This document discusses materials used for hip bone replacements. Titanium carbide is highlighted as a promising material due to its mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to osseointegrate with bone. Titanium carbide is synthesized from ilmenite ore and carbon powder then sintered with diamond powder to form a super hard ceramic. Its future potential lies in advanced orthopedic applications like joint replacements due to its strength, inertness, and direct bonding with bone at the nanoscale through osseointegration.

1. Hip Bone Replacement

2. Overview
• Objective
• Materials for hip bone replacement
• Properties required :
1. Mechanical Properties,
2. Biocompatibility
• Processing of material powder
• Future aspects

3. Objective:
Selecting Implant Materials Has Four Main Criteria:-
1. Biological
Conditions
• Resistant to biological conditions .
• Must sustain 37°C for many years .
2.Response
• designed to minimize the adverse reactions
3.Materials
Properties
• To support the loads that are applied.
• Modulus of the implant material.
• Coefficient of friction and wear rates.
4.Cost
• cost is an important contributing factor to the selection of materials.
• manufacturers must strike a suitable balance between a material’s performance and cost.

4. METAL BALL AND POLYETHYLENE CUP
Started in 1960`s
Plastic has a smoother surface finish that allows for less friction while the ball moves
within the socket.
Limitations :
•They produce a lot of plastic debris which cause the implant to
fail.

6. METAL BALL AND METAL CUP:
They have less wear on comparision to Metal on polyethylene cup, Prosthetic wear in M-on-M has
been reported to be 60 times less than expected with conventional M-on-PE prostheses
They can accept larger bearings than implants made of other materials
Their durability is high.
Limitations:
• MoM hip implants shed metal particles that have been linked
to a number of serious health issues.
• Cost is higher comparision with metal on poly.

7. Why only ceramics?
•Excellent biocompatibility
•High wear resistance
•Superior corrosion resistance
•Abrasion resistance
•Long life time

8. CERAMIC BALL AND CERAMIC LINER:
This material was been introduced in 1970
All-ceramic hips are known for their durability and reliability.
Apart from durability the main reason was its wear rate was decreased drastically.
100x less wear than Metal on Poly
Limitations:
• Though ceramics have high strengths they are brittle in nature
some cases were observed where ceramic balls were shattered.
• They also produced squeaking noise .

9. Here u can see that a
ceramic cup and ceramic
ball are shown above
These are different components of
ceramic on ceramic prosthesis

10. CERAMIC BALL AND POLY LINING
• It came under light around 2011.
• In order to counter the drawbacks of ceramic on ceramic that
is to lower the chance of shattering instead of ceramic
lining poly was used as there was less ceramic on the
joint hence the chance of fracture was reduced.
• Even though remotely there is still chance of fracture.

11. • Type 316L(approx 17 -19% of Cr & 14% Ni) stainless steel is corrosion
resistant + molybdenum = protective layer sheltering from acidic
environment.
• Due to its magnetic property , it could interfere with MRI .
• Material with inclusion (i.e. sulphur), encourage corrosion of metals.
Stainless steel
• CCA are hard, tough, corrosion resistant, bio-compatible metals.
• show allergic reactions to CCA due to tiny particles (metal ions) may be
released into the body .
Cobalt-
chromium
Alloys(CCA)
• TTA have great corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, lower
density compared to other metals & alloys.
• Poor fretting fatigue resistance, high coefficient of friction, wear resistance is
low on comparision to other metal alloys
Titanium and
Titanium
Alloys(TTA)
Different metals used over time in hip implants

12. Ceramic materials commonly used in hip implant materials are :
Alumina (Al2O3),
Zirconia (ZrO2),
Silica (SiO2),
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2),
Titanium nitride (TiN),
Silicon nitride (Si3N4).
 Titanium carbide (TiC)

13. Properties required for implant materials
Mechanical properties
1. Elastic modulus
It is clinically important because elastic modulus of biomaterial should similar to bone.
It should have high elastic modulus with low deflection and fracture resistance decreses.
Reason:
• if it is more than bone elastic modulus then load is born by material only;
• while the load is bear by bone only if it is less than bone material.
Measurement method:
obending test
oNano indentation test
onon-destructive method

14. 2. Hardness:
• It is used for finding the suitability of the clinical use of biomaterials.
• Biomaterial hardness is desirable as equal to bone hardness.
• If higher than the biomaterial, then it penetrates in the bone.
• Measurement :Diamond Knoop and Vickers indenters.

15. 3. Fracture strength:
• Strength of biomaterials is important because they are brittle in nature.
• Crack propagate easily in brittle material, therefore it is more critical than the compressive load.
Measurement:
• Bending flexural test,
• Weibull approach.
• Biaxial flexural strength test

16. 4. Fracture toughness:
Fracture toughness is required to alter the crack propagation in ceramics.
evaluate the serviceability, performance and long term clinical success of biomaterial.
high fracture toughness material improved clinical performance as compared to low fracture toughness.
Measurement:
• Indentation fracture,
• Indentation strength,
• Single edge notched beam,
• Single edge pre cracked beam,
• Double cantilever beam.

17. 5. Fatigue:
•It is also an important parameter for biomaterial because cyclic load is applied during their
serving life.
During the cyclic load several factor also contribute to micro crack generation such as:
frictional sliding of the mating surface,
progressive wear,
residual stresses at grain boundaries,
stress due to shear.

18. Material Tensile strength
(MPa)
Compressive
strength (MPa)
Elastic modulus
(GPa)
Fracture toughness
(MPa. m-1/2)
Cortical Bone 50-151 100-230 7-30 2-12
Stainless steel 465-950 1000 200 55-95
Ti-Alloys 596-1100 450-1850 55-114 40-92
Alumina 270-500 3000-5000 380-410 5-6
TiC 560-1050 1380 400
Apart from biocompatibility TiC is one of the ceramic whose mechanical properties are better than the rest .

19. Biocompatibility
Apart from being bio inert , ceramics were highly compatible with conditions prevailing inside the body due to the
following analysis.
Laboratorial tests showed that ceramic debris may be better tolerated by the body on comparison with metals &
polyethylene
Tissue biopsies show that in Alumina (ceramic _ ceramic ) prostheses , only a low macrophagic reactions have
occurred and no necrosis was observed.
Contrarily biopsies in metal on poly prostheses showed that polyethylene wear particles
elicited a stronger body reaction on comparison to alumina particles.
Through the analysis it was observed that ceramics were much more compatible than metals and poly.

20. Titanium carbide
• It’s a very hard ceramic material,
• It has degree of strength and toughness, as well as its compatibility with medical imaging.

21. Processing of Material Powder
1.Titanium carbide(TiC)
Raw materials:
•Ilmenite ore (FeTiO3) ,
•Carbon powders,
•Argon gas(Ar),
•HCl solutions as leaching agent.

22. Experimental Setup

23. Procedure:
mixture of raw materials prepared with the stoichiometry ratio (ilmenite to carbon mole ratio = 1/4).
mixture is milled in a planetary mill for 2 hr. at 250 rpm.
the samples are heated at 10oC/min to 1500oC for in alumina crucible under flowing argon gas (3 Lpm) for 1 hr.
Allow the products(Fe-TiC ) to cool down in the furnace
synthesized product of Fe-TiC powders are leached by 10% HCl solutions for 24 hrs.
Final product of TiC powder

24. • The overall chemical reaction can be expressed as:
FeTiO3(s) + 4C(s) = Fe(s) + TiC(s) + 3CO(g)
The powders as the resulted products were analyzedby:
 X-ray diffraction (XRD, PHILIPS with Cu Kα radiation),
SEM (JSM-5800 LV, JEOL),
 Transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2010,JEOL).

25. Fabrication process of the TiC
XRD patterns of Fe-TiC composite (as synthesized) and TiC ceramics (as leached).

26. SEM and TEM Images
Fe-TiC TiC
TEM image of the TiC

27. But when combined with sintered polycrystalline diamond surface (PCD)
a super hard ceramic is formed
to improve strong, long-wearing material for artificial joints

28. Future aspects of TiC
• Many believe that the future of TiC lies in its use as an advanced ceramic. Advanced ceramics—also called "fine“, "new“,
"high-tech“, or "high-performance" ceramics—are generally used as components in processing equipment, devices, or
machines because they can perform many functions better than competing metals or polymers. TiC is fairly hard and is
relatively inert and have all excellent qualities for advanced ceramics.
Future of TiC for Medical Use:-
• There will be considerable growth in the demand for medical grade TiC in the years to come. Currently, the United States, as
well as other countries worldwide, is experiencing an exceedingly high demand for functional bone grafts. Annually in the
United States, more than half a million patients receive bone defect repairs, with a cost greater than $2.5 billion. This figure
is expected to double by 2020 in the United States and globally due to a variety of factors, including the growing needs of
the baby-boomer population and increased life expectancy.

29. •It was previously thought that TiC implants were retained in bone through the action of
mechanical stabilization or interfacial bonding. Furthermore, it was recently observed using
electron tomography that the interface between a TiC implant and human bone contains a
mixture of oxidized titanium and calcium phosphate on the 100 nm scale . This is termed as
Osseointegration.
•Osseointegration is the formation of a direct interface between an implant and bone, without
intervening soft tissues , which gives additional strength to the implant and bone interface.

30. • Osseointegration leads to the following Applications of TiC:-
• Dental implantations.
• Retention of a craniofacial prosthesis such as an artificial ear (ear
prosthesis), maxillofacial reconstruction, eye (orbital prosthesis), or nose (nose prosthesis).
• Bone anchored limb prostheses.
• Bone anchored hearing conduction amplification (Bone anchored hearing aid).
• Knee and joint replacement.

31. Dig:- Osseointegration between Implant and Bone

32. Reference
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312565/#mainconte
nt.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseointegration.
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766369/#mainconte
nt.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_replacement.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical properties of biomaterials.
• http://bonesmart.org/hip/hip-replacement-implant-materials.
• http://www.sjst.psu.ac.th.