briefly describes historical developments of railways in india

1. RAILWAYS

2. CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORT
• ON BASIS OF SURFACE:
– LAND---- RAILWAYS ROAD WAYS,CABLE WAYS AND ROPE WAYS
– WATER –CANAL WAYS , RIVERWAYS OCEAN WAYS ETC
– AIR-AIR WAYS
• ON BASIS OF COMMUNICATION
– HUMAN PORTER,ANIMAL, ROAD, RAIL, AIR WATER ,PIPELINE ,
CONVEYOR CABLE ,ROPEWAY TRANSPORT
• ON BASIS OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM
– ONE DEGREE-RAILWAYS, ROPEWAYS, PIPELINES,CABLEWAYS
– TWO DEGREE-HIGHWAY VEHICLES, SHIPS BOATS ETC.
– THREE DEGREE-AEROPLANES, SUBMAIRNES
• ON BASIS OF ENERGY USED
– HUMAN, ANIMAL, ELECTRIC, STEAM ,SOLAR, ATOMIC ,PETROL
AND DIESEL ENERGY

3. COMPARISION OF HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Characteristics Railway transport Road Transport
Tractive resistance Less-1/6th of pneumatic tyres of road More almost 5 to 6 times that of railways
Load handling capacity Heavier loads at high speeds Comparatively low
Right of entry Movement is according to schedule so not free
at all points
Free and flexible
Every one has right to ingress and egress
Operational controls Need for signaling inter locking block system
for safety and efficient movement
Not required
gradient Be minimum to sustain heavier loads Steeper gradients can be provided
Construction and maintenance cost Installing and maintenance cost is more less
Origin and destination Fixed starting and destination points Unloaded and loaded any where
Door to door service is feasible
Length of haul Transport of bulk like coal ore etc is cheaper
and easier
Transport to men and goods less than
500 Km is easy
Employment potential less high
Time consumption Longer distances more feasible though time
consuming
Shorter distances-time saving more
feasible
Suitability for hilly regions Not so suitable for hilly terrain more suitable for hilly terrain
Adaptability to size and type of load Handle all Restricted to type of vehicle
Accident rate or safety less high
Right of way less more
Net tonnes - Kms per vehicle hour high low
Horse power requirements less high

4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
• 1832-Constrcution of railway line between Chennai and Bangalore
but not contemplated
• 1844-First proposal-submitted by East India company by Mr.R.M
Stephenson
• 1849-contract to construct experimental line -160kms from Calcutta
to Mirzapur - East India company.
• 1850: contract by Indian Peninsula Railway from Mumbai to Kalyan.
• 1853-first railway line b/n Mumbai and Thane(32Kms) -18 Coaches
and driven by 3 engines.
• 1854-Train b/n Howrah and Hoogly (39Kms) was run.
• 1855-1860 -8 railway companies
• Great Indian peninsula Railway
• The East Indian Railway
• The Madras railway
• The Bombay-Baroda and Central India Railway

5. history
• 1869-1881 - Government took responsibility of railway construction,
any fresh contract was not satisfactory and cost of construction was
very high. And also famines
• 1874-1879 demanded expansion of railways for transport of food
• 1871 -Committee by British parliament to review schemes of railway
construction
• 1879 -A total of 14920 kms of railway line
• 1880- Famine commission recommended 8000 kms – recover from
famines
• 1881- Lord Hartington divided – productive , unproductive and
protective
• 1881-1897-New contracts were given to Bengal central railway
(1881), Bengal North western (1882), Rohilkhand and Kumaon (1882),
Southern Mahratta(1882), Indian midland(1885), Bengal Nagpur
(1887), Assam Bengal(1892), Burma (1897)
• 1901-Thomas Robertson discovered evils of Indian Railways
• 1905-Railway Board established – one president and two members-
dept commerce and industries.

6. history
• 1907- position did not improve. Railway board was reorganised.(1908), (1922)
• 1914-Railway kilometers 39603 in 1900- 56456 in 1914, capital outlay Rs
329.53 cr – 495.09
• 1914-21 -world war- fares increased – important constructed- km up 58776
kms
• 1920 -railway enquiry committee – chairman sir william acworth
• 1923-nationalization of railways
• 1925-Govt took management of east indian and great indian peninsula, local
train bombay to kurla started
• 1929-30-Km up to 66358, capital outlay rs 856.75 cr
• 1930-31-11 cr from railway for general revenues
• 1931-32-5 cr from rrf 4 crs from depriciation fund
• 1937-Burma – separeated – India – 3200 kms curtailed
• 1939-Km was 65850
• 1939-47-Second world war military movement
• 1947-48-Partition of India – loss 2.75 cr - India 667.43 cr –pakistan 136 cr
• 1949-50-Govt acquired control over railways
• 1950-Regrouping was done- six zones formed

7. 5 year
plan
Total exp Exp on
railways
developments
1 2378cr 257cr Rehabilitation of railway assets, helped in self-sufficiency,
chittranjan locomotive, tata engineering, locomotive
production increased, stations and railway facilities
developed.
2 4800cr 896cr New lines opened
Passenger coaches placed on line
Progress was made in electrification of railways
Rail road bridge at Mokameh opened for traffic and
foundation of brahmaputra bridge was laid.
3 7500cr 1470cr 2070 locomotives,157,133 wagons and 7879 coching
vehicles .
Doubling of 3548kmsand renewal of 3600kms
Electrification of 2400kmsand new lines of 2400kms
4 15900 1050 Modernization and improvement of operational efficiency
5 39300 2385 Resource mobilisation and optimum utilization of resources.
6 97500 5100 Stress for getting highest efficency with available resources

8. Classification of railways.
• Mainly classified in to three categories on the
basis of imp of route, traffic and per speed as
• Trunk routes
• Main lines
• Branch lines

9. Trunk routes
Consist of 6 B.G
(1.67m)and 3 M.G
(1.0m)
B.G-1.Delhi-Mughalsarai - Howrah,
2.Delhi-Kota-Mumbai,3. Delhi-Jhansi –
Napery - Chennai,
4. Howrah-Bagpur-Mumbai,
5.Mumbai-Guntakal-Chennai,6.
Howrah-Vijayawada-Chennai.
M.G 1. Lucknow-Gorakhpur-Guwahati
2. Delhi-Japur-Ahmedabad 3.Chennai-
Madurai-Trivandrum
Track standards for trunk routes
items B.G M.G
Maximum
permissible
speed
120Kmph 80Km.p.h
Rail section 52Kg/m or
heavier
37.2Kg/m
Sleeper
density
(n+7) (n+7)
Ballast Cushion 25cm below
sleeper
25cm below
sleeper
Degree of
curvature
7.5 Suitable
degree
Design speed
of new track
160Kmp.h 100Km.p.h

10. Main lines
• All other than trunk
rotes having 10
Gross Million tonnes
(G.M.T) per annum
or more for B.G and
2.5 G.M.T or more
for M.G and speed
for B.G is 100Km.p.h
and 75Km.p.h for
M.G.
Specifications for main lines
items B.G M.G
Maximum
permissible
speed
100Kmph 75 Km.p.h
Rail section 52Kg/m 37.2Kg/m
GMT/annum >=10 >=2.5
Track laying
period
20yrs 30yrs
Design speed
of new track
120Kmp.h 75Km.p.h

11. Branch lines
• All other than trunk rotes having less than 10
Gross Million tonnes (G.M.T) per annum or
more for B.G and less than 2.5 G.M.T or more
for M.G and speed for B.G is less than
100Km.p.h and less than 75Km.p.h for M.G.
• Specifications generally depend on
requirements of traffic

12. Classification based on speed
• All B.G lines are further classified in to
• Group A: speed=>160Km.p.h
central/New Delhi to Howrah by Rajdhani route.
New Delhi to Mumbai Central via Kota By Rajdhani
New Delhi to Chennai central by Grand trunk route
Howrah to Mumbai V.T via Nagpur
Group B: Speed=130Km.p.h-13 routes
Kalyan to chennai, Kharagpur to vijaywada etc.
Group c: suburban routes of Mumbai Calcutta and Delhi.
Group D: speed=100Km.p.h
Group E: Speed<100Km.p.h