled Interpreting
Weighe Social
Fatness and
fni.n "tt
editedby Jffiey Sobal and Donna Maurer'
Do I feel more attractive [since losing weight]? God, yes' I look
at myself
in the
mirror more-I catch myself glancing into one every time I pass
it' And
I used to
avoid looking into big itut"-[tu" *Ltdow' in the past' because I
didn't
like my
reflection, or was too scared io see what I really looked like. I
don't
mind seeing
3. myself any more. (Jessica)
IwenttoJennyCraigforseveralmonths.Whenlfirststarted,Iwenttoo
ne
of their group meetirigs, and the counselor asked if anyone had
gone off the
126 Ch a pter 4/Lea r ni n g from P rofession a I Writi n g
program that week. I looked around and no one was raising their
hands, but I de-
cided to be honest and raise mine. So I did and everyone turned
and stared at me
and started saying, "Was it worth it? Was it worth it?" They
were all so mad at me
for going off. But I know there were other women there who
had too. I was just
the only one brave enough to admit it. But I never did again.
[laughs] (Laura)
Fat bodies are beautiful. I think all of you are just gorgeous. I
saw you out in the
pool yesterday, and the fat was billowing out around you, and I
thought it was
just wonderful. You've made me believe that I'm beautiful too'
(Leslie)
while Jessic a,Lawa,and Leslie were or are all considered
"overweight"l by Amer-
ican standards, they dealt with this "problem" very differently.
Jessica dieted and
lost sixty-three pounds (she is a"Fat Buster," in the terms I am
using in this chap-
ter). Laura decided to try to stop dieting altogether and accept
4. herself as she was,
but did so on her own (she is an "Equivocator"). Leslie joined a
national fat activist
organization (and thus she is a "Fat Booster" in my
classification scheme).
The experiences and outlooks of these three women seem to be
three different
responses lo the same "master nalrative" about weight in the
United States. In
thii chapter I argue that the "alternative realities" that the
women appear to be
construiting forihemselves are, in many ways, simply different
surface-level re-
sponses to the same dominant notions of attractiveness.
Theoretical Framework
Throughout this chapter I blend social constructionist theory, an
interactionist
perspeitive, and a cultural studies approach with an emphasis on
ideology and
audience reception.
S oci a I Co n str u cti oni st T h eo rY
Is "obesity," presumably objectively defined, a problem in and
of itself? A so-
cial constructionist perspective would argue that it is more
fruitful and interest-
ing to look at the process by which obesity has become regarded
as a problem
(Spector and Kitsuse 7977). In this chapter I do not begin with
the assumption
that obesity, orbeing fat,is a problem; rather, consistent with a
social construc-
tionist approach, I briefly examine the literature on obesity that
5. demonstrates
how it hal been defined as such, and then I look at how different
groups of women
have responded to the definition and the process by which their
positions are so-
cially reinforced.
I nter a cti o ni st Per sPective
In this chapter I use a modified framework of symbolic
interactionism. As
enumerated byRitzer (1992:348), a symbolic interactionist
approach emphasizes
that human thought is shaped by social interaction, that
interaction is made pos-
*neycutt/ Fat Wo rl d/Th i n Worl d 127
sible by the rneanings and symbols that people develop, and that
people may
change those meanings and symbols. Meanings are critically
important to interac-
tionists; as Herbert Blumer wrote, "The nature of an object . . .
consists of the
meaning that it has for the person for whom it is an object"
(1969:11).
Two of the three groups of women that I studied participate in
official organi-
zations that reinforce the women's position (e.g., losing weight
as being good or
bad). In this chapter I show that for the women in those
organizations, the mean-
ings created as part of their membership were critical in their
6. construction of fat-
ness as a problem (or not a problem).
Culturol Studies Approach with an Emphasis
on ldeology and Audience Reception
Since I am interested in looking at weight-and especially the
definition of
overweight-as a cultural phenomenon, a cultural studies
approach is fruitful.
Douglas Kelh:rer (1995:8-9) suggests a three-pronged approach
to critical cultural
studies: an analysis of the political economy of the production
of culture; an
analysis of texts, including the importance of ideology
(hegemony theory); and
an analysis of audience reception of those texts. For example, a
cultural studies
approach that focuses on political economy would emphasize
that to understand
a cultural product or outcome-like women's responses to certain
constructions
of beauty-it is necessary to understand the socioeconomic
context in which it is
created. Naomi Wolf's (1991.:17) work on the diet industry
would be included in
this category. On the other hand, those writers who focus on
ideology-"the ter-
rain of ideas so centrally constitutive of our worldview that we
fail to notice what
they are" (Press 1991:15)-tend to conduct analyses of particular
texts, showing
how those texts contribute to (or less often, go against) the
dorninant ideology.
These studies often use Antonio Gramsci's (1971) notion of
hegemony theory,
7. which explains how and why dominated people consent to rule
by a few even
when such rule is demonstrably against their own interests; in
short, he focused
on ideology (as opposed, for example, to coercion) to explain
this consent. jean
Kilbourne's (1994) analysis of advertising falls into this
category. Finally, theorists
who look at audience reception argue that not all groups
respond to dominant
ideologies in the same way; for example, some groups attempt
to construct coun-
terhegemonic notions of fatness. Marcia Millman's (1980) study
of fat people falls
in this category.
Of course, these three approaches can be combined. L:r this
chapter I begin
with the contention that almost all the research and popular
literature on obesity
demonstrates an "ideology in actiory" and clearly the ideology
in this case is that
Wgmen can never be quite thin enough. Several authors (e.g.,
Chapkis 1986;
Hesse-Biber 1996; Orbach 1978) have argued that the intense
focus on thinness,
particularly women's thinness, is extremely damaging to
women. I examine why
women in three different groups appear to react so differently to
the same societal
"messages"; in other words, why some women seem to "buy
irrto" hegemonic
notions of attractiveness more than others. Specifically, I
analyze how many
8. 128 Ch a pter 4/Learn i n g from P rofession a I W riti ng
women construct their body size as problematic (or not) within
a culture that has
very narrowly defined boundaries of acceptance. Most
interesting as a test of
hegemony theory are those women for whom hegemonic notions
apPeal to fail.
Methods
Most of the data for this chapter come from in d_ept! qualitatlve
in!erv_!91v_q con-
ducted between 1992 and 1998 with women in three Sroups:
forty-six in the
weight-loss group (the Fat Busters), nineteen in the nondieting,
nonactivist group
(the Equivocators), and twenty-one in the nondieting, activist
grouP (the Fat
Boosters). The interview data are supplemented by participant-
observation at
weight-loss meetings and fat-activist functions. Further, when
appropriate I dis-
cuss documents the groups use to bolster their arguments.
The Master Narrative and Three Responses
Study after study confirms that the "mastel narrative" about
weight in the United
States is overwhelmingly negative. The literature certainly
shows a revulsion to-
ward obesity and obese people that appears to run very deep.
For example,EnS-
lish (1991) asserted that fat people are subjected to a unique and
more intense
form of stigmatization than other deviant groups because of the
9. highly visible
obese condition and the societal tendency to attribute personal
responsibility to
fal people for their condition. Garner and Wooley noted that the
social stigma
against the obese "is extraordinary in its magnitude and
pervasiveness"
(7991.:729). Other studies have consistently found that
overweight and obese indi-
viduals are considered unattractive, unpleasant, sexless, lazy,
and poor workers
(e.g., Clayson and Klassen 1989; Harris, Walters, and Waschull
1991; Hiller 1981,
1982; Rothblum, Miller, and Garbutt 1988). Studies have also
found that even
women who are not "ovelweight" by medical standards still
consider themselves
so and are obsessed with losing weight (e.g., Hesse-Blbet 7991.;
Ogaitis, Chen, and
Steelman 1988; Wadden, Stunkard, and Liebschutz 1988).
Given that the master narrative is so negative, how do women
respond? This
was the question I began with when I interviewed women in
three different
groups (see Table 1): those who dieted and lost weight (the Fat
Busters); those
who, while they were considered overweight, said they were
"trying to accept
themselves as they were" but were doing so on their own (the
Equivocators); and
those who joined a national fat activist organization, NAAFA,
the National Asso-
ciation to Advance Fat Acceptance (the Fat Boosters).
This typology describes the three groups of women in terms of
10. whether or
not they accept the mainstream societal definition of beauty as
being possible
(i.e., whether or not they believe they can be thin) and whether
or not they seem
to take a "passive" or "active" stand. It highlights the
importance of social inter-
action for taking an active stand; I will discuss this more later
in this chapter.
The Equivocators are passive because, while they are unhappy
about being
fat, their most common reaction was simply to feel bad about
themselves because
Honeycutt/ Fat World/Thi n World
Table I Typology of Reactions of Overweight Women to
Societal Discourse
129
Passive Active
Accept societal definition of
beauty as being possible.
Reject societal definition of
beauty as being possible.
Feel bad about oneself:
"Thin is beautiful; I'm not
working hard enough to
lose weight; I have no will
power; I am a failure; I am
11. ugly." (nondieting,
nonactivist group: the
Equivocators)
Feel bad about oneself: "I
can't be thin, but how can
I be happy with myself
when everyone and every-
thing around me tells me
I' m rgly? " (nondieting,
nonactivist group: the
Equivocators)
Diet, lose weight: "Thin is
beautiful and I can make
myself thin" (weight-loss
group: Fat Busters)
Refuse to diet: "Fat is just a
word; fat is not ugly."
(nondieting, activist
group: Fat Boosters)
of it. They were not currently dieting (so they were not actively
trying to lose
weight, which presumably would have made them feel better),
nor did they join
an organization like NAAFA that would have given them social
support in their
decision not to diet. Therefore, their decision was, by my terms,
more passive
than that of those in the weight-loss and fat-activist groups.
The Equivocators also were unusual in that they expressed both
belief and
disbelief that meeting a societal construction of beauty-that is,
12. losing weight
and becoming thin-was even possible. While the Fat Busters
overwhelmingly
believed that becoming thin zuas possible-after all, they had
done it themselves-
and the Fat Boosters overwhelmingly expressed a belief that
becoming thin was
nof possible, usually because their own dieting experiences had
(they argued)'ul-
timately made them even fatter, the Equivocators were
ambivalent. Some women
in this category stated sadly that while they could lose weight,
they could never
keep it off; thus they seemed to believe what Fat Boosters
believed. Other Equivo-
cators expressed the belief that since they had lost weight in the
past, they could
again if only they tried harder-that is, they sounded very much
like Fat
Busters-but they were not up to dieting at this time.
Interestingly, many Equivo-
cators expressed both sentiments; that is, at times during the
interview they
would speak wistfully of thin women but argue that thinness did
not seem to be a
realistic goal for themselves, while later in the interview they
would admit that
they had not given up entirely on being thin, they just weren't
ready to diet right
now. This ambivalence should not be surprising given the
Equivocators',lack of
social support. In comparison to Equivocators, some of the Fat
Boosters may have
been largel, but their group's antidiet stand sustained them in
their decision not
to change their body size.
13. r30 Ch a pter 4/Lea rn i n g fro m professi o nal Writi ng
Weight-Loss Group: Fat Busters
Between 1992 and1997 Iconducted interviews with forty-six
women whom I
call "Fat Busters." Thirty-two were white, while fourteen were
women of colo4,
mostly African-American. They ranged in age from nineteen to
sixty-one. These
women had lost from thirty to eighty pounds, mostly through
conventional
methods such as calorie-cutting and increasing exercise on
one,s-own or through
commercial programs like Jenny Craig, Nutri-System, or weight
watchers. At tf,e
time of the interview they had kept the weight off for anywhere
from six months
to several years.
- Before being interviewed, Fat Busters completed a four-page
survey to elicitinformation about three areas. First was how
their feelingr ito"t various things
had changed (if at all) since they lost weight (e.g., "since I lost
weight . . . mJn
pay more attention to me," ", , . I am more attractiy],', ,,.. . I
puy more attention to
my aPPearance"). Second was how they felt about their own
attractiveness both
before and after losing weight (e.g.,'Iused to secretly wonder
what my signifi-
cant other saw in me because r was heavy," "h the past, I have
avoided'goiig to
14. reunions or to visit old friends because I was embarrassed about
my *"igl"rtl.
Third-was how they felt about other overweight people once
they were thin"(e.g.,
"I look at overweight people now and feel sorry for them," "If I
can los" weigfrt,
anyone carr," "o7)t society puts too much emphasis on weight").
The surveliin-
cluded both closed-ended items such as those just described,
which were rateh on
a five-point Likert scale of "strongly disagree" to "strongly
agree," and open-
ended questions that asked respondents to discuss their weight-
tss experience in
more detail. In addition to data from the interviews and suiveys,
this section in-
cludes some discussion of weight{oss literature (e.g., handouts
from weight-loss
group meetings) and weight-loss meetings.
several themes emerged from my interviews with Fat Busters.
First, when
they were fat, these women were acutely aware of themselves
asbeing fat. During
the interviews, I asked when the women felt their "fatness" most
stringly. a/hilE
some were able to pinpoint times when they felt particularly
aware of being over-
weight (and particularly vu_lnerable to being ioticed by others
as beinf over-
weight)-times such as walking down the street eating an ice
cream cone, or
waiting to buy high-calorie foods in the checkout line at the
supermarket-for
many women awareness of their overweight status seemed to be
constant. Mindy
15. and Carol were typical in this respect
It's hard to pinpoint times when I felt it more. I mean, it was
just always there. r
was always aware, no matter what I was doing, that I was really
heavy. (Mindy)
when was I aware of myself as being overweight? [laughs] when
was rnot? Even
if I wasn't doing something connected with my weight, like even
if I wasn,t on a
diet or trying on clothes, I was still always very conscious of
being this humon-
gous person. (Carol)
A second theme was a strong belief in their own power to
control their
weight-and, by extension, a strong belief in others'por""ito
control their weight.
H oneycutt/ Fat Woil d/fh i n Worl d 131
Many Fat Busters voiced some disapproval of other people-
usually women-
who were overweight. The vast majority indicated either
agreement or strong
agreement with the statement on the survey, "If I can lose
weight, anyone can."
While medical research indicates a strong genetic component to
obesity, those
studies are not consistent with the recent weight-loss
experiences of the women
in my study. That is, the women I"interviewed seemed to be
"success stories" that
the medical studies imply are rarities. Thus, relying on their
16. own recent experi-
ences, many tended to judge others rather harshly:
It's not easy [to lose weight], I'm not saying that. I'm just saying
that even if there
is some genetic factors involved, you can overcome them. I did.
]ust eat less and
exercise more. (Mindy)
I think there may be some genetic component to obesity. But all
I'm saying is that
if anyone did what I did, they would lose weight too. It was
hard, but I did it.
(Dana)
This belief in their own control was also constantly socially
reinforced through
interactions with others at meetings at weight-loss centers. For
example, women
who lost weight were awarded with applause and with ribbons
for achieving cer-
tain milestones. In addition, women that I interviewed from one
particular weight-
loss center always used the phrase "When Ilost my weight"
rather than the more
common usage, "When I lost weight." They did not seem to
even be aware of this
until I pointed it out and asked them about it. The literature
available at meetings
also reinforced their sense of control. For example, the fact that
weight-loss "success
stories" are prominently featured in such literature implicitly
argues thal these
womery too, can lose weight if only they try hard enough.
A third theme was that weight loss was consistently equated
17. with improved
appearance-and more specifically, feminine appearance and
attractiveness to
men. In this way, weight loss can be seen as an,accommodation
of gender norms.
Although many respondents mentioned health concerns as a
reason for wanting
to lose weight, when they spoke in more detail what they said
more often than
not equated weight loss with improved appearance. Thus
notions of femininity, of
being the "cotrect" weight to be attractive to the opposite sex,
were very much a
part of many women's weight-loss narratives. More specifically,
very few men-
tioned "feeling healthier" once they lost weight; rather, they
were much more
likely to say they "felt prettier."
Fourth, the women i^ *y study saw their lives as having been
significantly
transformed with the weight loss. Specifically, they generally
indicated on their
surveys that they considered themselves more attractive, more
assertive, more
outgoing, happier, emotionally stronger, and sexier since losing
weight. AII thre
women interviewed mentioned in some form or another how
their lives had
changed for the better since they lost weight (although some
emphasized more
changes than others):
I definitely feel more attractive, but it's a weird feeling. I was
sitting in a bar with
a girlfriend recently, and this man was staring at me, and all I
18. could think was, do
132 Chapter 4/Learning from Professional Writing
I look that awful? Is my lipstick on my teeth or something?
Then I realized he was
Iooking at me because he found me attractive. It was like,
revelation! (Lynn)
N o n di eti n g, N o n octivi st G ro u p : Th e Equivocators
InI992 and7993l interviewed nineteen women who were not
currently diet-
ing and who in fact had responded to an ad fot "women who are
comfortable
f,vith their bodies despite being 'overweight' by conventional
standards." I had
intended that this group be a counterpoint to the women in the
weight-loss
group, but it did not work out this way. Most striking in the
interviews was the
fact that although these women had identified themselves as
being "happy with
themselves despite their weight," during the interviews most
expressed strong
dissatisfaction with their bodies. They tended to be ambivalent
about the process
of losing weight, equivocating on whether or not they even
believed it was possi-
ble for them to do so. They thus became the nondieting,
nonactivist group: the
Equivocators. Sixteen were white, while two were African-
American, and one
was Hispanic. They ranged in age from twenty-one to forty-five.
19. Several themes emerged from my interviews with the
Equivocators. First,
many had been fat since childhood, and the feelings they
expressed during inter-
views showed many commonbonds:
. It was awful being fat as a child. If I think I have it bad now, I
just think back to
then and realize how much better off I am. Kids would call me
fatso all the time.
They'd laugh when I got on the school bus because I couldn't
walk down the aisle
without touching the sides. (Marie)
It's hard being different in childhood. Sometimes I would look
in the mirror and
think, you're not that fat. Then I would look again and be
repulsed. But I'm not
sure if I really hated myself that much-I mean I always felt like
I was a good
person inside. Maybe I was just responding to other kids'views
of me. (Donna)
Second, the Equivocators were ambivalent about their own
ability to lose
weight. All had attempted to lose weight many times.
Sometimes they did, but
they always gained it back. Even so, some still believed they
could lose weight if
they tried hard enough:
I could Iose weight if I wanted to. I've done it enough in the
past. I mean, I can't
blame people for being disgusted [at my weight]. I'm disgusted
with myself
20. sometimes. (Donna)
Third, all of the Equivocators mentioned things they had given
up because of
their weight. The following are typical:
Sometimes I think about all the thi4gs I've given up and I just
can't believe it. My
tenth-year high-school reunion was last year and I would have
loved to go, but
there was no way I was going to let them see me this way.
(Melissa)
H o neycutt/ Fat Worl d/Thi n Worl d 133
In the past, I have avoided so many things. It's just tazy.It's like
I think I don't
deserve to do fun things, just because of my weight. But when I
go on a diet and
lose a few pounds, suddenly I deserve them. I deserve to be
treated better when
I'm thinner. I'm really trying to get over this. (Susan)
Overall, as I indicated in the typology of reactions earlier, the
Equivocators
seemed to have a passive response to societal constructions of
beauty; that is,
they often simply felt miserable about their size but did not get
involved in a
group that would help them either change their size or the way
they feel about
their size.
Nondieting, Activist Group:The Fat Boosters
21. Between 1996 and 1998 I interviewed twenty-one members of
NAAFA, the
national fat activist organization. All of those interviewed were
fat (although not
all members of the organization are). Thirteen respondents were
white and eight
were women of color, seven of whom were African-Americans.
They ranged in
age from twenty-one to sixty. I also conducted participant-
observation at regional
NAAFA functions and at the national convention in JulylAugust
1997, and ana-
lyzed documents produced by the organization.
Probably the most important theme that emerged in the
interviews with Fat
Boosters can be summed up by the statement of one: "My
weight is my weight
and I have to learn to live with it." The official NAAFA policy
is that fatness is
largely genetically determined and thus beyond individuals'
control; this is in
stark contrast with the Fat Busters' belief that they can reshape
their bodies
through dieting. For the Fat Boosters, joining NAAFA meant
constantly hearing
that "diets don't work." This message is reinforced in a number
of ways: through
members wearing buttons with a red line through the-word DIEI
through the
group's championing of National No-Diet Day, and through
members' interac-
tions with each other. An example of the latter occurred during
a dinner at the
1997 national convention. When one woman remarked how good
22. the (high-fat
and high-calorie) food tasted and how much she loved to eat,
another woman an-
grily retorted, "We're trying to get across the idea that we're not
fat because we
love to eat, and you're not helping."
A second theme that became clear in my interviews,
observations, and docu-
ment analysis of this group was that they were attempting to
change their own-
and sometimes society's-definition of "fatness." For example,
this became clear
during the welcoming breakfast at the 1997 NAAFA convention,
when the
speaker, Glenn Gaesser, author of Big Fst Lies: The Truth about
Your Weight and
Your Health (7996), argued-to wild applause-that "moderate
obesity" could ac-
tually be good for aperson.
Third, it was obvious that members gained a sense of
empowerment through
NAAFA, in particular through their interactions with other
NAAFA members.
For example, during a workshop at the 1997 conventiory
participants were
encouraged to change their attributions about why people
sometimes react
734 Ch apter 4/Lea rn i n g fro m profession a I Writi n g
negatively to them: "Dort't automatically assume it's because of
your weight,,, the
23. group leader said; "maybe the person is just having abad
d,ay;'Leslie, liho -u,quoted ! the opening of_this chapter, is
another example who spoke of gaining
more self-confidence as she spent time at the convention. The
organization itseli
recognizes that interactions with other members is critical in
maintaining self-
confidence; and a popular workshop at the 7997 rrreetins was
one that disc-ussed
strategies for "taking these good thoughts home with you.,,
The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same ...
My original intention was to examine dffirent responses that
women have to soci-
etal constructions of obesity. The more I worked on this project,
however, the
more problematic I found my original assumptions. While on
the surface the
women in this study appear to be reacting in ways vastly at odds
with each other,
on a deeper level the reactions seem more similar than.I
originally imagined.
First, the Fat Busters, the Equivocators, and the Fat BooJters in
some ways de-
fine their identities reactirtely-i.e., in reaction to societal
constructions ihat, I
would argue, they are themselves perpetuating. The Fat Busters
define them-
selves as "not-fat-any-mote"; thd vfeight-loss groups of which
they were or are
members are based on accommodati4g conventionll notions
aboui fatness. The
Equivocators, with their expressed dissatisfaction with their
bodies and their ad-
mission of how different they think their lives would be if they
24. were thin, are
similarly accepting of societal prejudices about obesity.
Flowevet, what might be less obvious is that the Fat Boosters
also define their
identities reactively: Their group exists because of the weight
issue; it is salient in
everything the group does and thus perpetuates a kind;f us-
versus-them (fat-
versus-thin) mentality. For example, in a recent national
NAAFA newsletter the
editor expressed disdain at news and journal stories about
people who had lost
weight and kept it off. Other newsletter articles suggested that
fboa restriction of
any kind (other than that required for certain diseaies like
diabetes) is a "sellout.,'
similarly, a book reviewer expressed anger that the author had
suggested that
there was a correlation between what people eat and their size.
In slh-ort, the in-
tense, self-conscious, and defensiue focus on weight is
inescapable.
My second point, yli"h is closely related to the first, ii that all
three groups
in many ways do not challenge the "fat-is-ugly" bias.It is clear
that the Fat iusters
perpetuated conventional constructions. The very groups they
joined are commit-
ted to helping women "get ove{'being fat. In interviews, their
own antifat biases,
which were in many cases socially reinforced by their
participation in weight-loss
groups, also came through clearly:
25. I really feel sorry for them [overweight people], but on the
other hand, I lost
weight so I know they can too. . . . Did you ever notice who
drinks diet sodas and
eats diet food? Diet jello, diet lunches, diet everything. Fat
people do. Thin people
eat normal stuff. I look at fat people sometimes and think, why
are you drinking a
Diet Coke, who are you trying to kid? I know they stuff
themselves later, because
I used to myself. (Lisa)
H o n eycutt/ F at Wo r I d /Th i n Wo r I d 135
sometimes when I see fat people I think, that's what I used to
look like, and it re-
ally repulses me. (Mindy)
I remember years ago when I was heavy, I saw a talk show on
TV that had some
overweight women on it saying they liked themselves heavy.
one of them said
when she goes to bars with her make-up on and her clothes
perfect, all the men
are looking at her, not at the size-1O woman next to her. I
remember thinking, no
way. I just knew that wasn't true. (Andrea)
Similarly, the Equivocators perpetuated societal constructions
when they ex- 35
pressed dissatisfaction with their bodies and antifat attitudes of
their own. For ex-
ample:
26. I can understand it when I'm sitting on BART lthe subway
system in the Bay
Area] and no one wants to sit next to me because I spill ovet I
take more than my
share of space. Anyone who sat next to me would have to teally
squeeTe. (Diane)
Again, however, what isn't obvious is that the Fat Boosters also
express con-
ventional antifatbiases. While they are ostensibly fighting
against hegemonic con-
structions of attractiveness, they don't necessarily question the
idea that "thin is
beautiful"; rather, they argue that it's "not their fault" that they
are fat and that
they shouldn't be "blame!" for it. Admittedly, some-like Leslie,
who was
qrrot"d in the opening to this chalter-truly do believe that "fat is
beautiful too";
however, many others admit that if they had a choice, they
would prefer to be
thin themselves. While in some cases this may simply reflect a
recognition that
their lives would be easier (that'rs, they would be aciepted more
easily by mem-
bers of society) if they were thin, in other cases I believe it
reflects the same kind
of "fat-is-ugly" belief that pervades mainstream society'
This underlying "there's-something-wrong-with-fat" view also
comes out in
one of the major items on NAAFA s platform: disseminating the
view that
whether or not one is fat is largely genetically determined, so
fat people are not
making a choice and, again, should not be "blarned" for their
27. size. Rather than ar-
guing,l'I've chosen to be fat and so what? Fat is beautiful too"-
which would ob- '
viously be quite a radical stand-the organization argues that
their members'
being fat is beyond their control, a substantially different
argument, which im-
plies a recognition that there is something inherently wrong
with being fat. And
iince the organization also argues that fatness is not the huge
health risk that the
mainstream medical profession says it is, then what's wrong
with being fat must
be that it's ugly, unattractive, and deviant.2
Weight has an enormous impact on the everyday lives of women
in all three
groups. They are very aware of themselves as being "of a
certain size," whether
" avetage" or "fat," and this aPPears to be a large part of their
identity' For example,
the Fat Busters consistently indicated an intense fear of
regaining their lost weight:
If I started gaining the weight back-it's really hard to even think
about. when I
was dieting all the time, going up and down, I felt totally out of
control. I think if
I started to get heavy again I would just feel out of control
again. (Lisa)
136 Chapter 4/Learning from Professional Writing
There,s no way I,1l ever gain the weight back. No way' [shaking
28. her head vio-
lentlyl It was just too painful to be overweight. I don't know
what I would do if I
got that waY again. (CherYl)
Fat Busters also indicated that they were "carefLtT" about what
they ate, that
they ,,watched,, their diets, that they had ', good', days
(whenthey did not eat
,'bad',
foods such as chocolate or ice crearn) and"bad" days (when they
strayed from what
they thought were "good" eating habits)' Again, Cheryl is a
good example:
sometimes I think I should just be more relaxed about it, but
then I remember
what it was like to be fat and I can't [be more relaxed]' So I just
read labels like
crazy, andtry to do extra exercise whenever I eat bad stuff. I
just watch out all the
time.[KH:Isthiskindofvigilancetiring?]Yes.Yes.Butljustfigureit,
sthepricel
have to pay to stay skinny. (Cheryl)
Weightalsohadalargeimpactontheeverydaylivesofthe.Equivoiator
s'AsI
mentioned earlier, ,"rr"ruT rpoke sadly about things they had
given up because of
their weight, such as participating in activities they had
enjoyed_ before they
gained ,tlignt or seeing p"opt" wto knew them when they were
thinner' They
29. Et"urty ru*"th"*r"1ves iifferlntly'at different weights, and
recognized that other
;;rpt" saw thei-r differently as well. Similarly, the Fat Boosters
admitted that de-
ipitl Naerxs championing of the idea that "fat people should be
able to do
a'nything thin people do,,' ,oitr" things they did at NAAFA
functions-like wear-
ing shoits or eating an ice cream cor're iq public-they silnlf
would not do at
home. (A few even mentioned' that ""ett
tho"gh they did go swimming with
other NAAFA members, Jhey were still very-aware of
themselves as being "fat
people,, and very aware of others, reactions to them.) In other
words, their
iroirp,r call for the "normalization" of fatness has not had as
large an impact on
ih" *o*"t as they (or the group) would probably like'
Finally, *olr1u., in the
"t
"o g.onpt
who had formal ties to organizations-(the
weight-loss group and the fat-actlvisl gfoup) seemed to be very
aware not only of
theii own #"ignt, but also that of o1h"i tto-"n. For example, for
many Fat
Busters the fear of regaining weight manifested itself in
constant surveillance of
both themselves and 6ther women' Dana is a prime example:
30. I'm very aware of .my size now, maybe more now than when I
was overweight' I
look at other women on the street and I think, I'm thinner than
her, I'm a little
bigger than her but she's got small bones, I',m about her size
and she looks good
solmustbeoKtoo.Andthenl'llgoeatmyyogurt.(Dana[lost30pounds]
)
Even the Fat Boosters showedthe same kind of surveillance. For
example, in
NAAFA a distinction is made between two weight categories:
"mid-size" and
,,supersize,,, for which the dividing line is size 48. Within the
organization de-
bateshaveragedoverwhichglouPhasmoreproblems.Somesupersize
women
say that mid#e women, bein"g closer to "average," dort't
understand how diffi-
{
137
H o n ey c utt/ F at Wo r I d/T h i n Wor I d
cult it is to be supersize. Some midsize women have exprdssed
jealousy
because
at some NAAFA social functions (such as dances), the supersize
women
seem to
31. get the most attention from men' In addition' one NAAFA
member told me'
lu,fru, sheepishly, that she was able to go swimming at the
national
convention
becauseshewasn,t,,thefattest*omu''here.,,Whilethismightseemext
reme,
-
""y'rthewomenlspokewithdidseemtobeveryawareoftheirsizeinco
m-
pariion to that of other members'
Conclusion: Hegemony Theory Revisited
Defining their identities reactively; expressing antifat attitudes;
the enormous
im-
pact that weight continues to have on their"lives; and the
surveillance
of other
women,s bodies-what can be concluded from all of these? I
argue that the in-
tense preoccupation witfr welgnt-and negative judgments of
perceived
over-
weight-that the literature shois most Ame"rican women have,
regardless of
size,
is p"erhaps even more pronounced with women who eitherwere
32. or are
over-
*"'igt t tiremselves. Uft"rite tnit might ttot t "
surprising for Fat Busters and Equiv-
o.ut"orr, I did find it surprising for the Fat Boosters
Early cultural studiis *oiit o" "audience reception" t:nd:.d-to
portray people
as passive receptors who were indoctrinaied into dominant ways
of thinking
through cultural proa.r.tr, e'g',,the mdss media' More recent
work on
audience
reception, though, has remini'ed us that hegemony is never
total; rather,
individ-
uals and groups can potentially make_sens6 of dominant ideas
in different
ways
(Croteau and HoyneJ 1gg7).I originally embraced this "active
audience"
view,
expecting to argue that in the casetf faiwomen, not all of them
simply
passively
accept mainstream ,o.i"ty't view of them as being ugly and
morally deviant'
Rather, I expected to urg"", many actively rejec-tioniiructions
33. and norms of
beauty that d.evalue andlxclude them. Ceriaitttlr t nu.r" .-"lF:t:d
a great deal
of
data on Fat Boosters that would support this contention;
NAAFA newsletters,
in
particular, .or,rirturrity ,"ppor, u ,ri"* of the world that include
s " fat" in its defi-
nition of beautY.
However,asldetailedintheprevioussection,thewomenparticipating
in
this project ,""-"a io-u..upt, orrrrruny levels, the larger society's
prejudice about
,f*ir'f#y size. 1hus my Jrigittut suppositions about the inherent
distinctiveness
ofthewomen'sreactionsinthethreegroupswerenotsupp-
orted'Instead'inthis
chapter I have shown that in many ways irr" rut Busters,
Equivocators,
and Fat
Boosters do not .nuff""j" .orr.r"ntior-rui d"fittitiot-tt of beauty,
but bolster them'
colluding in constructioris that exclude large numbers of
women'
45
Notes
34. l.Iputtheword,,overweight,,inquotationmarkstoindicatethatitisas
o-
cialconstruction.Infact,thereisnocleardefinitionofwordslike,,ove
r-
weight"or"oU"r""inmostoftheliterature;thewordsareoftenusedas
138 Chapter 4/Learning from Professionol Writing
though their definition were obvious. This is not only imprecise
but it
also obscures the fact that weight status is culturally contingent
(i.e., what
is considered "overweight" in the United States might very well
not be
considered so in the Caribbean) and ahistorical (i.e., standards
of "ideal"
weight have changed over time).
Members of NAAFA prefer the word "fat"-despite, or maybe be'
cause of, the fact that it is so emotionally "loaded"-and argue
that
"overweight" has hidden implications: "Over whose weight?"
they ask. I
have tried to use t}rre word fat simply as an adjective,
especially when re'
ferring to respondents who are NAAFA members. (This was a
bit jarring
at first, given that it has such negative connotations in the
United States.)
2. Note the parallel here between the size acceptance movement,
of which
NAAFA is a main proponent, and the gay rights movement. Of
course, I
35. understand that from a social movement perspective, to argue
that some-
thing is not a "choice"-that one is born a certain way-makes
political
sense in that people are (presumably) less likely to blame
someone for
being gay or fat if it is not their "choice." Flowevel, my point
here is that
simply asking the question "Is it a choice?" implies at least two
things:
first, that there is a "hierarchy of sexual orientations" or a
"hierarchy of
body sizes" and that being straight or being thin is inherently
better than
being gay or being fat; and second, that given the choice, gay $
fat peo-
ple would prefer to be straight or thin. So while it may seem
quite pro-
gressive and tolerant to say "Those poor people were born that
way so
we'll give them the same things (e.g., political rights,
antidiscrimination
protection) that everyone else gets/' it doesn't necessarily mean
that ho-
mosexuality or fatness is considered,to be as "good" an "option"
of sex-
ual orientation or body size as heterosexuality or thinness. To
me, a more
interesting (and certainly morer provocative) way to answer the
question
"Is it a choice?" is to say, "Well, maybe it is, but so what?"
References
Blumer, H.1969. Symbolic lnterqctionism: Perspectioe and
Method. Englewood Cliffs,
36. NJ: Prentice-Hall. r
Chapkis, W. 1986. Beauty Segrets: Women and the Politics of
Appearance. Boston:
South End.
Clayson, D. E., and M. L. Klassen. 1989. "Perception of
Attractiveness by Obesity
and Hair Color." Perceptual and Motor SkiIIs 68:199-202.
Croteau, D., and W. Hoynes. 1997. Media/Society:
Industries,Images, and Audiences.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
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Exploring the Message
1. Briefly define "Fat Buster," "Equivocator," and "Fat
Booster." Do these
categories fit the people you know who deal with similar weight
issues?
2. What is social constructivist theory? What role does it play in
Honey-
cutt's approach to her topic?