HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
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PHILIPPINE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
The document discusses the party-list system of proportional representation in the Philippines. It is a mechanism that allows marginalized groups to gain representation in the House of Representatives. Only registered parties and organizations can participate, including sectoral, political, and sectoral organizations or coalitions. To be eligible as a nominee, one must be a natural-born citizen, registered voter, resident for at least one year, literate, and at least 25 years old. Twenty percent of House seats are reserved for party-list representatives. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party. Votes for each party are tallied nationwide and seats are allocated based on percentage of total party-list votes.
DUMAUG_INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS
This document discusses different views on the concept of politics from several influential thinkers throughout history. Plato viewed politics as governing the affairs of the polis or city-state. Aristotle believed the end of politics is to cultivate virtue in citizens. Thomas Aquinas acknowledged politics as a natural phenomenon but emphasized one's fullness comes from God. Machiavelli asserted leaders may need to act unvirtuously to maintain stability. The document concludes that politics involves power relationships that shape society and advance welfare, though not solely through governance.
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY
PowerPoint templates provide pre-designed layouts and formatting to help users create presentations quickly and easily. Templates contain placeholder text and graphics that can be replaced with the user's own content. Using templates saves time over designing presentations from scratch and helps ensure a consistent visual style across presentations.
ARTICLE 4 CITIZENSHIP AND ARTICLE 5 SUFFRAGE
This document discusses citizenship and suffrage. It defines citizenship as full membership in a political community with rights and responsibilities. There are two methods of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, by bloodline, and jus soli, by being born in the territory. The document also outlines who are considered citizens of the Philippines. It states that suffrage is a privilege granted by law, not a natural right. It describes the scope of suffrage to include elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recall.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
The document discusses concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political and administrative means. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. It lists key characteristics of good governance as legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for law. Good governance promotes democracy, rule of law, human rights, transparency, and effective public service delivery.
BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW
The document outlines key provisions of the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law, which would establish an autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoro people in the Philippines. The summary includes:
1) Passing the law would end long-standing suffering, foster unity, bring economic development, and reduce radicalism in the Bangsamoro region.
2) The law would create the Bangsamoro government, with a parliament and cabinet minister-led executive branch, and establish the Bangsamoro territory with provisions for indigenous peoples.
3) The Bangsamoro would have autonomy over certain policies like taxation, natural resources, and security forces, but remain within the Philippine national government framework.
ARTICLE 7. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTt
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses that the executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural born citizen at least 40 years old. The President serves a single 6-year term and takes an oath of office upon assuming the position. The document then examines the President's powers, including appointment, removal, control of the executive branch, military authority, pardoning powers, and foreign borrowing. It provides details on qualifications, succession, prohibitions, and notable Supreme Court cases related to the presidency.
BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW
The Bangsamoro Basic Law aims to establish an autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoro people and provide the basic framework for its government. Key aspects of the proposed law include establishing the Bangsamoro territory, creating a parliamentary-style government led by a Chief Minister and cabinet, ensuring a justice system that incorporates Sharia law, and guaranteeing fiscal autonomy and economic rights over natural resources for the Bangsamoro. It also aims to protect the rights and representation of indigenous peoples within the Bangsamoro governance structure. A plebiscite would be held to decide the law's ratification in affected areas.
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PHILIPPINE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
The document discusses the party-list system of proportional representation in the Philippines. It is a mechanism that allows marginalized groups to gain representation in the House of Representatives. Only registered parties and organizations can participate, including sectoral, political, and sectoral organizations or coalitions. To be eligible as a nominee, one must be a natural-born citizen, registered voter, resident for at least one year, literate, and at least 25 years old. Twenty percent of House seats are reserved for party-list representatives. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party. Votes for each party are tallied nationwide and seats are allocated based on percentage of total party-list votes.
DUMAUG_INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS
This document discusses different views on the concept of politics from several influential thinkers throughout history. Plato viewed politics as governing the affairs of the polis or city-state. Aristotle believed the end of politics is to cultivate virtue in citizens. Thomas Aquinas acknowledged politics as a natural phenomenon but emphasized one's fullness comes from God. Machiavelli asserted leaders may need to act unvirtuously to maintain stability. The document concludes that politics involves power relationships that shape society and advance welfare, though not solely through governance.
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY
PowerPoint templates provide pre-designed layouts and formatting to help users create presentations quickly and easily. Templates contain placeholder text and graphics that can be replaced with the user's own content. Using templates saves time over designing presentations from scratch and helps ensure a consistent visual style across presentations.
ARTICLE 4 CITIZENSHIP AND ARTICLE 5 SUFFRAGE
This document discusses citizenship and suffrage. It defines citizenship as full membership in a political community with rights and responsibilities. There are two methods of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, by bloodline, and jus soli, by being born in the territory. The document also outlines who are considered citizens of the Philippines. It states that suffrage is a privilege granted by law, not a natural right. It describes the scope of suffrage to include elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recall.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
The document discusses concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political and administrative means. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. It lists key characteristics of good governance as legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for law. Good governance promotes democracy, rule of law, human rights, transparency, and effective public service delivery.
BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW
The document outlines key provisions of the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law, which would establish an autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoro people in the Philippines. The summary includes:
1) Passing the law would end long-standing suffering, foster unity, bring economic development, and reduce radicalism in the Bangsamoro region.
2) The law would create the Bangsamoro government, with a parliament and cabinet minister-led executive branch, and establish the Bangsamoro territory with provisions for indigenous peoples.
3) The Bangsamoro would have autonomy over certain policies like taxation, natural resources, and security forces, but remain within the Philippine national government framework.
ARTICLE 7. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTt
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses that the executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural born citizen at least 40 years old. The President serves a single 6-year term and takes an oath of office upon assuming the position. The document then examines the President's powers, including appointment, removal, control of the executive branch, military authority, pardoning powers, and foreign borrowing. It provides details on qualifications, succession, prohibitions, and notable Supreme Court cases related to the presidency.
BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW
The Bangsamoro Basic Law aims to establish an autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoro people and provide the basic framework for its government. Key aspects of the proposed law include establishing the Bangsamoro territory, creating a parliamentary-style government led by a Chief Minister and cabinet, ensuring a justice system that incorporates Sharia law, and guaranteeing fiscal autonomy and economic rights over natural resources for the Bangsamoro. It also aims to protect the rights and representation of indigenous peoples within the Bangsamoro governance structure. A plebiscite would be held to decide the law's ratification in affected areas.
ARTICLE 9. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
The document discusses the three Constitutional Commissions established in the Philippines' Constitution: the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit. It outlines their common provisions, including their independent appointment powers, fiscal autonomy, and impeachment as the sole means of removal. It then details the specific powers and functions of the Civil Service Commission, including its role in appointments based on merit and qualifications. The Commission oversees the civil service and determines qualifications for positions.
ARTICLE 8 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
The judiciary, also known as the court system, interprets and applies the law, provides dispute resolution, and ensures equal justice. It consists of a Supreme Court as the highest court and lower courts. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower statutory courts established by law. The judiciary settles legal controversies and determines if other branches abused their discretion or jurisdiction.
ARTICLE 7 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses the qualifications for President, the term of office, election process, and oath. It then examines the various powers granted to the President, including executive power, power of appointment and removal, military powers, pardoning power, borrowing power, diplomatic power, budgetary power, informing power, and residual powers. It provides examples of relevant court cases and constitutional limitations on presidential powers.
ARTICLE 6. Legislative Department
Monopoly over resources or authority combined with unchecked discretion in how that power is exercised reduces accountability and enables corruption. When a group or individual has sole control without oversight in how that control is used, it can lead to abuse for private gain rather than public good. To curb corruption, monopolies need transparency and accountability in their decisions and activities.
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
DUMAUG_FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
This document outlines key elements of freedom of expression according to Article 3 of the Bill of Rights. It discusses the scope of freedom of expression, including that expression which invites dispute. It also examines modes of expression like criticism of official conduct and assembly and petition. Tests to determine liability are mentioned, such as the clear and present danger rule and balancing test. Freedom of expression is described as an instrument of liberty that allows for the free and effective communication of ideas.
DUMAUG_FREEDOM FROM UNWARRANTED SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
This document summarizes Article 3 of the Philippine Constitution, which establishes the Bill of Rights. It outlines 6 key rights: 1) due process; 2) equal protection; 3) freedom from unwarranted searches and seizures; 4) privacy of communications and correspondence; 5) freedom of expression; and 6) freedom of religion. It also describes the scope of protection for these rights, the requisites for a valid warrant, and exceptions for warrantless searches.
DUMAUG_DUE PROCESS
This course aims to help students understand key concepts related to human rights such as historical influences, major international declarations, and individual rights guaranteed by constitutions. Specifically, students will learn about the definition of terms like due process, equal protection, and freedom of expression as outlined in the Philippine Constitution's Bill of Rights. They will also gain an appreciation of the importance of protecting individual rights and applying principles of legal documents.
DUMAUG_ ARTICLE 2: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
This document outlines the principles and policies laid out in the political creed of the Philippines. It contains 28 sections divided into two parts. The first part enumerates democratic principles like civilian supremacy over the military and separation of church and state. The second part stipulates state policies such as promoting independent foreign policy, rural development, agrarian reform, and social justice. While the creed lays down fundamental guidelines, enforcement rests with the executive and legislative branches, not the courts. It can indirectly guide courts in reviewing statutes and executive acts.
DUMAUG_ARTICLE 1 OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
The document summarizes key facts about the geography and territorial boundaries of the Philippines:
1) The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia between Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and Palau.
2) The Philippines has a total land area of around 300,000 square kilometers made up of land and water areas within its islands.
3) The national territory of the Philippines includes not only its land areas but also its territorial waters, seabed, subsoil, and airspace as defined under UNCLOS.
DUMAUG_PREAMBLE OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
The document is the preamble to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It establishes that the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, drafted the constitution in order to build a just and humane society, establish a government that promotes the common good, conserves their patrimony, and secures independence, democracy, and other blessings for themselves and future generations under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace.
INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTION
This document discusses key concepts related to constitutions and constitutional law. It defines a constitution as the set of rules that govern the exercise of state power. Constitutional law involves maintaining the balance of authority between the three branches of government and individual liberties. The document outlines the purpose of constitutions in prescribing the government framework, assigning powers, establishing principles, and protecting citizen rights. It also discusses the characteristics of rigid versus flexible constitutions and the process of constitutional amendments.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions and the participation of citizens and groups. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance discussed are legitimacy, competence, accountability, and respect for the rule of law. Citizen participation, protection of rights, democratic processes, and media freedom are seen as indispensable characteristics of good governance.
HISTORY 11 CLASS CALENDAR
This document contains a classroom calendar of activities for a course on the life and works of Jose Rizal from November 2014 to March 2015. It includes dates for topics to be discussed such as Rizal's early life, education, travels, works Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, trial and execution. It also schedules quizzes, exams, film showings and due dates for assignments. The calendar provides an overview of the course schedule and assessments for a unit on Rizal.
HISTORY 10.1 CLASSROOM CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES
This document contains a classroom calendar of activities for a Philippine History and Institutions class taught by Mr. R.Y. Dumaug, Jr. The calendar lists various dates from November 2014 to March 2015 and includes items like quizzes, seatwork, notebook checks, film showings, exhibits of final projects, assignment deadlines, and examinations. Key events covered include the pre-Hispanic Philippines, Spanish colonial society, the Japanese invasion and occupation, the reform and revolutionary movement, and globalization and the future of the Philippines.
Scientific Evidence of Health Effects from Coal Use in Energy Generation
Coal combustion for energy generation produces air pollutants that negatively impact human health. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from coal-fired power plants cause respiratory effects like decreased lung function and increased illness. Long-term exposure to particulate matter also increases risk of lung cancer. Coal combustion also contributes to cardiovascular and neurologic disease as well as low birth weight and preterm births. An estimated 210,000 deaths and over 2 million illnesses occur annually worldwide due to health effects of air pollution from coal-fired power plants.
DIRTY KILOWATTS America’s Most Polluting Power Plants
This document provides a summary of the Environmental Integrity Project's report on America's most polluting power plants. It finds that while emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are declining, carbon dioxide emissions remain steady at around 2.5 billion tons per year. The top 50 power plant polluters are identified for each pollutant based on emission rates and total annual emissions. The report highlights how a small number of older plants continue to emit disproportionate amounts of pollution and calls for holding the electric power industry accountable for cleaning up the dirtiest plants.
COAL IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of coal production and use in the United States and China. It finds that coal mining causes significant health and safety risks for miners in both countries, with China's coal mining industry being the most dangerous in the world. Surface coal mining also leads to destruction of terrestrial habitats, particularly through mountain top removal practices. Both countries rely heavily on coal for electricity generation, with over half of power coming from coal-fired plants. Burning coal releases air pollutants that harm public health and contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions.
FORMAL NOTICE FOR THE CDP ILIGAN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY
The district chairman of Iligan City calls a district assembly and officer elections for the Centrist Democratic Party on September 6th. The agenda includes electing district council officers, delegates, approving party stances, membership and finances, and preparing for upcoming regional and national meetings. Members are requested to contribute P150 for food and refreshments. Contact information is provided for any questions about the event.
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance period saw a revival of classical Greco-Roman ideas in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. This cultural and intellectual movement was spurred by increased trade and wealth in Italian city-states, which exposed people to new ideas. Major developments included the printing press spreading knowledge, Copernicus and Galileo challenging the Church's geocentric view of the universe, and the Protestant Reformation questioning Church authority. The subsequent Enlightenment applied reason to philosophy, government, and society, promoting ideas of individual rights and challenging absolute monarchies. Thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France seeking more democratic forms of government.
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ARTICLE 9. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
The document discusses the three Constitutional Commissions established in the Philippines' Constitution: the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit. It outlines their common provisions, including their independent appointment powers, fiscal autonomy, and impeachment as the sole means of removal. It then details the specific powers and functions of the Civil Service Commission, including its role in appointments based on merit and qualifications. The Commission oversees the civil service and determines qualifications for positions.
ARTICLE 8 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
The judiciary, also known as the court system, interprets and applies the law, provides dispute resolution, and ensures equal justice. It consists of a Supreme Court as the highest court and lower courts. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower statutory courts established by law. The judiciary settles legal controversies and determines if other branches abused their discretion or jurisdiction.
ARTICLE 7 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses the qualifications for President, the term of office, election process, and oath. It then examines the various powers granted to the President, including executive power, power of appointment and removal, military powers, pardoning power, borrowing power, diplomatic power, budgetary power, informing power, and residual powers. It provides examples of relevant court cases and constitutional limitations on presidential powers.
ARTICLE 6. Legislative Department
Monopoly over resources or authority combined with unchecked discretion in how that power is exercised reduces accountability and enables corruption. When a group or individual has sole control without oversight in how that control is used, it can lead to abuse for private gain rather than public good. To curb corruption, monopolies need transparency and accountability in their decisions and activities.
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
DUMAUG_FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
This document outlines key elements of freedom of expression according to Article 3 of the Bill of Rights. It discusses the scope of freedom of expression, including that expression which invites dispute. It also examines modes of expression like criticism of official conduct and assembly and petition. Tests to determine liability are mentioned, such as the clear and present danger rule and balancing test. Freedom of expression is described as an instrument of liberty that allows for the free and effective communication of ideas.
DUMAUG_FREEDOM FROM UNWARRANTED SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
This document summarizes Article 3 of the Philippine Constitution, which establishes the Bill of Rights. It outlines 6 key rights: 1) due process; 2) equal protection; 3) freedom from unwarranted searches and seizures; 4) privacy of communications and correspondence; 5) freedom of expression; and 6) freedom of religion. It also describes the scope of protection for these rights, the requisites for a valid warrant, and exceptions for warrantless searches.
DUMAUG_DUE PROCESS
This course aims to help students understand key concepts related to human rights such as historical influences, major international declarations, and individual rights guaranteed by constitutions. Specifically, students will learn about the definition of terms like due process, equal protection, and freedom of expression as outlined in the Philippine Constitution's Bill of Rights. They will also gain an appreciation of the importance of protecting individual rights and applying principles of legal documents.
DUMAUG_ ARTICLE 2: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
This document outlines the principles and policies laid out in the political creed of the Philippines. It contains 28 sections divided into two parts. The first part enumerates democratic principles like civilian supremacy over the military and separation of church and state. The second part stipulates state policies such as promoting independent foreign policy, rural development, agrarian reform, and social justice. While the creed lays down fundamental guidelines, enforcement rests with the executive and legislative branches, not the courts. It can indirectly guide courts in reviewing statutes and executive acts.
DUMAUG_ARTICLE 1 OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
The document summarizes key facts about the geography and territorial boundaries of the Philippines:
1) The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia between Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and Palau.
2) The Philippines has a total land area of around 300,000 square kilometers made up of land and water areas within its islands.
3) The national territory of the Philippines includes not only its land areas but also its territorial waters, seabed, subsoil, and airspace as defined under UNCLOS.
DUMAUG_PREAMBLE OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
The document is the preamble to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It establishes that the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, drafted the constitution in order to build a just and humane society, establish a government that promotes the common good, conserves their patrimony, and secures independence, democracy, and other blessings for themselves and future generations under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace.
INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTION
This document discusses key concepts related to constitutions and constitutional law. It defines a constitution as the set of rules that govern the exercise of state power. Constitutional law involves maintaining the balance of authority between the three branches of government and individual liberties. The document outlines the purpose of constitutions in prescribing the government framework, assigning powers, establishing principles, and protecting citizen rights. It also discusses the characteristics of rigid versus flexible constitutions and the process of constitutional amendments.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions and the participation of citizens and groups. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance discussed are legitimacy, competence, accountability, and respect for the rule of law. Citizen participation, protection of rights, democratic processes, and media freedom are seen as indispensable characteristics of good governance.
HISTORY 11 CLASS CALENDAR
This document contains a classroom calendar of activities for a course on the life and works of Jose Rizal from November 2014 to March 2015. It includes dates for topics to be discussed such as Rizal's early life, education, travels, works Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, trial and execution. It also schedules quizzes, exams, film showings and due dates for assignments. The calendar provides an overview of the course schedule and assessments for a unit on Rizal.
HISTORY 10.1 CLASSROOM CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES
This document contains a classroom calendar of activities for a Philippine History and Institutions class taught by Mr. R.Y. Dumaug, Jr. The calendar lists various dates from November 2014 to March 2015 and includes items like quizzes, seatwork, notebook checks, film showings, exhibits of final projects, assignment deadlines, and examinations. Key events covered include the pre-Hispanic Philippines, Spanish colonial society, the Japanese invasion and occupation, the reform and revolutionary movement, and globalization and the future of the Philippines.
Scientific Evidence of Health Effects from Coal Use in Energy Generation
Coal combustion for energy generation produces air pollutants that negatively impact human health. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from coal-fired power plants cause respiratory effects like decreased lung function and increased illness. Long-term exposure to particulate matter also increases risk of lung cancer. Coal combustion also contributes to cardiovascular and neurologic disease as well as low birth weight and preterm births. An estimated 210,000 deaths and over 2 million illnesses occur annually worldwide due to health effects of air pollution from coal-fired power plants.
DIRTY KILOWATTS America’s Most Polluting Power Plants
This document provides a summary of the Environmental Integrity Project's report on America's most polluting power plants. It finds that while emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are declining, carbon dioxide emissions remain steady at around 2.5 billion tons per year. The top 50 power plant polluters are identified for each pollutant based on emission rates and total annual emissions. The report highlights how a small number of older plants continue to emit disproportionate amounts of pollution and calls for holding the electric power industry accountable for cleaning up the dirtiest plants.
COAL IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of coal production and use in the United States and China. It finds that coal mining causes significant health and safety risks for miners in both countries, with China's coal mining industry being the most dangerous in the world. Surface coal mining also leads to destruction of terrestrial habitats, particularly through mountain top removal practices. Both countries rely heavily on coal for electricity generation, with over half of power coming from coal-fired plants. Burning coal releases air pollutants that harm public health and contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions.
FORMAL NOTICE FOR THE CDP ILIGAN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY
The district chairman of Iligan City calls a district assembly and officer elections for the Centrist Democratic Party on September 6th. The agenda includes electing district council officers, delegates, approving party stances, membership and finances, and preparing for upcoming regional and national meetings. Members are requested to contribute P150 for food and refreshments. Contact information is provided for any questions about the event.
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance period saw a revival of classical Greco-Roman ideas in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. This cultural and intellectual movement was spurred by increased trade and wealth in Italian city-states, which exposed people to new ideas. Major developments included the printing press spreading knowledge, Copernicus and Galileo challenging the Church's geocentric view of the universe, and the Protestant Reformation questioning Church authority. The subsequent Enlightenment applied reason to philosophy, government, and society, promoting ideas of individual rights and challenging absolute monarchies. Thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France seeking more democratic forms of government.
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