2. NUTRITION
Nutrition is the science of food and
nutrients and it includes the process of
utilizing it by the humans
3. IMPORTANCE
– Food is one of the fundamental needs of all
living organisms
– Food is important for human beings through
out wellness-illness continuum
– Diet therapy is a major treatment for disease
control (Eg: HTN , DM)
4. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Is the state of body resulting from the use
of nutrients available in the body
• Food is composed of nutrients necessary for
the body process and functions
– Carbohydrates Macronutrients
– Proteins
– Fats
– Vitamins and minerals
– Water Micronutrients
7. Factors affecting nutritional needs
• Anorexia :loss of appetite
• Psychosocial problems:
(Fear ,Anxiety, Depression and Pain)
• Problems in the sense of smell and taste
• Secondary effects of drug therapy or treatment
• Patient with difficulty in swallowing and chewing
• Chronic GI problems
• Post-operative patients
• Patient from low socioeconomic status
• Certain beliefs of patients
8. Factors affecting nutritional intake
• Decreased food intake
– Anorexia
– Psychosocial factors
– Impaired ability to smell and taste
– Can develop secondary effect to drug therapy or
medical treatments
– Swallowing difficulty
– GI problems
– Surgery
– Poverty
– Consciousness
21. Signs of poor nutrition
• Hair : thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily.
• Skin : excessive bruising, bleeding, pressure
sores, poor wound healing.
• Muscles : wasting, lack of growth
• Skeletal : poor posture, painful joints, bowed
legs, increase in bone fracture
• Mental: confusion, motor weakness
22. Diagnosing
• Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than
Body Requirements
• Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than
Body Requirements
• Readiness for Enhanced Nutrition
• Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition: More
Than Body Requirements
23. Diagnosing
• Diagnostic label used as etiology
– Activity Intolerance
– Constipation
– Low Self-Esteem
– Risk for Infection
24. Planning
• Maintain or restore optimal
nutritional status
• Promote healthy nutritional practices
• Prevent complications associated
with malnutrition
• Decrease weight or regain specified
weight
25. Planning
• Planning for home care
– Provide aid with eating, purchasing
food, and preparing meals
– Instruct about nutrition therapy
– Assess client and family's abilities for
self-care, financial resources, and need
for referrals
26. Implementing
• Hospitalized client
– Provided in collaboration with the
primary care provider and the dietitian
– Reinforce information presented by
dietitian
– Create an atmosphere that encourages
eating
– Provide and assist with eating as
needed
continued on next slide
27. Implementing
• Hospitalized client
– Monitor the client's appetite and food
intake
– Administer enteral and parenteral
feedings
– Consult with primary care provider and
dietitian about nutritional problems
28. Implementing
• Assisting with special diets
– Altered diets used to treat disease,
increase/decrease weight, restore
nutritional deficit, allow organ to
rest/heal
– Diets modified in texture, kilocalories,
specific nutrients, seasonings,
consistency
continued on next slide
29. Implementing
• special diets
– Clear liquid diet
• Fluid and carbohydrates
• No adequate protein, fat, vitamins,
minerals, calories
– Full liquid diet
• Liquids or foods that turn liquid at body
temperature
• Clients with GI disturbances
continued on next slide
30. Implementing
• special diets
– Soft diet
• Low residue (low-fiber)
– Diet as tolerated
• Advance the diet if the patient is responding
as expected
continued on next slide
31. Implementing
• Assisting with special diets
– Modification for disease
• Altered metabolism
• Diabetic diet is a lifetime diet.
– Dysphagia
• Older clients, clients with cancer
• Nurses may be first to detect.
• Levels of liquid foods are thin, nectar-like,
honey-like, and spoon-thick liquids
32. Implementing
• Stimulating the appetite
– Decrease in food intake often
accompanied by decrease in fluid
intake.
– Short-term decrease not a problem, but
over time it leads to nutritional
problems.
– Determine reason for lack of appetite,
then deal with problem
33. Implementing
• Assisting clients with meals
• Be sensitive to client's feelings of
embarrassment
• Help client to feed self
• Ask order in which client would like to eat
• Use normal utensils whenever possible
• Special community nutritional services
• Meals on Wheels
34. Implementing
• Enteral nutrition
– Enteral
• Through the GI system
– Enteral access devices
• Nasogastric tube
• Nasoenteric (nasointestinal) tube
• Gastrostomy and jejunostomy devices
continued on next slide