This document discusses different types of standards - de facto standards, de jure standards, and forum standards. De facto standards emerge through market competition and becoming dominant, like Windows. De jure standards are developed through a transparent democratic process by organizations like ISO and IEC. Forum standards are a newer type where companies form a group to agree on a standard before releasing products, to avoid risks to companies and consumers of the market deciding later.

2. are two terms that are often confused as terms that
convey the same meaning. Actually, there are
differences between the two words. The word
‘government’ is used in the sense of ‘a body that
prescribes the rules and regulations pertaining to
governing a country’. On the other hand, the word
‘politics’ is used in the sense of ‘a branch of knowledge
that deals with affairs of state’. This is the main
difference between the two words.

3. Government refers to the group of people that run the
country. On the other hand, politics refers to the
process followed by the leaders of political groups
who rule the country. As a matter of fact, the path of
the government is free from the interference by the
common man. On the other hand, politics has the
involvement of the common man to a greater extent.
This is one of the main differences between
government and politics.
Government is found only in the act of ruling the
states and districts. On the other hand, politics can be
found in every discipline for that matter.

4. Politics can be seen in education, cultural relationships,
sports, arts and the like. Government is all about
administration. On the other hand, politics is
all about affairs of the government.
Politics deals with the role of the opposition leaders too.
On the other hand, government deals with the rule by the
elected party. In other words, the
elected party alone is fit to form the government. The
opposition party that contributes to politics cannot form
the government. On the other hand, the
allied parties of the elected party can become a part of
the government. These parties can lend a helping hand to
the elected party. These are the differences
between government and politics.

6. The state as a person of international law
should possess the following qualifications:
(a) a permanent population (people)
(b) a defined territory;
(c) government (political authority)
(d) capacity to enter into relations with the
other states (diplomat recognition or
sovereignty).

7. A state is an organization of human beings living
together as a community. The population of a state
comprises all individuals who, in principle, inhabit
the
territory in a permanent way. It may consist of
nationals and foreigners. As has repeatedly been
pointed out by doctrine, the requirement of a
population is not
necessarily an equivalent of the requirement of
nationality.

8. The population of a state need not be completely
homogeneous in culture, language, race or
otherwise. Indeed, it is even rare, except for Micro-States, to
find a State with a homogeneous people. International law
does not require a minimum
number of inhabitants constituting a State. The smallest
number of nationals in a Micro-State can be found in Nauru
and in Monaco. This figure can be even
lower if we take into account that theoretically Pitcairn with
52 inhabitants has the right to opt for statehood by virtue of
its right to self-determination
. No reservations have been made by the international
community with respect to statehood because of the limited
number of nationals of Micro-States, even if
the nationals were outnumbered by foreign residents.

9. The functions of a State, a political and legal community of
human beings, must first of all be exercised in a given
territory.
Territory is a geographical area that is owned and controlled
by a government or country to exercise such state sovereignty.
Therefore, most of legal professors give and conclude the
definition of the territory that territory clearly comprises and
refers to land territory which
belongs to state and individuals, internal waters and
territorial sea (straits) which state claims for sovereignty, and
the airspace above this territory.

10. It is required that the State must consist of a certain
coherent territory effectively governed and the
territory of a State need not be exactly fixed by
definite frontiers.
“A defined geographical area” the existence of Micro-
State with minimum land territory such as Monaco
(1.95 square kilometer), and the Vatican City
(0.44 square kilometer) leads to the conclusion that
no minimum size is required for the territory, as this
element was never a reason for denying statehood.

11. The government is the executive branch of the state and has the
role to administer the state uniformly in the following aspects:
political, economic, social,
cultural, use of natural resources, environmental protection,
national defense and security, and foreign affairs.
Form of state is defined depending on the constitution drafted,
generally structure of state can be divided into: unitary state and
federal state, this
probably affects the government in exercising limit on its power.

12. Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme,
independent authority over a territory. It can be found
in a power to rule and make law that rests on a
political fact for which no purely legal explanation can
be provided. The definition of “the Sovereignty” is
quite similar to “the Independence” and they
mostly used along together.

14. standards are developed going through a transparent and
democratic procedure. As companies bring their products
to the market based on de jure standards, they do not
impose excessive burden on corporations or consumers.
However, development of de jure standards takes a long
time. They are not suitable for products with short cycle
such as IT-related products. As a result, a new type of
standards “forum standards” has been introduced recently,
which adopts the positive parts of both de fact standards
and de jure standards. Influential companies get together
to form a standard before bringing products to the market,
so that neither companies nor consumers need to take
risks.

15. standard is a standard that achieved its status as a result
of market competition. For example, Windows for
personal computers or VHS for
video cartridge recorders are typical de facto standards.
A process that a product becomes a standard after it is
brought to the market and exposed to competition is
called the “classical model”.
For this instance, such case as Microsoft which
maintains monopoly in the market is quite unusual. It
is more common that several companies form a group,
and those several groups make competition among each
other and the winner is determined.

16. A process that a winner is determined after products are
brought to the market imposes a heavy burden on
companies as they already have completed their
capital investment. Consumers also get lost, as even if
they purchased products, those styles may no longer be
seen in the market some time later.
A good example is that consumers felt inconvenience if
they had bought video tapes of beta system for some
time as they only saw those of VHS system some
time later and those tapes previously bought could not
be used anymore.

17. On the other hand, de jure standards are standards that
are developed after going through a certain procedure.
Those standards developed by ISO or IEC are
developed through a procedure that experts gather from
all over the world and discuss on standardization
proposals, which are finally approved through
voting by national standards institutes. Japan’s
standards JIS are also developed going through a
procedure that JISC first deliberate a proposal and
competent Ministers finally make decision to
incorporate the proposed standards in the JIS.