this a small thing about HIV hop u get some information from it regards; Zain Al Abdeen

1. HIV
By : Zain al abdeen

2. Outline
• Definitions
• Presence of HIV/AIDS Worldwide
• Diagnosis
• Infection
• Transmission
• Treatment
• Nutrition – Treatment

3. Definitions
• HIV: Human Immunodeficiency
Virus – a retrovirus that targets the
CD4 T helper immune cells
• AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome – the final stage of HIV
infection

4. Presence of HIV/AIDS Worldwide

5. Diagnosis of advanced HIV to AIDS
• Three Criteria:
1. A CD4+ cell count of less than 200 cells per
microliter
2. A CD4+ cell count that comprises of less
than 14% lymphocytes present
3. And/or an AIDS defining illness
– bacterial infections, wasting syndrome

6. Diagnosis
• Screening Tests licensed by the FDA
– Test serum or plasma with high sensitivity
to HIV type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies
• Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay
(ELISA)
– Confirmatory test
• ELISA, Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), Western
blot, modified Western blot, and line
immunoassay (LIA)
– Combination ELISA testing
• Both antigen and antibodies
• Earlier diagnosis

7. Infection

8. Infection
• New HIV Infections by Age Group

9. Transmission

10. Transmission
• Through Bodily Fluids :
1- Blood products
2- Vaginal fluids
3- Semen
4- Breast Milk

11. Transmission
• Sharing Needles
– Without sterilization
– 8%
• Mother-to-Baby
 Before Birth
 During Birth
 After the birth
 Vertical transmission before birth or
through breastfeeding = <1%

12. Transmission
• Through Sex
# Intercourse
# Oral sex
# Anal sex
# Digital Sex
• Male-to-male = 54%
• Heterosexual = 34%

13. Stages of HIV
• Stage 1
• Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six
weeks after infection
• no symptoms at all
• Infected person can infect other people

14. Stages of HIV
• Stage 2
• Lasts for an average of ten years
• This stage is free from symptoms
• There may be swollen glands
• The level of HIV in the blood drops to
very low levels
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the
blood

15. Stages of HIV
• Stage 3
• The symptoms are mild
• The immune system drop
• emergence of infections and cancers

16. Stages of HIV
• Stage 4
• The immune system weakens
• The illnesses become more severe
leading to an AIDS diagnosis

17. Treatment
• Antiretroviral Therapies (ART)
• Highly active retroviral therapy (HAART)
• Aimed at interrupting viral life cycle and
decreasing viral load

18. Nutrition – Treatment
• Goals:
– Preserve body cell mass
– Provide adequate amounts of all nutrients for
proper function
– Minimize the symptoms

19. Nutrition – Treatment
• Energy Needs :
• Energy – based on need to maintain
weight
– Harris-Benedict Formula + extra kcal as
needed
– 20-30% increased energy for recovery from
infections
• Protein – increased for infection
– 1.2 – 1.8 g/kg/day
• Females: at least 100 grams of protein per day
• Males: at least 125 grams of protein per day

20. Nutrition – Treatment
• Reduce Fat :
• Fat can be hard for your body to digest
when you have HIV diseases , it can
cause diarrhea, nausea, gas and bloating

21. Nutrition – Treatment
• High Nutrient Foods
Yogurt Tuna Beans Leafy Brown Rice
Cheese Chicken Lentils Greens Whole
Eggs Fish Corn Squash Grains
Cottage Yams
Cheese
Tofu, All Oatmeal All Fruit Peanut
Tempeh, Vegetables Wheat Germ Broccoli Butter
Soy Nuts Nuts

22. Nutrition – Treatment
• Micronutrient Needs
• Dietary Reference Intakes
– Vitamin A – 700-900 μg/day
• Immune function
– Vitamin E – 15 mg/day
• Immune function – antioxidant protection
– Vitamin B12 – 2.4 mcg/day
• Cognitive function
– Selenium – 55 μg/day
• Immune function – antioxidant protection
– Zinc – 8-11mg/day
• Immune function, slowed disease progression

23. Nutrition – Treatment
• Symptom Management
– Nausea and Vomiting
• Replace fluids and electrolytes
• Bland, odorless foods
• Beverages between meals
• Smaller, more frequent meals
• Reduce fatty foods with early satiety

24. Nutrition – Treatment
• Symptom Management
– Diarrhea
• Replace fluids and electrolytes – juice, sports
drinks, gelatin
• Bland foods low in fiber
• Avoid fatty and gassy foods
• Avoid lactose if problematic

25. Nutrition – Treatment
• Symptom Management
– Anorexia
• Eat favorite foods often in relaxed settings
• Add flavors and an array of colors
• Keep snacks handy
• Appetite stimulants

26. Nutrition – Treatment
• Symptom Management
– Oral ,chewing & swallowing problems
• Moist, soft, and finely diced foods
• Avoid spicy or acid-containing foods
• Room temperature or cooler foods
• Topical medicines

27. Nutrition – Treatment
• Common Deficiencies :
• Vitamin A, zinc, iron- detrimental to the
immune function
• antioxidants- Vit A, Vit. C, and B
vitamins can also compromise immune
function b/c of their roles as cofactors in
many enzyme functions including those
involved in nucleic acid synthesis

28. Social strategies
• Social strategies do not require any
drug or object to be effective , but
rather require persons to change their
behavior in order to gain protection
from HIV
• Some social strategies which people
consider include the following :
• sex education
• Safe injection sites
• Sexual abstinence

29. No comment

30. REFERENCES
• Grinspoon S, Mulligan K. For the Department of Health and Human
Services working group on the prevention and treatment of wasting and
weight loss. HIV related weight loss and wasting. In Supplement:
Integrating nutrition management into HIV medical management.Guest
Editor, Celia Hayes. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2003,
• ME Brecher, et al. Is It HIV TTP or HIV-Associated Thrombotic
Microangiopathy? J of Clin Apheresis. 2008
• Fawzi, W., Msamanga, G., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. (2005). Studies of
Vitamins and Minerals and HIV Transmission and Disease Progression.
The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 938-944.
• Fields-Gardner, Cade, & Fergusson, Pamela. (2004). Position of the
American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Nutrition
Intervention in the care of Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infection. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 104(9), 1425-
1441.
• Au J.T., K. Kayitenkore, E. Shutes, E. Karita, P.J. Peters, A. Tichacek, S.A.
Allen. 2006. Accessto adequate nutrition is a major potential obstacle to
antiretroviral adherence among HIVinfected individuals in Rwanda. AIDS
20 (16): 2116-2118.

31. Any Questions ?