Hist 140 struggle & survival group 4
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1) Jacob Young was a Dutch soldier who immigrated to New Netherland in the 17th century and established a successful trading business with local Native Americans. 2) Red Shoes was a 18th century Choctaw man who fought in wars instigated by the French against other tribes but maintained independence in dealings with Europeans. 3) Joseph Rachell was an enslaved man who gained his freedom before age 10 and became a successful merchant in Bridgetown. Rachael Pringle-Polgreen was the daughter of an enslaved woman and she took the name of the man who purchased and freed her. She opened a successful tavern business, becoming one of the first women to
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![JACOB YOUNG ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Struggle & survival 4
1) Jacob Young was a Dutch fur trader in the 17th century America who learned native languages to facilitate trade. He was accused of treason but released after a year in prison through the intervention of the courts.
2) Red Shoes was a prominent Choctaw warrior and diplomat in the 18th century Southeast. He rose to power by allying with the French but was later assassinated on their orders.
3) Thomas Peters was an enslaved man who gained freedom by fighting for the British in the Revolutionary War but was later resettled in Nova Scotia and Africa.
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Struggle & survival 4
The document summarizes biographies of five historical figures: Jacob Young, a Dutch Indian trader in Maryland in the late 1600s; Red Shoes, a 1700s Choctaw warrior and diplomat; Joseph Rachell, an 18th century shopkeeper from Barbados; Rachael Pringle-Polgreen, one of the earliest freedwoman tavern keepers from Barbados in the late 1700s; and Thomas Peters, an 18th century man from Nigeria who was kidnapped into slavery but later gained freedom.
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1) Jacob Young was a Dutch fur trader in the 17th century America who learned native languages to facilitate trade. He was accused of treason but released after a year in prison through the intervention of the courts.
2) Red Shoes was a prominent Choctaw warrior and diplomat in the 18th century Southeast. He rose to power by allying with the French but was later assassinated on their orders.
3) Thomas Peters was an enslaved man who gained freedom by fighting for the British in the Revolutionary War but was later resettled in Nova Scotia and Africa.
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The document summarizes biographies of five historical figures: Jacob Young, a Dutch Indian trader in Maryland in the late 1600s; Red Shoes, a 1700s Choctaw warrior and diplomat; Joseph Rachell, an 18th century shopkeeper from Barbados; Rachael Pringle-Polgreen, one of the earliest freedwoman tavern keepers from Barbados in the late 1700s; and Thomas Peters, an 18th century man from Nigeria who was kidnapped into slavery but later gained freedom.
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The document provides information on various topics related to European colonization of North America, including the international slave trade to Brazil, the Dutch and Portuguese empires, English and French colonies, and Native Americans. Specifically, it discusses how between 3.6-5 million slaves were transported to Brazil over centuries, how the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Asian trade routes, the founding and growth of English colonies in North America, the slow colonization of New France compared to English colonies, and that Native Americans lived in independent nations across North America when Europeans first arrived.
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This document profiles several individuals who struggled and survived during the colonial era:
1) Catarina de Monte Sinay was a nun in Brazil who invested money from her business ventures to renovate her convent, violating church law but providing support during an economic downturn.
2) Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de Escobar were slaves in Mexico who helped destroy the restrictive colonial social order through their relationship and children.
3) Squanto was the last of the Patuxet tribe who helped facilitate good relations between European colonists and Native Americans through trade and agriculture.
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Source A fully describes the reasons for William Wilberforce's campaign to abolish the British slave trade. It explains that John Newton convinced Wilberforce to join the abolitionist cause and that Wilberforce used evidence gathered by abolitionists to try to persuade Parliament over 18 years, failing at first due to opposition from slave traders.
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The document summarizes the supernatural beliefs of pre-Spanish Filipinos based on writings from Spanish colonizers. It describes that ancient Filipinos believed in a supreme god called Bathala and lesser gods. They also worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos through carved idols and sacrifices. Spanish writer Father Plasencia categorized 12 types of pagan priests in Filipino society that involved practices like witchcraft, healing, divination, and gender non-conforming roles. These priests were seen as devil worshippers by Christian Spanish colonizers.
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William Wilberforce was a British politician in the late 1700s and early 1800s who was prominent in the struggle to abolish the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire. After converting to Christianity, he felt called to promote Christian ethics in public life. He introduced numerous bills to Parliament over two decades seeking to outlaw the slave trade, all of which failed to pass initially. However, he persisted in his efforts. The slave trade was abolished in 1807 and slavery was abolished in 1833, shortly before Wilberforce's death.
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1) Jacques Cartier explored the Maritimes and St. Lawrence River in the 1530s and 1540s, claiming land for France and founding settlements that ultimately failed.
2) Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, establishing the first permanent French colony in New France.
3) New France grew slowly due to its system of seigneurial land grants and the Company of One Hundred Associates' focus on the fur trade over settlement.
4) France lost New France after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, ceding the territory to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
The peasant's Revolt, by Alejandro García Garrido
The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in England was sparked by high taxes imposed to fund the war with France, including a new poll tax. The peasants were already unhappy with the poor conditions they faced, working very hard for little pay under their lords. John Ball preached that all people were equal in God's eyes. Led by Wat Tyler, the peasants rose up in revolt, killing landowners and burning homes as they marched toward London to demand changes from the young King Richard II.
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The Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 by the Virginia Company as the first permanent English colony in North America. The original 104 colonists struggled greatly, with over 60% dying in the first winter from famine, disease, and conflicts with local Native Americans. John Smith emerged as a leader and instituted policies that helped the colony survive. Tobacco was introduced as a cash crop in 1611 and greatly boosted the colony's prosperity. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 after criticism of its mismanagement led to many colonist deaths. However, the colony survived and became economically viable due to the lucrative tobacco trade.
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Farmers in the late 1800s faced economic hardships like falling prices and increased farm foreclosures. They organized groups like the Grange and Farmers' Alliance to address these issues and fight high railroad rates. This led to the growth of the Populist movement which advocated for policies like increased money supply and federal loans to help farmers. The Panic of 1893 exacerbated the farm crisis and strengthened calls for bimetallism over the gold standard. This divided the country between gold bugs and silverites and was a key issue in William Jennings Bryan's 1896 presidential campaign which advocated for silver. While Bryan lost, the Populist movement brought attention to farmers' problems and began a period of agricultural reform.
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William Wilberforce was a British politician in the late 18th and early 19th centuries who led the campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire. Despite facing opposition and setbacks for over 20 years, Wilberforce achieved his goal in 1807 with the passage of legislation banning the slave trade. He continued campaigning for the total abolition of slavery, which was achieved shortly before his death in 1833. Throughout his life, Wilberforce also advocated for numerous other social reforms and causes promoting human rights and justice.
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The document discusses Georgia's colonial history during the Trustee Period from 1732-1752. It emphasizes the roles of key groups in colonizing Georgia, including the Salzburgers, who established the town of Ebenezer for religious freedom, and the Highland Scots, who founded Darien and helped defend the colony militarily against the Spanish threat from Florida. The Spanish attempted to invade Georgia during the War of Jenkins' Ear, but were defeated by General Oglethorpe and colonial forces at the Battle of Bloody Marsh in 1742. The document also mentions the malcontents, settlers who were unhappy with the Trustees' rules prohibiting slavery, large land ownership, and rum.
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The document discusses the establishment and settlement of the 13 colonies. It provides details about several colonies: Roanoke Island was the "Lost Colony"; Jamestown was settled as an economic venture by the Virginia Company in 1607; the Plymouth Colony was settled by separatists from the Church of England in 1620; the Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled by Puritans in 1630. It also mentions that Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers for religious freedom in 1681 and Georgia was settled by debtors for economic opportunity in 1732.
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The document summarizes Britain's early colonial efforts in North America, beginning with the late start of British settlements compared to other European powers like Spain and France. It then discusses some of the earliest British explorers like John Cabot and Sir Walter Raleigh. Francis Drake gained riches for Queen Elizabeth by raiding Spanish ports in North America. The document also covers early failed colonial attempts by Humphrey Gilbert and at Roanoke colony, which disappeared mysteriously. It concludes with the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the "Starving Time" that nearly caused the colony to fail before it became self-sustaining through John Smith's leadership.
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The document summarizes the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1916-1999. It began with English invasion of Ireland in the 1100s and imposition of penal laws against Irish Catholics by the 1600s. Oliver Cromwell's invasion in 1649 intensified oppression of Catholics. The Great Potato Famine of 1845 killed over 1 million Irish and Catholic uprisings continued. The Easter Rising of 1916 launched the Irish war for independence. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 partitioned Ireland, creating Northern Ireland. Conflict escalated in the late 1960s, culminating in Bloody Sunday in 1972. Peace talks in the 1990s led to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, establishing power sharing between Catholics and Protestants.
Struggle and survival2
This document summarizes the struggles and survival stories of several individuals from the 17th-18th centuries including nuns, slaves, priests, and indigenous people. It describes Catarina de Monte Sinay who earned money as a nun to improve her convent, Beatriz de Padilla who was born into slavery and accused of crimes, and Cristobal Bequer who was a priest accused of murder and fled. It also outlines the stories of slaves Rachael Pringle-Polgreen and Juan de Morga, the indigenous person Opechananough who tricked English settlers, and slaves Squato and Thomas Peters who both escaped slavery.
Jamestown
The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony in 1607 as a joint stock company to try to establish an English colony along the Atlantic coast of North America. The colony struggled at first due to being located in a swampland, lack of skills, disease, and attacks from Native Americans, but was saved by adopting tobacco as a cash crop and the leadership of John Smith in making friendly relations with local tribes.
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The document provides information about life for early settlers in colonial Georgia. It describes the founding of the Ebenezer settlement by Salzburger Lutherans in 1734. The Salzburgers experienced hardship and disease as they established their community under the leadership of Minister John Martin Boltzius. They followed strict church regulations. Though conditions were difficult, the Salzburgers became successful farmers and the Ebenezer community grew. The document also discusses the introduction and growth of slavery in Georgia from the 1730s onward and the slave codes passed to control the behavior of enslaved people.
colonial expansion after 1750
The Dutch East India Company originally established control over the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century to service ships traveling to the East. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s, the British took control of the Cape colony from the Dutch on two separate occasions. After the second invasion in 1806, the British gained permanent control over the Cape. While initially occupying the Cape to protect trade routes, the British soon saw the colony's potential and began developing it for their own needs.
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Catherine Hayes was a famous Irish soprano from the Victorian era who was born in 1818 in Limerick, Ireland to poor parents. She grew up in poverty after her father abandoned the family. Hayes became a world famous singer and was considered the "Madonna" of her day, making her the 19th century operatic equivalent of the world's most famous pop star. She overcame her poor background to achieve great success as a singer, performing throughout Europe before dying in London in 1861.
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Strug serv 2
Catarina de Monte Sinay was a nun and entrepreneur in 18th century Brazil who invested money she earned from her business ventures to renovate her convent, violating church law. Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de Escobar were slaves in colonial Mexico who played a role in dismantling the restrictive colonial social order. Cristobal Bequer was a priest in Peru who was eventually arrested and charged with misconduct.
Strug 2 serv
This document profiles several individuals who struggled and survived during the colonial era:
1) Catarina de Monte Sinay was a nun in Brazil who invested money from her business ventures to renovate her convent, violating church law but providing support during an economic downturn.
2) Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de Escobar were slaves in Mexico who helped destroy the restrictive colonial social order through their relationship and children.
3) Squanto was the last of the Patuxet tribe who helped facilitate good relations between European colonists and Native Americans through trade and agriculture.
S&S
1. The document discusses the lives and struggles of several individuals from history, including enslaved people, indigenous leaders, and free people of color.
2. Many of these individuals faced hardship through slavery, oppression, or discrimination but found ways to survive and create meaningful lives despite the difficulties of their times.
3. They struggled against injustice through resistance, establishing businesses, and asserting their rights within the restrictive social systems they lived under.
Struggle and survival part 2
Catarina de Monte Sinay was a nun who lived in a convent in Bahia, Brazil for 60 years in the 1700s. She supplemented the convent's income through rentals, lending, baking, and invested the money in the convent. Juan de Morga was a mulatto slave in Mexico in the 1600s who escaped from his brutal owner but was caught and jailed. Gertrudis de Escobar was a 14-year-old mulatta in 1659 who was sold into slavery after being punished for renouncing God. Cristobal Berquer was a priest in Peru in the 1700s who rose in the church ranks despite bad behavior.
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Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was an English explorer and favorite of Queen Elizabeth I. He established the Roanoke colony in Virginia in 1584 and also discovered Guiana. He fell out of favor after marrying one of the Queen's maids of honor and was imprisoned for treason. While imprisoned, he wrote "The History of the World." He was eventually released but later re-arrested and executed for treason in 1618.
Struggle and survival part II
Jacob Young was a Dutch soldier who lived in the Delaware colony and survived through being useful to both Native Americans and colonists as a trader and interpreter. Red Shoes was a Choctaw warrior who initially worked with Europeans but later turned against them, surviving through adaptability in a changing violent world. Thomas Peters was a millwright from Nigeria who was taken as a slave to the Southern colonies, gained freedom by joining the British army, but found relocated freedmen in Canada did not have as great a life. He survived through willpower. Joseph Rachell was an upright shopkeeper in Barbados who survived through honesty and hard work, while Rachel Pringle-Polgreen was an early female tavern owner who survived through resource
History 27 assignment 4
1. Gaspar Antonio Chi was a Mayan nobleman from the Yucatan who served as an interpreter for the Spanish. His knowledge and translations were vital in documenting Mayan culture and language.
2. Zumbi was a leader of the quilombo of Palmares, a community of escaped slaves in Brazil that resisted colonial rule and fought to defend their freedom. Zumbi led military victories against the Portuguese but was ultimately killed in 1695.
3. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala was a native Andean from Peru who advocated for indigenous rights. He documented pre-Columbian and colonial history through his book "The First New Chronicle and Good Government."
Struggle and survival 2
This document summarizes the struggles and survival of several indigenous individuals from the 17th-18th centuries. It describes Catarira De Monte SinayJwan de Morga & Gertrudis de escobar, who were nuns in Brazil and overcame difficult situations. It also discusses Christobal Beguer and Beatriz de Padilla from Peru who faced accusations and sought refuge in monasteries. Additionally, it mentions Squanto and Opechancanough who helped negotiate between colonizers and native tribes in North America. The document concludes with brief summaries of Jacob Young and Red Shoes who served as interpreters between colonists and native groups in North America.
Dutch, French, English, & Stuff
The document summarizes the early exploration and settlement of North America by various European powers including the Dutch, French, and English from the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses early English fishing and trade with Native Americans on the coasts in the 1500s. It then focuses on the English settlements at Roanoke from 1584-1590, Jamestown in 1607, and the leadership of figures like Captain John Smith and Peter Stuyvesant during the Dutch colonization of New York in the 1600s.
Hist 140 theme 3
The document summarizes information about four individuals and topics related to Portuguese colonialism in Brazil:
1) Damiana Cunha, a leader of the Caiapo people who fought to preserve their way of life and beliefs against settlers and government interference.
2) Antonio de Gouveia, a corrupt priest who practiced medicine illegally and attacked indigenous people.
3) Catarina de Monte Sinay, a nun and entrepreneur who accumulated wealth but broke religious laws with her business dealings and donations.
4) Brief histories of Portugal, the Portuguese Empire, and Colonial Brazil's economy focused on sugar production and the mining of gold and diamonds.
Portuguese empires
The document summarizes biographies of four individuals from the Portuguese Empire in the Americas between the 16th-18th centuries:
1) António de Gouveia, a 16th century Portuguese priest who was arrested twice by the Inquisition for practicing medicine without qualifications and using magical items.
2) Catarina de Monte Sinay, an 18th century Portuguese nun who dedicated her life to charity and donated her wealth to help others.
3) Francisca, an 18th century Indian slave who gained her freedom through marriage but had the decision later reversed. She influenced many lives.
4) Additional context provided on the Portuguese Empire, which was the first global empire lasting nearly six
Freemasonry 194 strongman lodge no.45
Strong Man Lodge No. 45 celebrated its 275th anniversary in 2022, making it one of the oldest lodges in England. It was founded in the 1700s in London and has had many meeting places over the years. The lodge is named after Thomas Topham, a famous strongman in the 1700s who demonstrated his strength at the lodge's original meeting place, the Strong Man Tavern. Strong Man Lodge has over 90 daughter lodges and continues to be an active lodge today with a growing younger membership from diverse backgrounds.
Tudor explorers
Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe in a famous voyage from 1577 to 1580. He raided Spanish settlements and played a key role in defending England against the Spanish Armada. Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored early English colonies in America but also failed in expeditions to find El Dorado, leading to his imprisonment and eventual execution under King James I. Tudor sailors faced difficult conditions on long voyages in cramped ships with limited food and medical care.
Sir Walter Raliegh
1) Sir Walter Raleigh was an English writer, poet, soldier, and explorer born in 1552 who came to favor under Queen Elizabeth I for suppressing rebellions in Ireland.
2) He was involved in early English colonization efforts in Virginia in the 1580s and 1590s, establishing the failed Roanoke colony on Roanoke Island.
3) The Roanoke colony disappeared mysteriously in 1587, with the only clues being the words "CROATOAN" and "CRO" carved into trees, leaving the fate of the colonists unknown. Raleigh made other unsuccessful voyages searching for gold and the mythical city of El Dorado.
Rizal_in_London.pptx
Rizal chose to live in London for three years to improve his English, study Morga's book on Philippine history, and safely advance his fight against Spanish rule from abroad. He stayed with different families, including the Becketts, and befriended other Filipino exiles. In London, Rizal contributed articles to La Solidaridad supporting reforms, annotated Morga's book, and created sculptures, while also falling for one of his landlords' daughters before deciding to leave to focus on his goals.
Jaarmstrong ushistory presentation
- The document provides a timeline of key events in US history from 1587 to 1800, including early English colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, conflicts with Native Americans led by Metacom, the development of slavery and laws controlling African Americans, and religious revivals like the Great Awakening. It also discusses the growth of the middle colonies' economy and the rise of the transatlantic slave trade known as the Triangle Trade.
Jaarmstrong ushistory presentation
- The document provides a timeline of key events in US history from 1587 to 1800, including early English colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, conflicts with Native Americans led by Metacom, the development of slavery and laws controlling African Americans, and religious revivals like the Great Awakening. It also discusses the growth of the middle colonies' economy and the rise of the transatlantic slave trade known as the Triangle Trade.
Struggle & survival part 1 by miguel cardenas
Opechancanough was a Powhatan tribal chief from 1554-1646 who led resistance against English colonization in Virginia. He tried to destroy Jamestown and continued fighting the English for decades until a peace agreement in 1625. Diego Vasicuio was a Peruvian Indian born around 1580 who was the chief priest of the idol Sorimana until trials for heresy at age 90 due to Spanish religious laws. Thomas Peters was an enslaved African born in 1738 who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in North Carolina, where he struggled for freedom and survival for 54 years. Francisco Baquero was a mixed-race shoemaker born in 1748 in Buenos Aires who faced
4643sdsdzgsfnxbzdbnxdnnxnxfnfdbgs39.pptx
This document provides a summary of Jonathan Swift's life and work, with an emphasis on his famous satirical novel "Gulliver's Travels". It describes Swift's upbringing in Ireland and education in England, as well as his career as a clergyman and writer. It then summarizes the plot and themes of each of the four parts of "Gulliver's Travels", in which Swift satirizes politics, science, and humanity through Gulliver's fantastical voyages to miniature and giant lands.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
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Pptx hist 140 the america revolution part 2
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolution from 1776 to 1787. It discusses how Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" influenced the push for independence and states creating their own constitutions. The Articles of Confederation formed the first government while infrastructure developed without foreign trade. Inflation increased due to war spending. Later, the French allied with Americans as the new Constitution was adopted after debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
Pptx hist 140 thomas paine
Thomas Paine was an influential pamphleteer who contributed to both the American and French Revolutions through his writings. Born in England in 1737, he encouraged American colonists to seek independence from Britain through pamphlets like "Common Sense" and "The American Crisis," which helped boost support for the revolutionary cause. Though influential in the founding of the U.S. and French Revolution, he had few mourners at his death in 1809 due to his criticism of Christianity later in life.
Hist 140 album of the american colonies
The document summarizes the colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses how Africans were largely used as slaves, transported via brutal conditions on slave ships. It also describes the Spanish conquest of Florida and Mexico, and their attempts to convert native populations to Catholicism, often violently. The French established themselves in Canada and Louisiana, while the Dutch set up the colony of New Netherlands. The English colonies expanded greatly, with the 13 colonies stretching from New England to the Chesapeake. Native Americans were the original inhabitants, having migrated over land bridges from Asia over 10,000 years ago.
Hist 140 album of the american colonies
The document summarizes information about the early colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses how Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas, the Spanish conquest of native lands and attempts to convert indigenous religions to Catholicism, the establishment of French colonies in Canada and Louisiana, conflicts between the Dutch and English for control of the Hudson River Valley, and the expansion of the vast English colonial empire across the eastern seaboard through population growth and private enterprise. Native Americans are described as the earliest colonizers who crossed into North America from Asia over 15,000 years ago during the last ice age.
Hist 140 struggle & survival group 2
Antonio de Gouveia was a 16th century Azorean priest who studied unconventional subjects like astrology and alchemy. He practiced medicine and traveled freely around the Atlantic, with some believing he knew the secret to invisibility. He partnered with Duarte Coelho de Albuquerque to explore for gold and silver in South America and capture Indians for slavery.
Hist 140 struggle & survival group 2
Antonio de Gouveia was a 16th century Azorean priest who studied unconventional subjects like astrology and alchemy. He practiced medicine and traveled freely around the Atlantic, with some believing he knew the secret to invisibility. He partnered with Duarte Coelho de Albuquerque to explore for gold and silver in South America and capture Indians for slavery.
Hist 140 struggle & survival group 1
The document summarizes biographies of several indigenous people from Latin America between the 15th-18th centuries. It describes Martin Ocelotl who was tried as a wizard and sent to prison in Mexico, gathering followers and speaking against the Catholic church. Isabel Moctezuma who was married to Aztec rulers and later Spanish men after the Spanish conquest. And Catarina de Monte Sinay who lived as a nun in Brazil.
Hist 140 struggle & survival group 1
The document summarizes biographies of several indigenous people from Latin America between the 15th-18th centuries. It describes Martin Ocelotl who was tried as a wizard and sent to prison in Mexico, gathering followers and speaking against the Catholic church. Isabel Moctezuma who was married to Aztec rulers and later Spanish men after the Spanish conquest. And Micaela Angela Carrillo who manufactured an alcoholic drink from maguey sap in Mexico, teaching her trade to her children and generating new opportunities for women.
Secrets of the dead handel
The document discusses the causes of death for early settlers in Jamestown, Virginia. While starvation is commonly believed to be the main cause of many deaths in 1609-1610, archaeological evidence suggests disease may have also played a major role. Disease spread quickly through the settlers' camps, killing 440 people. Arsenic poisoning from contaminated river water may have actually been the primary cause of deaths, as the documented symptoms matched those of arsenic toxicity.
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Hist 140 struggle & survival group 4
- 1. STRUGGLE & SURVIVAL SET 4 Jordan Handel History 140