Tourism in Himachal Pradesh.

1. HIMACHAL PRADESH
‘THE LAND OF GOD AND GODDESS’
PROJECT OF TOURISM

2. PREFACE
As well-known Tourism is a social, cultural and
economic phenomenon that involves the
people’s movement to countries or places
outside their unusual environment, for personal,
professional or business purposes. Practice has
proven that tourism generates, directly and
indirectly, an increase of the economic activity in
the visited places, mainly due to the growth in
the demand of goods and services that must be
produced and provided.
Iam presenting a project assignment on
HIMACHAL PRADESH ‘THE LAND OF GOD AND
GODDESS’. I have tried to give all the important

3. things about project. Each and every topic of the
project is well-explained in detail. I have also
included pictures or diagrams related to the
topics.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I would like to express my special thanks
to my subject teacher Mr. Shrikant
Sharma who gave me this opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the
given topic which also help me in doing
a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new and interesting
things. I have given all the information
in this project by consulting books and
other resources.

5. Thankyou.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
Himachal Pradesh History, Culture and Geography.

6. 2 Religious Destination of Himachal Pradesh
Covering the important religious destinations focusing on
Shakti peeths of Himachal.
3 Pilgrimage activities
Types of pilgrimage activities.
4 Impacts of Tourism
Impacts of tourism (economic, socio-cultural and
environmental).
5 Case Study
Case study on McLeod Ganj in Kangra district of Himachal
Pradesh.

7. Introduction
Himachal Pradesh is the mountainous state of north west India, has Shimla as its
capital. With an area of 55,658 sq km, it has 12 districts and 19,388 villages. The
economy is mainly dependant on its tourism and Apple exports. Being a state full
of isolated valleys, high ranges and several different styles of temple architecture.
Himachal Pradesh is the one of the most important travel destinations in India.
The hills of the Himalayas attract the travelers from all over the world. Himachal
Pradesh has plenty of hill resorts, pilgrimage centers, adventure sports
destinations and wildlife that attracts a wide range of tourists. A landscape of
breathtaking variety and beauty merges with a rich tradition to offer a variety of
fairs, festivals and celebrations to the tourists in HP. Himachal Pradesh has a
varied topography, climate and forest cover and boasts of its wide variety of flora
and fauna.
The drainage system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers.
Himalayan rivers criss cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh
provided water to both the Indus and Ganga basins. The drainage system of the
region is the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj, and the
Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are
protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.
The states winter capital Dharamshala receives very heavy rainfall, while areas
like Lahul Spiti are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three
season: summer, winter and rainy season.

8. Nickname: Devbhumi (Land of God) and VeerBhumi (Land of Braves)
Capital: Shimla (summer), Dharamshala (Winter)
12 Districts: Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahul and Spiti,
Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan, Una.
Population: 7.4 M (75.1 lakh)
Language: Official = Hindi
Additional official: Sanskrit
Native: Mahasu Pahari, Kangri, Kullvi, Bilaspuri, Kinnauri, Lahauli, Chambeali.
Literacy: 83.78 %
SYMBOLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Mammal: Snow Leopard

9. Bird: Western Tragopan
Fish: Golden Mahseer
Flower: Bell Rhododendron
Fruit: Apple
Tree: Deodar Ceder
HISTORY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

10.  The state of Himachal Pradesh is Dev Bhoomi or the Land of the Gods.
Himachal Pradesh literally means a ‘region of snowy mountains.
 The word ‘Hima’ actually means snow in Sanskrit terminology. Acharya
Diwakar Datt Sharma, an eminent Sanskrit scholar from Himachal Pradesh
named the state.
 Located in the northern part of India, Himachal Pradesh is known for its
glorious hill stations.
 Himachal Pradesh is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab
on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttarakhand on the south-east
and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
 In the 1 November 1956 Himachal Pradesh was declared as one of the
Union Territories of India. Later on, however, with the passing of Himachal
Pradesh Act of 1971, it emerged as the eighteenth state of India.
The first race to enter Himachal Pradesh was Proto-Australoid followed by
Mongoloid and the Aryan. The Rig Veda mentions about Dasyus and Nishads
living in this region and their powerful king Shamba who had 99 forts. From
the early period of its history tribes like koilis, halis, dagis, dhaugris, dasa,
khasas, kinnars and kirats inhabited it.
The Aryan influence over this area dates back to the period before the Rig
Veda. The Aryans with their superior war tactics defeated the local tribes and
settled here permanently. The period also saw the establishment of small
Janapadas or Republics in Himachal Pradesh. They maintained a good
relationship with the Mauryans so that they can remain independent for a
long time. They lost their independence with the rise of the Guptas in the
North Gangetic Plains. After the decline of the Guptas, several small kingdoms
ruled this hilly region. Sankar Varma, the king of Kashmir exercised his
influence over this region of Himachal Pradesh in about 883 AD. This region
witnessed the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1009 AD, the Rajputs ruled
over this territory. The Mughal rulers erected several works of art as an
admiration of this land. The rajputs, under the leadership of Sankar Chand

11. owned this region in 1773 AD, till the attack by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1804
AD, which crushed the Rajput power here. The Gurkhas conquered this area
and ravaged it.
In about the early 19th century AD, the British exercised their influence and
annexed the areas of Shimla after Gurkha War of 1815-16. The British established
many hill stations in this region to protect themselves from the extreme heat and
dust of the northern plain in the summer. In 1864, Shimla was declared as the
summer capital of India. After independence, it became the capital of Punjab and
was later made the capital of Himachal Pradesh.
After independence the Chief Commissioner’s province of H.P came into being on
15 April 1948. Himachal Pradesh became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with
the implementation of the Constitution of India. Himachal Pradesh became Union
Territory on 1 November 1956. On 18th December 1970 the state of Himachal
Pradesh Act was passed by parliament and the new state came inti being on 25
January 1971.
CULTURE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
 Ethnicity
About 90% of the population of Himachal Pradesh is Hindu. Himachal
Pradesh is a multi-region and multi-cultural state. Some of the most commonly
spoken languages are Hindi and Pahari languages. There main communities are

12. Brahmins, Rajputs, Kannets, Rathis and Kolis. The tribal population of the state
comprise of the Gaddis, Kinnars, Gujjars, Pangawals, Lahaulis.
 Arts and Craft
Himachal is well knowns for its handicrafts. The carpets, woolen rugs,
leather works, paintings, metalware and woodwork are worth appreciating.
Pashmina shawl is one of the products which is highly in demand not only in
Himachal but all over the country. Himachli caps are also famous artwork of its
people.
The Dom tribe is well known for producing fine household articles made of
bamboo. They are later painted in bright colors. They manufacture boxes, sofas,
chairs, baskets etc. Leather craft is extremely developed and the slippers and
shoes made in Chamba are in large demand. The Himachalis are adept at the art
of making pots and statuettes with clay in many shapes and sizes. These include
bowls, platters, cups, lamps and small and large pots. The metalware of Himachal
Pradesh includes attractive utensils, vessels, idols and silver jewellery.
 Dance and Music

13. The dance and music of the state is regional oriented where gods are
invoked during the festivals by singing and dancing. This practice has
continued since ancient times. Performed primarily to impress and satisfy
the local gods, there cultural entity has become a major drawing card for
the tourists. The major dance of the state is the Rakshasa (demon dance),
the kayang dance, the bnayangchu dance, chohara dance, nati dance, rasa
dance etc. Himachal Pradesh folk music features a wide variety of drums,
including dammama, damanght, gajju, doru, nagara, dholku, nagarth, dhol,
dholki and hudak.
Fairs and Festivals
The colorful state of Himachal Pradesh has many fairs and festivals
throughout the year. Himachalis welcome each season with great joy and offer
prayers to the gods and hold celebrations. Celebration brings happiness and
prosperity.

14. a) The National snow statue competition at kufri near Shimla begins in the
New Year.
b) The bonfires of Lohri, a festival to mark the sowing of the Rabi crop light
up the night sky on January 13 every year.
c) The skiing competitions are held at Solang Nullah in Manali in the month
of February.
d) Shivratri or the festival to celebrate the marriage of shiva in march signifies
rituals gaiety at the famous Baijnath shrine.
e) Chait Durga Asthami is celebrated in the Shakti shrines at Hathkoti,
Chitpurni, Jwalamukhi and Vajreshwari.
f) Color and fun mix on Holi, the festival of colors at the Gurudwara at
Paonta Sahib in Sirmaur.
g) Banjar Mela is held in Kullu.
h) Haryali is celebrated in Kangra and Sirmaur and Shravan Sankranti in
Nahan in the month of July.
i) Buffalo fights are the highlight of the Sari fair held at Arki the month of
August.
j) The famous fair of Naina Devi in Bilaspur also takes place during August.
k) Dussehra is celebrated in kullu in the month of October.
l) Diwali is celebrated throughout the state.
m) Renuka fair in sirmaur.
n) Minjar fair and Mani Mahesh Chhari Yatra in Chamba
Sari is the most common garment that Himachali women wear nowadays.
Traditional dresses comprise of Kameez, Kurta and Salwar in distinctive
Himachali style. The gaddi women wear the long knee length gown known as
Juan chadiyan and their Chola, a white woolen garment. They wear a coat or
waistcoat during winters.
Cuisine
Best Dishes: Indra-A dish prepared by Urad Dal and Bada in Shimla District.

15. Siddu- Made from Soybean or Walnut.
Non-Veg Dishes: Kullu Trout, Grilled Fishes, Chicken Anaardana.
Veg Dishes: Guchhi Mattar, Sepu Vadi and Kaddu ka Khatta.
Festive Delicacies: Dham- Made of rice, moong dal and a dish of rajma
cooked on yoghurt.
Ankalos- Made of rice flour.
Patande- A type of pancake dish.
Most famous Drink: Tea, Buttermilk.
Sweet Dishes: Mittha of sweet rice prepared during festivals, Nasasta a
sweetmeat of Kangra
Region.

16. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION OF HIMACHAL
PRADESH
Location: The state of Himachal Pradesh has boundaries with the Jammu and
Kashmir in the North, Uttar Pradesh in the Southeast, China on east, Haryana in
the South and Punjab in the West. The mountainous state has altitudes ranging
from 350 to 7000 meters above sea level.
Physical Features: The altitude of Himachal Pradesh varies from 350 m to 7000 m
above sea level. The physiography of Himachal Pradesh can be divided in to
three zones. They are the outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks, the inner or the
middle Himalayas and the greater Himalayas or the Alpines. The Shivaliks include

17. the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur and the lower parts of Solan,
Sirmaur and Mandi. The altitude of lower Himalayas ranges between 350 m to
1500 m and the rainfall in this zone ranges between 150 cm to 175 cm. The
Alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 m and beyond and comprises of the
Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba and some parts of Lahul and Spiti.
Climate: The climate varies from semi- tropical to semi-arctic from place to place
depending on the altitude of the region. The months from April to June are
pleasant and comfortable at higher altitude and humid in the lower hills. The
months of July to September are the month of rainfall. Himachal Pradesh
experiences average annual rainfalls of about 160-cm. The winter season begins
from October to February and is very severe. Heavy snowfall occurs during this
season.
Flora and Fauna: The 63.9% of the total area is under the thick forest cover. The
vegetation is a blend of the Ban Oak Forest, Moist Temperature Deciduous
Forest, Himalayan Alpine Pastures, and Rhododendron Scrub Forest. The Flora
included pine, cedar, deodar, bamboo, oak etc. There are around 1200 species of
bird and 359 species of animals in Himachal Pradesh. The wildlife species in
Himachal Pradesh consist of mammals 64 Spp, birds 463, Reptiles 44 Spp and
Aquatic Fauna 316 Spp. The threatened Wildlife includes the Himalayan Brown
Bear, Cheer, Pheasant Mount Quail, Western Tragopan, Monal Pheasant, Snow
Cock, Snow Leopard, Leopard Cat etc. There are 5 National Parks and 32
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh.

18. List of National Parks in Himachal Pradesh
S.no. National Park Area (sq.km) District
1 Great Himalayan National
Park
754.5 Kullu
2 Pin Valley National Park 675 Lahul and Spiti
3 Inderkilla National Park 104 Kullu
4 Khirganga National Park 710 Kullu
5 Simbalbara National Park 27.88 Sirmaur

19.  Religious Destinations of Himachal Pradesh
There are many ancient and famous temples and religious places in
Himachal Pradesh due to which its known as ‘Dev Bhoomi’ or ‘Land of
Lords’. Most famous of these temples are the ‘Shakti Peeths’. There are
total of 51 Shakti Peeths in India. According to Hindu Mythology, the body
parts of ‘Devi Sati’, the wife of Lord Shiva, fell in 51 different parts which
later become the 51 Shakti Peeths. Out of these 51 Shakti Peeths, 5 are
situated in Himachal Pradesh. These Shakti Peeths are piece of attraction
for people all over the world. Every year millions of people come to visit
these Shakti Peeths and worship there. Five Shakti Peeth in Himachal
Pradesh are:
o Chintpurni Temple in Una District
o Chamunda Temple in Kangra District
o Brijeshwari Temple in Kangra District
o Jwalaji Temple in Kangra District
o Naina Devi Temple in Bilaspur District

20. Maa Chintpurni Mandir
Located at an altitude of 940 meters in the
Sola Singhi range of hills, Chintpurni Temple is one of the 5 Shakti
Peeths that are in the Himachal Pradesh. This temple is about 33 km
from Una main city and about 3 km from Bharwain village. Mata
Chintpurni is a place of worship for people from all over India.
Although Pillgrims come here throughout the years for worship and
seek blessings of the Goddess, but during Navratris there is huge rush.
According to believes of Hindu, Mata Sati feet fell here which is
present in the form of ‘Pindi’ and is worshiped.
Chintpurni means removal of worries and tensions, so there is
strong believe that, the ‘Mata Chinpurni’ removes all worries of people
who come to this temple. Chintpurni Temple was built by Pandit Mai Das.
It is said that, one night Goddess came into his dream and asked him to
built her temple. As being a firm devotee of ‘Mata’, Mai Das created
temple in Chhaproh village, which later become ‘Mata Chintpurni Temple’.
Mata Chamunda Temple

21. Famous temple in Kangra district is located 15 km
from Dharamshala. The history of this temple is 400 years old. The temple was
built in 16th centuary. It is considered as an abode of Shiva and Sati. The name
Chamunda is derived from the names of two demons Chanda and Munda whom
she killed.
Chamunda, a tribal goddess is a fierce form of Maa Durga
and one of the seven Matrikas to protect the good from evil. She is worshipped
in form of an idol with red cloth around accompanied by the idols of Lord
Bhairav and Lord Hanuman as guards. The Chamunda Devi temple is surrounded
by lush green mountains and beautiful scenaries. There is a large pond in the
temple premises where Pilgrims take holy bath.
This temple has a lot of significance among the locals. It also features a lake that
is considered as an embodiment of purity. The architecture of the temple is
inspired by the tradition of Tantra, which resembles the rising peaks of
Dhauladhar range. The rich heritage of the temple captivates one to no bounds.
The management of the temple was taken over by the government on March 3,
1994.
Brijeshwari Temple
Maa Sati resides here in the form of
Goddess Brajeshwari. In this temple goddess’s left breast had fallen. The peeth is
located in the town of Nagarkot in Kangra district. It is easily accessible by roads,

22. flights and railways. The Goddess in this temple is known as Brajeshwari Devi,
Vajreshwari Devi or Vajra Devi. The meaning of Goddess name is Goddess of
Light of thunder. It is said that Brajeshwari is an ‘Avatar’ of Maa Parvati.
Brajeshwari Devi is situated in the temple in the form of ‘Pindi’. Local citizens
worship the Goddess as their Kuldevi. In Brajeshwari Devi temple there is also a
small temple of ‘Baba Bhairo’.
Jwalaji Temple
For almost 200 years Scientists and
Archaeologists are trying to find the mystery behind the continuously burning
flame of Maa Jwala Ji temple which is one of the Shakti Peeths and is located
about 32 km from Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. You will be surprised to
see that, there is no idol in the temple which is worshiped. But there are flames
which are worshiped here and are present in the form of Goddess Jwala Ji. There
are total of 11 flames in the temple which all burns continuously without any
flaming material or wick. The main flame is about 3 feet under the ground. The
Jwalaji temple is a real proof that God has different forms and, in this temple,
God is present in the form of flames. It is believed that the when Lord Shiva was
carrying the body of Maa Sati, then her tongue fell here. It is also said that this
flame is the mouth of Maa Jwala which means ‘Mukh’ in Hindi.
Mughal King Akbar tried to destroy this temple many times. He turned the flow
of river towards temple, but was not successful in his attempt to cause any harm
to it. After failing in his attempt, he became devotee of Maa Jwala and presented
a Gold Crown.

23. Naina Devi Temple
Naina Devi Temple is one of the most
famous temples of 9 divine powers in Himachal Pradesh. Naina Devi Temple is a
holy shrine that is dedicated to Shri Naina Devi, one of the forms of Goddess
Shakti. Located on the top of a hill in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh, Naina
Devi Mandir is one amongst the fifty-two Shakti Peeths. Naina Devi Temple is a
sacred place especially for the Hindus. Pilgrims come to visit this temple to pay
their homage to the Goddess. According to the legends, the different body parts
of Sati fell on the earth during the time of self-sacrifice. It is believed that Sati’s
eyes fell at this point and subsequently, a temple was built here to commemorate
the goddess. The term ‘Naina’ suggests ‘eyes’, so the goddess came to be known
as Naina Devi.
PilgrimageDestinationsinHimachalPradesh
Himachal was known since the earliest of times as "Devbhoomi", the abode
of the Gods. The splendid heights of the Himalyan ranges, with its great scenic
beauty and aura of spiritual calm seem the natural home of the Gods. Two-
thousands or more temples all over the State, reiterate this fact.

24. Being a State full of isolated valleys and high ranges, several different styles of
temple architecture developed and there are temples with carved stone shikharas,
pagoda style shrines, temples that look like Buddhist Gompas or Sikh Gurudwaras
etc. Several of them are important places of pilgrimage and each year attract
thousands of devotees from all over the country.
 Pilgrimage sites in Himachal Pradesh
 Manikaran
Nature & Scenic | Pilgrimage
At a distance of 42 km from Kullu, 61 km from Naggar and 80 km from Manali,
Manikaran is located in Parvati Valley between the rivers Beas and Parvati in
the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. It lies at an altitude of 1760 m. Manikaran
is famous for hot water springs, Ramchandra Temple and a Gurudwara. It is a top
pilgrimage site and among the best Kullu & Manali tourist places.
According to legend, Manikaran is associated with Lord Shiva and Goddess
Parvati. Once while roaming through the valley, Shiva and Parvati came across the
place called Manikaran and they decided to stay for some time. During their stay
here, Goddess Parvati lost her Mani (precious stones) in the waters of a stream.
Upset over the loss, she asked Shiva to retrieve it. Lord Shiva commanded his
attendant to find the Mani for Parvati. However, when they failed, he was
extremely 2angry. He opened his third eye. An appeal was made before the
sepent god, Sheshnag, to pacify Lord Shiva. Sheshnag hissed thereby giving rise
to a flow of boiling water. The water spread over the entire area resulting in the
emergence of precious stones of the type Goddess Parvati had lost. Lord Shiva

25. and Goddess Parvati were happy at the outcome. The water of hot springs here is
considered auspicious. Manikaran is famous for the natural hot springs. The hot
brings is said to possess curative powers. Many pilgrims take a dip in the holy
water to wash+ away their sins and others seek its curative qualities. The springs
are situated near the bank of river Parvati.
 Bijli Mahadev Temple
Adventure / Trekking | Pilgrimage
At a distance of 26 km from Kullu, 3 km from Chansari Bus Stand and 60 km
from Manali, Bijli Mahadev temple is one of the sacred temples of Himachal
Pradesh state. It is located at an altitude of about 2,460 m in Kullu Valley.
Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Bijli Mahadev temple is situated on Mathan Hill and is
surrounded by Parvati, Garsa, Bhuntar and Kullu hills. Trek to Bijli Mahadev is one
of the best short treks in Himachal. The temple is renowned for its 60 feet high
flagpole that sparkles like silver needle in the sunlight. This high structure draws
divine blessings in the form of lightening and it is said that with every flash of
lightening, the Shiva Linga is shattered to pieces. The broken pieces of the Shiva
Linga were bound together by the temple priest using butter and Sattoo (a paste
of roasted gram and wheat powder). This activity repeats itself once every year. It
is due to this legend that the temple is named as Bijli (lightening) Mahadev.
The Temple was built in Pahari style. There is an impressively carved image of
Nandi at the entrance of Bijli Mahadev temple. The temple doors are also

26. beautifully carved with sculptures. As per history, the Pahari temple architecture
in Himachal Pradesh was introduced in 8th century and this shrine was built
during that initial period. Some puja articles are available inside the temple
without any additional cost. The surroundings of the temple are quite scenic as
the temple is situated on top of the Mathan hill. This temple has to be reached
by 3 km trekking from Chansari village. Trekking duration is about one hour one
way with 3-4 rest points. Small shops are available selling refreshments on
trekking path. During the new moon day of Shravana month, devotees offer
prayer to their forefathers at Bijli Mahadev temple. A fair is also organized every
year during this time which is quite popular with the pilgrims.
Bhimakali Temple -Sarahan
Historical | Pilgrimage At a distance of 165 km from Shimla, Bhimakali Temple
is located at Sarahan in Himachal Pradesh. The famous Bhimakali Temple in
Sarahan is a very popular pilgrimage site in Himachal state. This temple is 800
years old and it is regarded as one of the 51 sacred Shakti peethas. This temple
is dedicated to Goddess Durga known locally as Bhimakali. This is one of the top
attractions you must include in Shimla packages.
According to one legend, during Daksha Yagna, the Ear of Sati Devi fell here
when Lord Vishnu cut the pieces of her body carried by heartbroken Lord Shiva.
Other legend states that this area was under the rule of Demon called Banasura,
the great grandson of king Prahlad an ardent devotee of Lord Vishnu. Due to

27. Usha-Anirudh affairs Lord Krishna fought here with him and in this battle Lord
Siva stood against the former. The legend goes that head of the defeated king
Banasura was buried in front of the entry gate now marked as a raised platform
to the first courtyard. After Banasura, Pradyumna son of Lord Krishna ruled this
area. Then the ruling king constructed this temple recognizing Devi Bhimakali as
presiding deity of this area. An idol of eternal goddess at Sri Bhimakali Temple
represents the virgin and it lies at the top storey of the temple building. Below
that storey goddess Parvati has been enshrined as the divine consort of Lord
Shiva. There are three other shrines in this complex as well Lord Raghunath,
Narsingh and Patal Bhairava.
The temple is in Tibetan architectural style with Buddhist and Hindu influences
and bronze statues of both religions in the shrines. This feature is not visible at
any of the temples in this hill state. It has slanted slate roofs, golden towers,
pagodas and a carved silver door. The palaces of the royal family are adjacent to
the temple.
 Shikari Devi Temple

28. Pilgrimage | Adventure / Trekking
At a distance of 91 km from Mandi, Shikari Devi Temple is a Hindu Shrine located
near Janjehli in Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh. It is one of the popular
places of pilgrimage in Himachal and among the must-visit places in Mandi for
trekking enthusiasts.
Situated at an elevation of 3359 m, the Shikari Devi temple is located atop Shikari
Devi Peak, the highest peak of the Mandi district. It is believed that the temple
has been existing since the time of Mahabharata. The temple is dedicated to
Shikari Devi, the Goddess of hunters.
This temple is on a flat cemented square platform and the goddess is idolized in
the form of a stone image. The most interesting fact about Shikari Devi temple is
that this temple does not have a roof as no one has ever been able to build a
roof over the top of this temple.
Visitors can reach Shikari Devi either from the town of karsog (21 km) or Janjehli
(16 km). One can hike the whole way or hire a car. Vast green pastures, plenty of

29. wildflowers, captivating sunrise, and sunset, panoramic view of snow range make
this place favourite among nature lovers.
 Hatkoti Temple
Historical & Heritage | Pilgrimage
At a distance of 97 km from Shimla, Hatkoti Temple is located in Hatkoti village
in Jubble. Hatkoti is one of the popular pilgrimages in Himachal Pradesh.
Himachal Pradesh is known as a valley of temples. It is a state of numerous
god and goddesses. Hatkoti is one of them. About Hatkoti temple
information is regarded as the most powerful goddess among all the
goddesses of northern India by the residents of Hatkoti. They believe that

30. the temple was established by Guru Adi Shankracharya. Some people also
believe that the temple was built somewhere in the Third era.
The Hatkoti temple is an abode of goddess Mahishasurmardini, in an incarnation
of Goddess Durga. The statue of the goddess is 1.2 m in height and made of
eight precious metals. The complex also has a separate temple dedicated to Lord
Shiva. The temple also boasts of five idols, which ideally represents the five
pandava brothers of the Mahabharata period.
A fair is held at the temple every year in the month of April. During the fair, the
devotees offer rice and homegrown walnuts to the Goddess Durga. It is believed
that these offerings please the Devi.
 Bhrigu Lake Trek

31. Adventure / Trekking | Lake & Backwater | Pilgrimage At
a distance of 36 kms from Manali Bus Stand, Bhrigu Lake also known as
‘Pool of Gods’. This lake is situated at an altitude of about 4240 m. Bhrigu
Lake Trek is one of the best Manali trekking destinations and among the
prime place to visit on a Manali Trip.
According to thelegend,RishiBhriguarenowned sageoftheHindu religion meditated atthisplaceand
thatmanylocal godsofthe Kullu Valleyvisitto takeadip in itssacred water.Thislakeisconsidered
sacred bytheHindusand manydevoteesvisitthissite.
It islocated to theeastof Rohtang Pass and isaround 6kilometres(3.7 mi)fromGulaba village.Itcan
bereached bytrekkingeitherfromthe Vashishth temple,which isfamousforitshotwatersprings,close
to thetown ofManali.Actually,thereisno settlementin Gulabaand isan areaofthePirPanjal mountain
range.Itis named afterMaharishi Bhrigu.

32. Bir Billing
Pilgrimage | Adventure / Trekking At a distance of 12 km from joginder nagar,
Bir is a village located in the Kangra district. It is rightfully considered the heaven
for paragliding. Bir Billing is famous as the paragliding capital of the world and
attracts paraglider pilots from all over the world. The first Paragliding World Cup
of India was hosted in Bir Billing in the year 2015. Since then, the village
continues to host periodic international competitions and events. The flying
season is from September to October, with some flying also done in November.
Bir Billing is also famed for its soulful Tibetian monasteries set amidst scenic and
peaceful setting. There is a sizable community of Tibetan refugees in the village,
especially at the Bir Tibetan Colony. And among all the monasteries between
Mandi and Kangra, Chokling Monastery is the most beautiful one.

33. .
Impacts of tourism
Tourism is a sector that can contribute to the economic, environmental, and
also social growth of a region or country at large. At the same time, it can
also adversely affect the growth. Tourism brings both negative and positive impacts
on tourist destinations.
Economic Impacts
 Positive economic Impacts of tourism: Tourism generates
different types of income for community, business income, wage earning,
share earnings, rates and levies.
a) Inbound tourism helps to generates revenue from foreign shores.
b) Inbound and domestic tourism create job opportunities.
c) It generates opportunities for small scale local business.
d) Inbound and domestic tourism stimulate the development of
infrastructure.
 Negative economic Impacts of tourism

34. a) Inflation.
b) Outbound tourism creates economic leakage.
c) All types of tourism create a sense of dependency on the customer
or economic recession.
d) Seasonal employment.
e) It can also promote parallel economies.
Socio-Cultural Impacts
 Positive socio-cultural Impacts of tourism
a) Oral traditions, local languages and expressions
b) It helps eradicate poverty by promoting the arts and crafts made by
people who search for a source of income.
c) The infrastructure development also benefits the local population.
d) Knowledge and traditional craftsmanship
e) Festivals and cultural competition
f) Preservation and maintenance of ancient monument and sculptures
 Negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism
a) The commodification of Local Culture.
b) It can bring problems of alcoholism, drug addiction and prostitution in the
local society.
c) Tourism can change local community structure, family relationships,
collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality.
d) It can act as a platform for the spread of contagious diseases.
e) Crime generations.
f) Environmental Impacts
 Positive Environmental impacts of tourism

35. a) Direct financial contribution: The conservation of sensitive areas and
habitat can be contributed directly by tourism. Revenue from park-
entrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for
protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas.
b) Improved Environmental Management and Planning: For better
environmental management of tourism there is a need of providing better
hotel facilities which will increase the benefits to natural environmental.
The development of tourism has encouraged the government of India
towards this direction leading to improved and quality environmental
management.
c) Raising Environmental Awareness: Tourism has immense potentiality to
increase public appreciation of the environment and also spreading
awareness for various environmental problems when it brings people inti
closer contact with nature and the environment.
d) Protection and Preservation of Environment: Tourism can play a significant
role in contributing for the protection of environment, conserving and
restoring different biological diversity and sustainable use of natural
resources.
 Negative Environmental impacts of tourism
a) Depletion of Natural Resources: Development of tourism can put pressure
on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where
resources are already scarce.
 Water resources: One of the most critical natural resources is water and
especially fresh water. In tourism generally we can see overuse of water in
hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists.
This leads to water shortages and degradation of water supplies.
 Local resources: Great pressure can be created by tourism on local
resources like food, energy and other raw materials that may already be in
short supply. Greater extraction and transport of these resources of the
industry, many destinations have ten times mare inhabitants in the high
season as in the low season.

36.  Land degradation: Important land resources include minerals, fossil fuels,
fertile soil, forest, wetland and wildlife. Due to increase of tourism and its
allied activities at the tourists’ destinations the recreational facilities have
increased the pressure on these resources and on scenic landscapes.
b) Pollution: Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other
industry: air emissions, noise, solid waste and littering, release of sewage,
oil and chemicals.
c) Destruction and Alternation of Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a geographic
area including all the living organisms (people, plants, animals and micro-
organisms), their physical surrounding (such as soil, water and air) and the
natural cycles that sustain them. Attractive landscape sites, such as sandy
beaches which are present in the states like Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala etc. lakes, riversides and mountain tops and slopes, are
often transitional zones, characterized by species-rich ecosystem.
 A study on the impact of COVID-19
pandemic on Indian hotel Industry
In this we are discussing pandemic impact of COVID-19 on the budget of
Hotel Sector in Indian Industry. Travel restrictions due to COVID-19 affect the
hospitality, travel and tourism sectors in India and around the world. To
mitigate the impact of the epidemic on the hospitality sector in India, Hotel
conducted an in-depth survey with other domestic operators. The impact of
the COVID -19 epidemics and the ensuing lockdown in the March quarter of
calendar 2020 released on Thursday has severely affected the Indian hotel
and hospitality sector. The industry's key performance parameters, revenue
per available room (RevPAR), declined 18.5% in Q1. Hotels across the country
have now been closed for the past five month and have to bear the rising

37. fixed costs with essentially zero revenue. The Indian hotel sector departed
smoothly in January 2019 after a record year in January 2019, with the 2020
target being "even bigger". The country first began to feel the effects of the
global COVID-19 upheaval in late February 2020, which worsened in early
March. There has been a sharp decline in hotel business in major cities and
by our estimates there has been a decline of 45 percent over the previous
year. In such a short time, such a decline has never seen the decline of the
sector.
Introduction the rapid decision taken by the central government to
put the country on complete lockdown from 24 March 2020 to 14 April 2020
and further enhanced by 3 May 2020, it has boosted the growth rate. Has
slowed down a lot and given us time to prepare our medical facilities and
plan for the future. While the lockdown has been done keeping in mind the
best interests, it has had a catastrophic effect on the economic activity of the
country and the recession may well be imminent in the coming few quarters.
It has had a wideranging impact on the hospitality industry in India, with the
cancellation of flights and trains across the country, hotel bookings having to
face monumental cancellations and its widespread impact on hotels like
travel agents, taxi operators, handicrafts showrooms etc. Has an effect.
Across the country, they have been closed for almost a month now, with
essentially zero revenue, with rising fixed costs. Further development, growth
and development will be affected with the postponement or cancellation of

38. new hotel signatures. However, for developers and investors who have cash
reserves, there will be an opportunity to invest and build projects on the
back of lower construction and finishing costs over the next few years, the
report said. The industry's economy segment is expected to stage a first
round of turnaround as there is partial relief in lockdown across the country.
"We expect the mid-scale and economy segment to witness the first wave of
room-night demand," said Deepika Rao, MD and CEO (CEO) of Ginger Hotels.
An official said that the hotel industry, led by the Hotel and Restaurant
Association of India (FHRAI), has offered 45,000 rooms, which apart from the
medical fraternity, to enable quarantine facilities for tourists and domestic
travellers at various locations Have been done. In Mumbai alone, more than
2,000 rooms have been provided in establishments of all sizes, subject to
their availability.
Objective:
1. To Development and new opening in COVID-19.
2. To the Impact on the Indian Hotels Sector Industry in COVID-19.
3. To find the budget accommodation in Indian hospitality sector.
COVID-19-Impact on the Indian Hotels Sector and global
travel and tourism sector
Such a catastrophe is that it has brought together several representative
bodies from travel, tourism and hotels to collectively represent the
government and the Prime Minister's Office. In all likelihood, as we print, the
government should announce measures to revive and support the troubled
areas, with particular attention to the hospitality sector. The Indian hotel
sector recorded a smooth transition in January 2020, becoming "even bigger"
by 2020. The country first began to feel the effects of the global COVID-19
upheaval in late February 2020, which worsened in early March. There has
been a sharp decline in hotel business in major cities and by our estimates

39. there has been a decline of 45 percent over the previous year. In such a short
time, such a decline has never seen the decline of the sector. This report
predicts the second quarter of the year to be the most affected. Hotels will
be unable to drive rates and may try to attract business at deep discounts.
Overall occupancy in the branded hotels segment is projected to fall by 16.7
- 20.5 percentage points in 2019 to 2020, while ADR is projected to decline
by 7% to 8% for the year. As a result, RevPAR will witness a significant
decline from 31% to 36.2%. IATA estimates that global airlines need
emergency funds of up to US $ 200 billion as they fight for survival.
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the COVID-19 pandemic
could lead to a loss of 50 million jobs worldwide in the travel and tourism
industry, reflecting a 12–14% decrease in jobs. International travel may be
adversely affected by up to 25% this year, equivalent to a loss of three
months travel. It can take up to 10 months for the industry to recover after
the outbreak is over. The Indian hospitality industry is undoubtedly one of
the biggest accidents of the COVID-19 outbreak as demand has plummeted
to an all-time low. Global travel consultations, suspension of visas,
enforcement of Section-144 (prohibition against mass celebrations), most
other countries like India are on lockdown, of which unprecedented. The FTA
demand is not expected to arise anytime soon. In our opinion, worldwide
travel restrictions will only be fully rolled out by the end of the year,
although such a process will begin very soon. In addition, most future
bookings for winter i.e. October – March - the strong season for our industry
- done in the summer months, have evaporated to a great extent. With new
confirmed cases reported daily, the entry of COVID-19 virus into India has
caused mass hysteria, with the expectation of its re-establishment continuing
well into the second quarter of the calendar year 2020. The current situation
is grim, domestic flights have been ordered to close shop from 25 March
2020 and all other demand segments such as MICE, business, social and
sports events have been cancelled or indefinitely for future has been
postponed.

40. Recommendation The large-scale hotel sector has been the biggest cause of
COVID-19 shock, with less worldwide demand. As contingency plans continue
to ease the collapse of the crisis in the region, in our opinion, hotel operators
should also extend a hand of solidarity to their owners by providing some
relief measures. According to recent reports, more than 30% of domestic
hotels in the country resumed operations at the end of May 2020, 2 months
after the first COVID-19 case was filed in the country. Hotel bookings are also
increasing, with hotel travellers accounting for the largest segment. Hotels
located in proximity to transportation centers have been a popular choice. All
of the above news comes in the form of silver linings as it provides a window
to the Indian hotel sector for future viewing, as it makes reference to COVID-
19 related travel restrictions and cancellations. Our industry has taken several
precautionary measures to minimize the immediate impact. However, we
must ensure in advance that hotels must now continue their efforts to adapt
to the rapidly changing business environment.
Conclusion
Re-negotiate the lease contract with the landlords for at least the next 6
months and cancel the force measure for the lockdown period. Eliminate
renegotiation or part pay for the next 4 months, at this time it is important
to avoid job cuts because employees are the backbone of your business.
Analyze your expenses and cut discretionary expenses. Instead, spend this
money on improving the customer experience, whenever the business is
resumed, this will include top-quality linen and housekeeping, strict hygiene
standards and better trained staff personnel. Develop a direct marketing
strategy, use your in-house client database and connect with them, tell them
how you are dealing with this period and what steps are being taken to
ensure that they are in the future of your property Enjoy a safe and
enjoyable stay in.
Use social media channels and email to apply this talk to various channel
partners and explore the possibility of reducing commissions paid to various

41. OTAs such as MakeMyTrip, Booking.com etc., offering more to customers for
less. Do, for example, bundle packages for meal plans. Ensure that the
operating costs are kept under control after the start of business; remember
this is a question of your existence.
Total occupancy in the branded hotels segment is projected to fall by 16.7 -
20.5 percentage points in 2019 to 2020, while ADR is projected to decline by
7% to 8% for the year. As a result, RevPAR will witness a significant decline
from 31% to 36.2%. The report stated that 47% of operators expect their
hotels to reopen for operation within 2 weeks of the removal of the
lockdown ban by the respective state governments. While 33% of them
expect to open within a week.
Meanwhile, 67% of the operators surveyed confirmed that they were being
approached by hotel owners for financial assistance or relief, for example,
management fees, fixed system fees, etc. The country's travel and hospitality
industry, affected and battered by the COVID-19 epidemic, is losing Rs 5-
trillion in revenue next year, while 35-40 million jobs, both direct and
indirect, are endangered.

42.  Strength and Weaknesses of Himachal
Pradesh Tourism
Nature has bestowed Himachal Pradesh with unique beauty and splendour
with its lush green valley, snow covered Himalayan ranges, a serene, peaceful,
hospitable and comfortable environment, smiling people and a rich cultural
heritage- which tourists would be hard put to find elsewhere.
Tourism contributes nearly 8% of the State Domestic Product. Himachal
Pradesh is already a well- established and recognized tourist destination. It
seeks to harness the fullest potential of the State for development of
tourism, which in turn can be a prime engine for economic growth and
prosperity of the State, besides effectively addressing the problems of
unemployment and poverty.
Himachal Tourism: Strengths
o Rare Place: Himachal Pradesh is the only rare place in the world offering
five distinct seasons, thus having potential to attract tourists in flow round
the year.
o Stable state: HP is one of the Political and socially stable state in the
country which offer peaceful pleasure for the tourists.
o Salubrious and pollution free environment
o Rich history and heritage: Himachal Pradesh have rich history and heritage
that has something to offer to all. Its, ancient temples, Buddhist
monasteries, churches and cemeteries are thousands of years old.
o Himachal Pradesh offers a rare conglomerate of eco-tourism, pilgrimage,
adventure, culture, heritage, leisure and wilderness. Himachal Pradesh has
fairly good infrastructure. Himachal Pradesh has high literacy rate and the
tourists do not face any problem in language communication.
Himachal Pradesh: Weaknesses

43. o Himachal Pradesh has negligible air and rail link.
o Himachal Pradesh has inadequate flow to foreign tourists. Data show that
the foreign tourist’s inflow has increased from 2.8 to 4.8 million. But that is
not enough because the average night spent by the foreign tourists is just
1.2 which is less.
o There is lack of trained tourist guides at important places and historical
tourist’s sites.
o There are inadequate parking places at important tourist places as result
there is chaos during their pleasure time and people go back with bad
experiences.
o There is poor marketing of the State tourism abroad and adequate
marketing with in the country so that less people are aware about the
places of interest of the state.
o Very little budget is allocated to tourism related activities. Only 0.28% of
the state budget is allocated to tourism in HP.
o There are poor waste disposal systems in the leading destinations, posing
threat to the environment like Rohtang Pass.
Conclusion; There are five factors that can increase inflow of tourists in
Himachal Pradesh First factor is increase in the travel due to business
opportunities. Second is better roads and communication network in terms of
air network, better sanitation facilities and better tourist experiences of past,
third is availability of better tour packages, fourth factor is the rise in the
income level of people especially the middle class, fifth factor is various
initiatives taken by the govt. such as unforgettable of Himachal in order to
achieve the policy objectives some thrust areas need to be recognized and
explored Himachal offers a new era of nature enjoyment and learning.
It also provides visitors an excellent exposure to the nature. This makes it an
ideal area for developing eco-tourism, rural tourism, adventure tourism and
activities like jungle safaris, trekking, rock climbing, forest trails, nature walks,
camping etc. All these activities are to be conducted in a manner that
promotes in a manner of the environment and helps maintain the ecological
balance.

44. Case Study on Mcleodganj (HP)
Tourism is one of the most attractive as well as growing businesses of the
21st Century. It has ample employment opportunities for an individual as well
as revenue generation for the host destination. Push and Pull factors are

45. comprised of the attributes of both tourists as well as the destination. The
travel motivation of the tourists basically gives the Push factor for the
tourism whereas the special attribute or attraction at destination act as Pull
factor for the tourist to visit that place. There could be so many motivations
for the tourists to travel a particular destination but the present research
paper focuses on travelling for the sake of religious purpose how IT is
playing its important role.
In this, Mcleodganj being a peaceful place, tourists wish to visit this
enchanting tourist spot for both Buddhism as well as Hinduism. The tourists
to visit Mcleodganj with respect to religious tourism have been identified.
Mcleodganj is a religious tourism destination having wide range of religious
places for both Buddhists as well as Hindus.
McLeod Ganj is a suburb of Dharamshala in Kangra district of Himachal
Pradesh, India. It is known as "Little Lhasa " or "Dhasa" (a short form of
Dharamshala used mainly by Tibetans) because of its large population
of Tibetans. The Tibetan government-in-exile is headquartered in McLeod
Ganj.
McLeod Ganj has an average elevation of 2,082 metres (6,831 feet). It is
situated on the Dhauladhar Range. McLeod Ganj was named after Sir Donard
Friell McLeod, a Lieutenant Governor of Punjab and the word Ganj, which is a
common Persian word meaning "neighbourhood". As of 2021, it is the home
of famous 14th Tibetan Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso after his exile from Tibet.
McLeod Ganj is one of the most beautiful places to roam around on foot.
Hotels made on the slope of Dhauladhar range, market decorated with
colourful Tibetan flags, hand made goods and stalls of tasty food makes it
more beautiful. In McLeod Ganj you will find a Buddhist temple and Dalai
Lama Temple, and if you are lucky enough you may also get chance to meet
Dalai Lama in person.

46. The major towns near McLeod Ganj
include Dharamshala, Palampur, Kangra, Sidhbari, Tatwani, and Machhrial. Other
nearby spiritual attractions include Chinmaya Tapovan (a Hindu retreat centre),
Osho Nisarga (an Osho retreat centre) and Chamunda (a pilgrimage place for
Hindus). The trekking route to Triund starts from McLeod Ganj.
Tourism is an important industry in McLeod Ganj. Many people come to study
Tibetan Buddhism, culture, crafts, etc. The town is also known for Tibetan
handicrafts, thangkas, Tibetan carpets, garments, and other souvenirs. People of
McLeod Ganj are so religious and they are very rooted and devoted to their
culture and prayers.
A quiet and lonely hill station located at a height, McLeod Ganj has silent valleys
and the breeze is fresh and cool. People come to this place to release all their
tensions and anxieties. The best part is the Kagra valley which is full of dense
forests and snow-covered mountains which make it a mesmerising place to be in.
Silence is always expected by the visitors and they are to find it in McLeod Ganj.

47.  Recommendation regarding Tourism in Himachal Pradesh
o Local culture and handicrafts must be promoted.
o Promote Eco-Tourism.

48. o Railways must be given a boost so that long distance travel
becomes easy. Low-cost airlines and helicopter services also can
used to reach.
o Roads must be improved and parking space should be provided at
all tourist destinations.
o Orchards and forests should be promoted as tourists spot.
o More advertising in media, magazines, etc. are needed.
o Shopping facilities need a boost, shopping malls can be opened up
which could cater to the need of the tourists.
o Education facilities should be upgraded.
o Cleanliness and environmental sustainability must be taken care of.
o Promote sustainable development.
 Conclusion
Tourism is a very productive activity both for the tourist and the
government. As they support each other simultaneously. Also,
the government should consider improving the condition of the
country to get greater number of tourists visit their country.
Tourism has the potential to save the ecosystem from depletion.
A large number of people visit Rohtang Pass every year to have
a glimpse of beautiful creation of nature and to interact with
the environment.
Himalayas has a vast potential for tourism and its allied
activities. But the increasing activities of deforestation, mining,
extraction etc. has lead to great loss of Himalayan ecosystem.
The sustainable tourism measures are needed to be adopted for
the betterment of the present as well as future generation. Only
the tourism industry can play a vital and catalytic role in the

49. protection and preservation of the environment and the
ecosystem.
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industry in the world that
has changed the scenario of the world.
o References
 himachaltourism.gov.in
 himachaltourism.nic.in
 himachaltourism dep. co.
 hillpost.in
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh
 Pilgrimage sites in Himachal Pradesh | Religious Sites in
Himachal Pradesh (indianholiday.com)
 PaperTitle (use style: paper title) (ijiras.com)