Detection of heterogeneous flt3 itd mutant variants inkamalmodi481
This document discusses the FLT3 gene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in hematopoiesis. Mutations in this gene, especially internal tandem duplications (ITDs), can cause leukemia. ITD mutations involve duplications in the juxtamembrane domain and are associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. The allelic ratio of mutant to wild-type FLT3 is a prognostic indicator, with ratios below 0.5 indicating more favorable outcomes. Several FLT3 inhibitors have been developed that compete with ATP binding and inhibit mutant FLT3 signaling. The document then describes a specific case where two ITD variants were detected with low allelic ratios, suggesting a favorable prognosis.
1) The study investigated the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Sudanese patients.
2) Genotyping of the ACE gene was performed on 40 CLL patients and 40 age-matched controls. The results showed a significant association between the DD genotype and increased risk of CLL.
3) This is the first study to investigate the relationship between ACE polymorphism and CLL in Sudanese patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings and explore the association with other hematological malignancies in Sudan.
This document discusses drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIIHA). DIIHA can be immune-mediated or non-immune mediated. Immune-mediated DIIHA can be drug-dependent or drug-independent. Diagnosis involves identifying signs of hemolysis and a temporal relationship to drug exposure. Testing includes a direct Coombs test and drug-treated red blood cell testing to identify drug antibodies. Common causes of DIIHA include antibiotics, NSAIDs, and anti-neoplastics. Ceftriaxone is a known cause and testing showed the patient's plasma reacted with ceftriaxone-coated red blood cells, indicating ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia.
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing began with studies of mouse transplantation experiments in the 1930s. This led to the discovery of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mice and humans. Early work established the genetic basis of the immune response and immune regulation. HLA typing methods have evolved from serology using antisera to current molecular techniques like PCR. HLA plays a key role in transplant matching and understanding the immune system.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses. Tregs can develop naturally in the thymus or be induced in the periphery. They express the transcription factor FoxP3 and surface markers CD4 and CD25. Tregs suppress the activation and functions of other immune cells and help prevent autoimmunity, control infections, allow transplantation tolerance, and support fetal-maternal tolerance in pregnancy. Dysregulation of Tregs has been linked to immunological diseases. Therapeutic use of Tregs may help treat diseases driven by excessive immune responses like autoimmunity.
Detection of heterogeneous flt3 itd mutant variants inkamalmodi481
This document discusses the FLT3 gene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in hematopoiesis. Mutations in this gene, especially internal tandem duplications (ITDs), can cause leukemia. ITD mutations involve duplications in the juxtamembrane domain and are associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. The allelic ratio of mutant to wild-type FLT3 is a prognostic indicator, with ratios below 0.5 indicating more favorable outcomes. Several FLT3 inhibitors have been developed that compete with ATP binding and inhibit mutant FLT3 signaling. The document then describes a specific case where two ITD variants were detected with low allelic ratios, suggesting a favorable prognosis.
1) The study investigated the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Sudanese patients.
2) Genotyping of the ACE gene was performed on 40 CLL patients and 40 age-matched controls. The results showed a significant association between the DD genotype and increased risk of CLL.
3) This is the first study to investigate the relationship between ACE polymorphism and CLL in Sudanese patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings and explore the association with other hematological malignancies in Sudan.
This document discusses drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIIHA). DIIHA can be immune-mediated or non-immune mediated. Immune-mediated DIIHA can be drug-dependent or drug-independent. Diagnosis involves identifying signs of hemolysis and a temporal relationship to drug exposure. Testing includes a direct Coombs test and drug-treated red blood cell testing to identify drug antibodies. Common causes of DIIHA include antibiotics, NSAIDs, and anti-neoplastics. Ceftriaxone is a known cause and testing showed the patient's plasma reacted with ceftriaxone-coated red blood cells, indicating ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia.
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing began with studies of mouse transplantation experiments in the 1930s. This led to the discovery of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mice and humans. Early work established the genetic basis of the immune response and immune regulation. HLA typing methods have evolved from serology using antisera to current molecular techniques like PCR. HLA plays a key role in transplant matching and understanding the immune system.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses. Tregs can develop naturally in the thymus or be induced in the periphery. They express the transcription factor FoxP3 and surface markers CD4 and CD25. Tregs suppress the activation and functions of other immune cells and help prevent autoimmunity, control infections, allow transplantation tolerance, and support fetal-maternal tolerance in pregnancy. Dysregulation of Tregs has been linked to immunological diseases. Therapeutic use of Tregs may help treat diseases driven by excessive immune responses like autoimmunity.
Drug induced hemolytic anemia cc 10 8-15 - dr mehta-shahderosaMSKCC
A 59-year-old woman presented with new-onset jaundice and anemia 10 days after undergoing surgery for uterine cancer. Laboratory workup found evidence of hemolysis including a positive direct Coombs test. Further testing revealed the patient's red blood cells were sensitizied to the antibiotic cefotetan, indicating drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia. She was treated with transfusions and the hemolysis resolved after discontinuing the offending drug. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a rare but serious complication that can be triggered by certain antibiotics like cefotetan through non-immune or immune mediated mechanisms.
Stem cell transplantation involves replacing a patient's bone marrow and immune system through chemotherapy and/or radiation, followed by infusion of stem cells from either another donor or the patient's own previously harvested cells. There are three main sources of stem cells: bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. After collection, stem cells are processed and the patient undergoes conditioning chemotherapy and/or radiation to prepare for transplantation. Post-transplant, patients experience pancytopenia followed by engraftment of the donor cells and gradual immune reconstitution over months. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease, infection, and relapse of the original disease.
Les différentes hypothèses physiopathologiques du paludisme grave cérébral : la séquestration est elle tout ? Apports des modèles animaux et in vitro - Présentation de la 8e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - RAHASIVELO TSIMAHOLY Zanah et TCHIEKOI N'cho Bertin
Les antigènes de Plasmodium falciparum et la virulence - Présentation de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Eugène MANZINGO - Médecin - Ministère de la Santé / Inspection de la Santé - Mbandaka, RDC - eumanzi@yahoo.fr
The document discusses the role of MIC-A antibodies in renal allograft loss. It presents the case of a patient whose renal function gradually deteriorated, associated with a weakly positive MICA antibody screen. Biopsies showed glomerulopathy and chronic allograft nephropathy. Based on the positive MICA screen, the patient was treated for possible MICA-related rejection with steroids, which reduced their creatinine level. The document then reviews the expression of MICA antigens and their role in activating NK and T cells through NKG2D engagement. It discusses evidence that MICA antibody mismatch can lead to graft loss and the challenges in detecting non-HLA antibodies.
This document discusses autoinflammatory diseases, which are characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune system leading to recurrent, unprovoked inflammation without high autoantibodies or T cells. Common autoinflammatory diseases are caused by mutations that activate the inflammasomes or interferon pathways. Autoinflammatory diseases typically begin in childhood and can cause fever, rash, and organ inflammation. The pathophysiology involves cytosolic pattern recognition receptors such as NLRs, RLRs, and DNA sensors that activate the inflammasomes or interferon response when mutated.
CAR-T cell therapy involves genetically engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target specific tumor antigens. CARs consist of an antigen recognition domain from an antibody fused to T cell signaling domains. The first CAR was created in 1987 and the first successful cancer treatment with CAR-T therapy was reported in 2010. FDA approved the first CAR-T therapy tisagenlecleucel in 2017 for certain leukemias. CAR-T cell therapy shows promise for treating cancers but also risks like cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity require management.
The document summarizes the best approaches to treating newly diagnosed multiple myeloma based on patient fitness level and risk profile. For fit patients, phase 3 trials show superior outcomes with bortezomib-containing triple-drug induction regimens followed by stem cell collection and autologous stem cell transplant compared to doublet regimens. For unfit patients, bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone or lenalidomide-low dose dexamethasone are standard first-line options. High-risk patients with genomic abnormalities may benefit from enrollment in clinical trials or bortezomib-containing consolidation/maintenance therapies with consideration of autologous stem cell transplant.
T cells secrete cytokines that regulate the adaptive immune response. There are three main subclasses of T cells: Th1 cells that promote cell-mediated immunity, Th2 cells that promote antibody-mediated immunity, and Treg cells that regulate Th1 and Th2 activities. Each T cell subclass secretes different cytokines, such as IL-12 from Th1 cells and IL-4 from Th2 cells. Cytokines also regulate hematopoiesis through colony stimulating factors like EPO, GM-CSF, and G-CSF that drive differentiation of stem cells into specific blood cell lineages.
New Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD)spa718
This document discusses new strategies for preventing and treating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). It summarizes risk factors for acute GVHD and the pathophysiology involving recipient conditioning, T cell activation in donors, and inflammatory effectors. Higher grades of acute GVHD are associated with increased transplant-related mortality and lower relapse rates. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells is a promising new approach for GVHD prevention being studied in clinical trials, with initial results showing reduced rates of GVHD, infections, and improved outcomes.
Microcytotoxicity, also known as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), is commonly used for HLA typing through serology. It involves incubating viable lymphocytes with HLA-specific antibodies. If the antibody binds to an antigen on the cell, complement is added to activate and damage the cell membrane. A dye is then used to identify dead cells under a microscope. Scoring is based on the percentage of dead cells, with higher percentages indicating a stronger positive reaction. While easily performed, it requires viable lymphocytes, large blood volumes, and good antisera for accurate results.
The immunotherapy of cancer: past, present & the next frontierThe ScientifiK
The immunotherapy of cancer has progressed through several phases from past to present:
1) Early attempts focused on vaccines and cytokines with limited success and understanding.
2) Anti-CTLA4 therapy showed the first durable responses in metastatic melanoma.
3) Anti-PD-1 therapy was found to be superior to anti-CTLA4, with better responses and tolerability. This established that overcoming immunosuppression is key.
4) Combination strategies are now the focus, exploring combinations of immunotherapies or with targeted/chemotherapies to extend responses. Biomarkers like PD-L1 are being used to identify patients most likely to benefit from anti-PD-1
Drug induced hemolytic anemia cc 10 8-15 - dr mehta-shahderosaMSKCC
A 59-year-old woman presented with new-onset jaundice and anemia 10 days after undergoing surgery for uterine cancer. Laboratory workup found evidence of hemolysis including a positive direct Coombs test. Further testing revealed the patient's red blood cells were sensitizied to the antibiotic cefotetan, indicating drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia. She was treated with transfusions and the hemolysis resolved after discontinuing the offending drug. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a rare but serious complication that can be triggered by certain antibiotics like cefotetan through non-immune or immune mediated mechanisms.
Stem cell transplantation involves replacing a patient's bone marrow and immune system through chemotherapy and/or radiation, followed by infusion of stem cells from either another donor or the patient's own previously harvested cells. There are three main sources of stem cells: bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. After collection, stem cells are processed and the patient undergoes conditioning chemotherapy and/or radiation to prepare for transplantation. Post-transplant, patients experience pancytopenia followed by engraftment of the donor cells and gradual immune reconstitution over months. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease, infection, and relapse of the original disease.
Les différentes hypothèses physiopathologiques du paludisme grave cérébral : la séquestration est elle tout ? Apports des modèles animaux et in vitro - Présentation de la 8e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - RAHASIVELO TSIMAHOLY Zanah et TCHIEKOI N'cho Bertin
Les antigènes de Plasmodium falciparum et la virulence - Présentation de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Eugène MANZINGO - Médecin - Ministère de la Santé / Inspection de la Santé - Mbandaka, RDC - eumanzi@yahoo.fr
The document discusses the role of MIC-A antibodies in renal allograft loss. It presents the case of a patient whose renal function gradually deteriorated, associated with a weakly positive MICA antibody screen. Biopsies showed glomerulopathy and chronic allograft nephropathy. Based on the positive MICA screen, the patient was treated for possible MICA-related rejection with steroids, which reduced their creatinine level. The document then reviews the expression of MICA antigens and their role in activating NK and T cells through NKG2D engagement. It discusses evidence that MICA antibody mismatch can lead to graft loss and the challenges in detecting non-HLA antibodies.
This document discusses autoinflammatory diseases, which are characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune system leading to recurrent, unprovoked inflammation without high autoantibodies or T cells. Common autoinflammatory diseases are caused by mutations that activate the inflammasomes or interferon pathways. Autoinflammatory diseases typically begin in childhood and can cause fever, rash, and organ inflammation. The pathophysiology involves cytosolic pattern recognition receptors such as NLRs, RLRs, and DNA sensors that activate the inflammasomes or interferon response when mutated.
CAR-T cell therapy involves genetically engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target specific tumor antigens. CARs consist of an antigen recognition domain from an antibody fused to T cell signaling domains. The first CAR was created in 1987 and the first successful cancer treatment with CAR-T therapy was reported in 2010. FDA approved the first CAR-T therapy tisagenlecleucel in 2017 for certain leukemias. CAR-T cell therapy shows promise for treating cancers but also risks like cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity require management.
The document summarizes the best approaches to treating newly diagnosed multiple myeloma based on patient fitness level and risk profile. For fit patients, phase 3 trials show superior outcomes with bortezomib-containing triple-drug induction regimens followed by stem cell collection and autologous stem cell transplant compared to doublet regimens. For unfit patients, bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone or lenalidomide-low dose dexamethasone are standard first-line options. High-risk patients with genomic abnormalities may benefit from enrollment in clinical trials or bortezomib-containing consolidation/maintenance therapies with consideration of autologous stem cell transplant.
T cells secrete cytokines that regulate the adaptive immune response. There are three main subclasses of T cells: Th1 cells that promote cell-mediated immunity, Th2 cells that promote antibody-mediated immunity, and Treg cells that regulate Th1 and Th2 activities. Each T cell subclass secretes different cytokines, such as IL-12 from Th1 cells and IL-4 from Th2 cells. Cytokines also regulate hematopoiesis through colony stimulating factors like EPO, GM-CSF, and G-CSF that drive differentiation of stem cells into specific blood cell lineages.
New Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD)spa718
This document discusses new strategies for preventing and treating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). It summarizes risk factors for acute GVHD and the pathophysiology involving recipient conditioning, T cell activation in donors, and inflammatory effectors. Higher grades of acute GVHD are associated with increased transplant-related mortality and lower relapse rates. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells is a promising new approach for GVHD prevention being studied in clinical trials, with initial results showing reduced rates of GVHD, infections, and improved outcomes.
Microcytotoxicity, also known as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), is commonly used for HLA typing through serology. It involves incubating viable lymphocytes with HLA-specific antibodies. If the antibody binds to an antigen on the cell, complement is added to activate and damage the cell membrane. A dye is then used to identify dead cells under a microscope. Scoring is based on the percentage of dead cells, with higher percentages indicating a stronger positive reaction. While easily performed, it requires viable lymphocytes, large blood volumes, and good antisera for accurate results.
The immunotherapy of cancer: past, present & the next frontierThe ScientifiK
The immunotherapy of cancer has progressed through several phases from past to present:
1) Early attempts focused on vaccines and cytokines with limited success and understanding.
2) Anti-CTLA4 therapy showed the first durable responses in metastatic melanoma.
3) Anti-PD-1 therapy was found to be superior to anti-CTLA4, with better responses and tolerability. This established that overcoming immunosuppression is key.
4) Combination strategies are now the focus, exploring combinations of immunotherapies or with targeted/chemotherapies to extend responses. Biomarkers like PD-L1 are being used to identify patients most likely to benefit from anti-PD-1
HLA tipizacija – metodi i aplikacija u kliničkoj praksi.ppt
1. HLA tipizacija – metodi i aplikacija
u kliničkoj praksi
Studijski istraživački rad 2
Univerzitet u Nišu
Prirodno-matematički fakultet
Departman za biologiju i ekologiju
Student: Mentor:
Dimitrije Spasić Prof. dr Perica Vasiljević
Br. indexa 512
2. HLA = HUMANI LEUKOCITNI
ANTIGEN
Istorija
Gorerov rad (1930) na antigenima odgovornim za alotransplantat
odbacivanje kod miševa dovelo je do otkrića „GLAVNOG KOMPLEKSA
HISTOKOMPATIBILNOSTI (MHC)“.
Razvoj urođenih i rekombinantnih sojeva miševa od strane Snell–a
omogućilI su detaljnu analizu različitih lokusa ovog kompleksa.
3. HLA = HUMANI LEUKOCITNI
ANTIGEN
Dausset je započeo studije o HUMANOM LEUKOCITNOM
ANTIGENU GLAVNI KOMPLEKS
HISTOKOMPATIBILNOSTI (MHC) u čoveku
Benacerraf i kolege uspostavili su genetsku osnovu imunološkog
odgovora
Za svoj rad na MHC-u i genetskoj kontroli imunološkog odgovora,
Snell, Dausset i Benacerraf su 1980. godine dobili Nobelovu
nagradu za medicinu.
4. HLA = HUMANI LEUKOCITNI
ANTIGEN
Kompleks humanog leukocitnog antigena (HLA) je lokus gena
koji kodira proteine na površini ćelija odgovornih za regulaciju
imunološkog sistema kod ljudi
Nalazi se na kratkom kraku hromozoma 6
Nasleđeni kao haplotipovi (tj. skup alela) po jedan od svakog
roditelja
Oni su kodominantno izraženi
5. HLA tipizacija ima veoma važnu ulogu u
medicini i medicinskim istraživanjima
Primarna je meta imunoloških odgovora na alogene transplantacije
Kritičan je za odgovor na antigene stimulanse
Upleten je u genetsku osetljivost na autoimune bolesti
6. Metodi HLA tipizacije
Serološka tipizacija
• Test mikrocitotoksičnosti
Verifikacija HLA antitela
• Reakcija mešovitih limfocita
Molekularne metode tipizacije
• Metod tipizacije korišćenjem sekvencno-specifičnih prajmera (PCR-SSP)
• Metod tipizacije korišćenjem sekvencno-specifičnih olegonukleotida (PCR-SSO)
• Metod tipizacije direktnim DNK sekvenciranjem
7. Serološka tipizacija
Limfociti potencijalnih donatora i primalaca dodaju su u različite
bunariće mikrotitarskih ploča
Dodaju se antitela specifična za HLA klase I i II
Nakon inkubacije dodaje se komplement
Citotoksičnost se procenjuje usvajanjem ili isključivanjem boje.
8. Test mikrocitotoksičnosti
Mikrolimfocitotoksični test: 3 faze
Održivi limfociti se inkubiraju sa HLA specifičnim antitelima. Ako je
specifičan antigen prisutan na ćeliji, antitelo je vezano
Dodaje se zečji serum kao izvor komplementa, inkubira. Ako je
antitelo vezano za HLA antigen na ćelijskoj površini, ono aktivira
komplement koji oštećuje ćelijsku membranu čineći je propusnom
za vitalne mrlje
Rezultati se vizualizuju dodavanjem boje, obično fluorohroma, npr.
Etidijum bromida, iako su u prošlosti korišćeni i Tripan Blue i Eosin I
10. Verifikacija HLA antitela
Uočeno je da se limfociti jednog davaoca, kada se uzgajaju sa
limfocitima od nepovezanog davaoca, stimulišu na proliferaciju
Utvrđeno je da je ova proliferacija prvenstveno posledica razlike u
antigenima klase II MHC (DR) i T ćelije jedne jedinke u interakciji sa
alogenskim ćelijama koje nose antigen MHC klase II (B ćelije,
dendritične ćelije, langerhansove ćelije itd.
Ova reaktivnost je nazvana mešana reakcija limfocita (MLR) i
korišćena je za proučavanje stepena histokompatibilnosti
11. Mešana reakcija limfocita (MLR)
U ovom testu, limfociti (ćelije odgovora) se pomešaju sa ozračenim
ili mitomicinom tretiranim leukocitima primaoca, koji sadrže B-
limfocite i monocite (ćelije stimulatora). Ćelije su kultivisane 4-6
dana
T ćelije koje reaguju će prepoznati strane antigene klase II koji se
nalaze na donoru i proći će kroz transformaciju (sinteza i povećanje
DNK: blastogeneza) i proliferaciju (mitogeneza)
T ćelije koje reaguju na strane antigene klase II su tipično ćelije tipa
CD4+ TH-1
Ove promene se beleže dodavanjem radioaktivnog (tricija, 3H)
timidina u ćelijsku kulturu i praćenjem njegove ugradnje u DNK.
13. Molekularne metode tipizacije
(PCR bazirane metode)
Metodi zasnovani na DNK analizama povećali su tačnost HLA
tipizacije i doveli do identifikacije serološki neotkrivenih alela i
mnogih podtipova seroloških specifičnosti
Metode zasnovane na DNK analizama za tip HLA alela su se stoga
fokusirale na analizu nukleotidnih varijacija koje se javljaju i u
eksonu 2 i 3 gena klase I i u eksonu-2 gena klase II
Polimorfizam se identifikuje direktno kao deo procesa PCR-a, iako
postoje koraci nakon amplifikacije, na primer (SSP)
Proizvod koji sadrži interno locirani polimorfizam koji se može
identifikovati drugom tehnikom, npr. sondiranje oligonukleotida
specifično za sekvencu PCR (SSOP), PCR-RFLP, praćeno
sekvenciranjem i konformacionom analizom
14. Metod tipizacije korišćenjem
sekvencno-specifičnih prajmera
(PCR-SSP)
SSP je brza metoda tipizacije koja koristi skupove parova prajmera za
pojačavanje specifične regije genomske DNK
Efikasnost reakcije amplifikacije kontroliše se prajmerima koji pojačavaju
očuvane sekvence izabranog gena
15. Metod tipizacije korišćenjem
sekvencno-specifičnih
olegonukleotida (PCR-SSO)
SSO: ova metoda uključuje selektivnu amplifikaciju mete praćenu
hibridizacijom na panelu oligonukleotidnih sondi
Specifičnost za određeni HLA lokus postignuta je odabirom PCR prajmera
specifičnih za sekvencu u očuvanom regionu drugog egzona
16. Metod tipizacije direktnim DNK
sekvenciranjem
HLA tipizacija zasnovana na sekvenci uključuje određivanje
nukleotidne sekvence amplifikovanog segmenta HLA gena
Tipizacija direktnim DNK sekvenciranjem predstavlja prednosti u
odnosu na druge procedure zbog relativno brze (24-48) sati, visoke
rezolucije
Pouzdaniji i specifičniji metod
18. Klinički značaj HLA tipizacije
U transplantaciji organa
U transfuzijskoj terapiji
U prevenciji bolesti
Sporno očinstvo
Antropološke studije
19. Zaključak
Tipizacija humanog leukocitnog antigena (HLA) igra ključnu ulogu u poboljšanju
alokacije organa, tkiva, matičnih ćelija i koštane srži te omogućava bolje podudarnosti
primaocima
Mnoge bolesti, poput ankilozantnog spondilitisa, bolesti jetre, abnormalne imunološke
funkcije i neke vrste raka povezane su sa specifičnim alelima HLA
Uspeh transplantacije ili transfuzije ćelija ili tkiva snažno je povezan sa HLA
sistemima para davalac-primalac
Postoje dve glavne metode za tipizaciju HLA, tj. otkrivanje HLA antitela i otkrivanje
HLA polimorfizma. Razvojem lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR), tehnike zasnovane
na DNK dominiraju laboratorijama za tipizaciju zbog svoje preciznosti i ponovljivosti,
kao i povećane osetljivosti i rezolucije
Razumevanje unakrsnog podudaranja, kao i HLA tipizacije za bilo koji vid
transplantacije i primena u kliničkoj praksi ključni je korak za postizanje uspešnog
ishoda