HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

1. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
Psychiatry = branch of medicine
Concerned with the study and treatment
of disorders of mental function.
1. Philippe Pine (1732 – 1815): medico
– Philosophical Treatise on Mental
Alienation. Third Edition: Distinction
of the Different Species of Alienation;
“moral treatment”
2. Jean Etienne Esquirol (1772 – 1840):
On mental illness
3. Jean Itad (1774 - 1838): The first
developments of the young savage of
Aveyron

2. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
4. Pierre Briquet (1796 – 1881): Clinical
and Therapeutic Treatise on Hysteria
5. Jacques – Joseph Moreau (1804 –
1884): On hashish and on mental
Alienation. Physiology, introduction
6. Benedict Augustin Morel (1809 – 1873):
Treatise on mental Diseases
7. Jules Baillarger (1809 – 1890): Dual Form
of Insanity
8. Charles Laseque (1816 – 1883) and Jules
Falret (1824 – 1902): Shared delusion

3. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
9. Jean – Martin Charcot (1825-93):
Eighteenth lesson, concerning six cases of
hysteria in men.
10.Jules Cotard (1840-1889): Studies on
cerebral and mental diseases. On
Nihlistic Delusion
11.Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939): Studied
under Charcot in Paris. Father of
psychoanalysis, theory of the Unconscious
12. Gilles de la Tourette (1857 – 1904): Study
on a Nervous Disorder characterized by
lack of motor-coordination accompanied
by echolalia and coprolalia.

4. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
13. Alfred Binet (1857 – 1911): The
measurement of intelligence
14. Emil Kraeplin (1856 – 1926): Dementia
praecox
15. Eugene Bleuler (1857 – 1939):
Schizophrenia
16. Pierre Janet (1857 – 1949): Doubling
of the personality, mental accidents of
hysterics
17. Henri Ey (1900 – 1979): The
psychopathology of Pierre Janet and
the dynamic conception of psychiatry.

5. OTHER MORE RECENT LANDMARK CONTRIBUTIONS
(a) Shneider – First rank symptoms of
schizophrenia (German)
(b) Langfeldt G (scandiavia) Affective
symptoms in schizophrenia
(c) Andreason and assessment of negative
symptoms in schizophrenia.
AFRICA
1. E.B. Forster in Ghana
2. T.A. Lambo in Nigeria,
T. Asuni in Nigeria

6. OTHER MORE RECENT LANDMARK CONTRIBUTIONS
AFRICA
3. Henri Collomb in Dakar (Senegal)
4. Tigani El Mahi in Khatoum, Sudan,
T. Baasher in Khatoum, Sudan,
E. Suleiman in Khatoum, Sudan

7. DEVELOPMENT IN:
DIAGNOSIS
(i) Psychiatric history
(ii) Standardized interview PSE
(iii) ICD 10 – 11
(iv) DSM – IV – V
(v) IGDA (WPA) International guidelines
for diagnostic assessments (history,
cultural and clinical perspectives)
IDIOGRAPHIC FORMULATION

8. DEVELOPMENT IN:
1. Neuro-transmitters e.g.
(a) Dopamine hypothesis
(b) Nor epinephrine activity
(c) GABA as an inhibitory
neurotransmitter
2. Neuro-degenerative changes in different
parts of the brain, Limbic system
3. Brain Imaging
CT Scans of schiz: enlargement of
lateral and ventricles in 10 – 50% of
schiz., 10 -35% - cortical atrophy

9. DEVELOPMENT IN:
Brain metabolism – Imaging
(a) CSF studies
(b) Positron Emission Tomography
(PET) shows O2 consumption in
different parts of the brain
(c) EEG
TREATMENT
1. MEDICATION
Antipsychotic including SGAM:
second generation antipsychotic
medication

10. DEVELOPMENT IN:
TREATMENT
1. MEDICATION
Antidepressants – SSRI
Antimanics – Lithium, carbamazepine
2. PSYCHOTHERAPY: supportive and
reconstructive psychotherapy
(a) psychoanalysis
(b) Origin of symptoms

11. DEVELOPMENT IN:
(a) Psychoanalysis
A dynamic conception, which reduced
mental life into an interplay of
reciprocally urging and checking forces
(b) Origin of symptoms
Unconscious forces
Defence mechanisms
The symptoms
Hallucinations
Delusions
Illusions

12. DEVELOPMENT IN:
TEXT FOR FURTHER READING
1. Problems in the classification of
personality disorders (1987)
psychological medicine, 17, 15-20
2. Type A behaviour:
Hostility
Competitiveness
Ambitiousness
A chronic sense of urgency
A pre-occupation with deadliness

13. TEXT FOR FURTHER READING
(b) Feighner, JP et al (1972):
Diagnostic Criteria for use in
psychiatric research, Archives of
Gen. Psychiat. 26, 57-63
(c) Munchausen Syndrome – Asher
(1951): The Lancet 260, 339
(d) Spitzer, RL & others: (1978):
Research diagnostic criteria:
Rationale & reliability. Archives of
Gen. Psychiat. 35, 775-782.

14. FACE VALIDITY
The extent of face validity can be
said to be directly proportional to the
number of approving faces and the
wisdom of the people behind those
faces.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Examinations are formidable even to
the best prepared, for the greatest
fool may ask more than the wisest
man can answer – Charles Kaleb Colton