History of Pharmacy | L 4|Empiric, Industrialization, Patient Care Era| Pharmacist Tayyeb Official

Physical Pharmacy Lecture Series
Pharmacy
History
Lecture# 04 Empiric Era (1600 to 1940)
By: Pharmacist Tayyeb Official

History of Pharmacy
• Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD)
• Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey)
• Muslim Era or Golden Era
• Empiric Era (1600 to 1940 AD)
• Industrialization Era (1940 to 1970AD)
• Patient Care Era (1970AD to present)
• Biotechnology and genetic
engineering

Empiric Era (1600 to 1940)
History of Pharmacy (Empiric Era)

• Interested in testing of drugs and thinking
about how they affected the body (MOA).
• Pharmacopoeias were prepared and used
to protect public health in boarder way.
• They start discussion about toxicological
affects on the human body (specimen).
• Roots, Herbs, Flowers, fruit, Bark, etc. that
have therapeutic value, were used and
controlled by the government.

Karl (Wilhelm Scheele) (Carl): (1742-1786)

• Karl, the son of a German merchant, was born in a
part of Germany.
• In 1757 Karl was apprenticed to a pharmacist
in Gothenburg, Sweden.
• His interest in Chemistry arose during his
apprenticeship, and he read extensively and
experimented frequently with the large variety of
chemicals available to him.
• In 1765 he finished his apprenticeship and moved to
Malmo Sweden, to work at a pharmacy.

• Karl, worked in all of the existing fields of
chemistry.
• On his deathbed,
• Karl, married the widow of the town’s
former apothecary (pharmacy),
• who had stayed on as his housekeeper,
• in order to transfer the pharmacy and
his other assets to her.

Karl (Wilhelm Scheele): (1742-1786)
• He isolate or introduced or studied to
world following items;
• Tartaric Acid
• Black magnesia
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Chlorine (gas)
• Manganese
• Barium Oxide
• arsenic acid, molybdic acid, and tungstic acid

First Hospital in Empiric
Era:
• In 1751 Benjamin
Franklin started the
first hospital.
• In Pennsylvania,
PA.
• It was moved but
still stands today.

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823 AD)
Small Pox

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823 AD):
• He was a British physician and scientist
• who pioneered the concept of vaccines
• including creating the smallpox vaccine,
• the world's first ever vaccine.
• The terms vaccine and vaccination are
• derived from Variolae vaccinae (cowpox).
• In the West,
• Jenner is often called "the father of
immunology", and
• his work is said to have "saved more lives
than the work of any other human".

• Small pox is highly contiguous disease cause by Variola
virus. One of major killer (1 to 10 billion) in human
history but know fortunate it is irradiated from world.
• Small pox virus belongs to family Poxviridae and it is
DNA virus.
• Origin of disease is mysterious but we found it on
Egyptian mommy's.
• Mortality rate in adult is 30% and 90% in infant.
• Virus transmitted from human to human by air by
coughing and sneezing of infected person.

• Incubation period of this virus is 10-14 days.
• After incubation period a high fever is appeared.
• Virus have effect on skin cell that start from rash and
individual spot is called macules, when macules rose
over skin called papules, and when papules fills with
pus called pustules. The pus leaks out and forming
scar allover the body which left the survival disfigure
or sometime blind.
• Death occur due to failure of multiple organ failure
most noticeable lung failure.

• Famous survivors of smallpox are:
• George Washington
• Abraham Lincoln
• Joseph Stalin
• Vaccination are discovered in India and china around
10th century and regular practices in 16th century.
• Practice is called Variolation. Variolation is of two
ways.
• 1st way (inoculated healthy person with the pus of
infected person.)
• 2nd ways is dissected scar from patient and grinded it
into powder and it is inhaled by healthy person.

• This virolation procedure brought to the Europe and
some changing occur to make it more safe.
• He inoculated small boy with cow pox and by made him
immune to small pox.
• However this was unethical at that time but Jenner’s
reputation sold after successful strategy on 23 patients.
• Jenner’s called the treatment is vaccination which
derived from Latin word vacca means cow.
• Virolation was outlawed in 1840 and Jenner protocol
now approved method of inoculation.
• Mortality after adopted new procedure drop down to the
1 to 2 cases out of million.

• Napoleon Bonaparte after vaccinated its entire army
called Jenner is one of the great benefactors of mankind.
• The last known out break occurred in Yugoslavia in 1972
when a Muslims return to Iraq and fell ill and recovery
quickly. When a man in contact fell ill and treated with
Pencillin and rash and death is occur in reaction to
antibiotics. The out break was controlled by immunized
entire population of around 18 million.
• Total of 175 cases registered with 35 death.
• The last verified case of smallpox occurred in 1979.
• In 1980, WHO declared that smallpox is eradicated from
the world.

In 1821,
• he was appointed physician to King George IV, and
was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the
peace.
• A member of the Royal Society, in the field of
zoology he was among the first to describe the
brood parasitism of the cuckoo (Aristotle also noted
this behavior in History of Animals).
• In 2002, Jenner was named in the BBC's list of the
100 Greatest Britons.

FRIEDRICK SERTURNER
(1783-1841)

FRIEDRICK SERTURNER: (1783-1841)
• He was a German pharmacist and a
pioneer of alkaloid chemistry.
• He is best known for his discovery of
morphine in 1804.
• He was the first to isolate morphine
from opium.
• He called the
isolated alkaloid "morphium" after the
Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.

• He published a comprehensive paper on its
• isolation,
• crystallization,
• crystal structure, and
• pharmacological properties,
• which he studied first in stray dogs and
• then in self-experiments.
• Morphine
• was not only the first alkaloid to be extracted from
opium,
• but the first ever alkaloid to be isolated from any
plant.

• He became the first person
• to isolate the active ingredient associated with
a medicinal plant or herb.
• The branch of science that he originated has since
become known as alkaloid chemistry.
• In 1817,
• he was awarded an honorary doctorate
from Jena University.
• In 1831,
• he received the Montyon Prize and the title
‘Benefactor of Humanity’.

• After his parents died,
• he became a pharmacist's apprentice in
Paderborn.
• In 1806,
• he moved to Einbeck, working as a pharmacists'
assistant.
• In 1809,
• he opened the first pharmacy he owned,
in Einbeck.
• He continued to investigate the effects
of morphine.

Physical Pharmacy Lecture Series
Sr# Title of lecture
1 Pharmacy Orientation
2 History of pharmacy (Ancient Era)
3 History of pharmacy (Muslims' Era)
4 History of pharmacy (empiric Era)
5 Official book used in pharmacy
6 Solution (basic)
7 Solution (concentration expression)
8 Solution (partition coefficient)
9 Solution (Ideal Vs Real Solution)
10 Solution (colligative properties)

JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH
CAVENTOU: (1795- 1877)

JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH CAVENTOU: (1795-
1877)
• They were French and isolated several
alkaloids like
• strychnine and brucine from nux
vomica and
• quinine and cinchonine from cinchona.

JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH CAVENTOU: (1795- 1877)
• Pelletier together with Pierre Robiquet
isolated caffeine and Robiquet
independently separated codeine from
opium.
• Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (30 June 1795 –
5 May 1877) was a French pharmacist.
• He was a professor at the École de
Pharmacie (School of Pharmacy) in Paris.

• He collaborated with Pierre-Joseph
Pelletier in a Parisian laboratory
located behind an apothecary.
• He was a pioneer in the use of mild
solvents to isolate a number of active
ingredients from plants, making a
study of alkaloids from vegetables.

• Among their successes were the
isolation of the following compounds:
Year
Isolated
compound(s)
Source
1817 Chlorophyll
1817 Emetine Ipecacuanha
1818 Strychnine Nux vomica
1819 Brucine Nux vomica
1820
Cinchonine
and quinine
Cinchona
bark
1821 Caffeine

• Quinine sulfate later proved to be an important
remedy for the disease malaria.
• Quinine is the active anti-malarial ingredient in the
bark of cinchona tree.
• Neither of the partners chose to patent their
discovery of this compound, releasing it for everybody
to use.
• In 1823 they discovered nitrogen in alkaloid
compounds. Other compounds they discovered
include colchicine and veratrine.
• The crater Caventou on the Moon is named after him
in 1976.

The first hospital pharmacist to
work in that hospital was Jonathan
Roberts.

William Proctor (1817- 1874)

William Proctor:
• “The father of American
Pharmacy”.
• Spent most of his life to the
advancement of pharmacy.
• He owned an medicine shop,
teacher, editor and a scientist.

William Proctor Jr.: (1817- 1874)
• He was an American pharmacist.
• He graduated from the Philadelphia College
of Pharmacy in 1837.
• He is known for his role in establishing
the American Pharmacists Association and
his work on the United State Pharmacopeia.
• He was the author/editor of the first
pharmacy textbook published in America.
• He is generally regarded as the Father
of American Pharmacy.

William Proctor: (1817- 1874)
• Procter served in an era when pharmacy was a
wide open, unregulated field.
• Anyone could sell drugs.
• Drug kits were supplied by jobbers.
• Drugs were sold by general stores, by physicians,
or by almost anyone with no training required.
• In addition to drugs, drug stores sold a variety of
materials including chemicals, dyes, poisons like
arsenic, and even paints and oils.
• Most drugs came from botanicals, but importers
had no way to assess quality.

• Procter entered the field through an
apprenticeship with Henry M. Zollickoffer in
1831 in Philadelphia.
• Elias Durand, a nearby pharmacist trained in
France, encouraged Procter to pursue
investigations.
• He attended the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy graduating in 1837.
• In 1844, he opened a shop of his own.

• Rather than a soda fountain, his shop
included a laboratory and a writing area
where he wrote scientific papers, practical
articles, and editorials.
• He investigated a series of volatile oils.
• He experimented with new methods and
apparatus.
• Results were published in the American
Journal of Pharmacy.

New drug and chemical:
• Science grew in the 17th and 18th
centuries.
• Many new drugs and chemicals
were identified.
• Nitrogen,
• Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen,
• Atropine,
• Quinine, Caffeine, Morphine, Codeine, Penicillin,
Testosterone, Phenobarbital, Niacin.

Industrialization Era
(1940-1970 AD)
History of Pharmacy

Industrialization Era (1940-70):
• American Civil War (1861-1865)
• North part (Industry)
• South part (Agriculture)
• Abraham Lincoln were assassinated.
• World War I (1914-1918)
• More people needed drugs for injuries and illnesses from
the wars,
• so mass production of medications were made through
industrial machines.
History of Pharmacy

• Scientific research was also growing in
the industrial era. Investigations into
medicines and their effects were studied.
• Due to all the research many new drugs
and uses of old drugs were being used
which caused more reactions and
interactions with medications. Which is
why the patient care era is called that.
History of Pharmacy
Industrial Era (1940 to 1970)

Patient Care Era
(1970 AD- Now)
History of Pharmacy

• New problems
• Complications like
• allergic reactions,
• multiple drug interactions with
other drugs and food.
• Increased the therapeutic duties
of patient care in the pharmacies
and hospitals.
History of Pharmacy
Patient Era (1970 to Now)

• Biotechnology and genetic
engineering (Now to Future)
History of Pharmacy

Biotechnology Era(Now to the future):
DNA AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
History of Pharmacy

Gene therapy:
• Gene therapy is being
conducted.
• Some diseases are linked to
genetic defects.
• Modifying the genetic makeup
of people may prevent or cure
diseases.
History of Pharmacy

Recombinant DNA technology:
• Recombinant DNA is a form of
synthetic DNA that is engineered
through the combination or
insertion of one or more DNA
strands, thereby combining DNA
sequences that would not
normally occur together.
• Genetic modification.
History of Pharmacy

• Human being found out many benefits of
trademarks earlier as
• a way of identity of supply,
• gaining customers’ confidence and
• customers’ attention.
• Before 500 B.C. in Mediterranean island of
Lemnos,
• first medicinal agent found which have
mark as trademark.
• Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) (a clay tablet).
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)
Trademark 1st Time

• Each year
• clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian
hillside
• in the presence of governmental and
spiritual representatives.
• Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of official
thickness,
• the clay was formed into tablet or pill and
• make an impression on pill with an official
seal, then sun-dried.
• These pill were then distributed for commercial purpose.
History of Pharmacy (Ancient Era)
Trademark 1st Time

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History of Pharmacy | L 4|Empiric, Industrialization, Patient Care Era| Pharmacist Tayyeb Official

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History of Pharmacy | L 4|Empiric, Industrialization, Patient Care Era| Pharmacist Tayyeb Official