The document discusses trends in the landscaping industry in Europe and the US. It finds that the number of landscaping companies is growing faster than employment. Residential work is a larger portion of the industry in the US, while government contracts dominate in Europe. Profit margins tend to be lower in Europe due to higher labor costs and regulations. Reducing non-billable time and keeping overhead costs low are keys to increasing profitability.
How a Takeoff in Advanced Robotics Will Power the Next Productivity SurgeBoston Consulting Group
Robotics are quickly approaching an inflection point in usage and are being adopted in new industries. This deck highlights key findings from BCG's research the shifting economics of global manufacturing and the role that advanced robotics will play.
A short presentation I gave at a conference in '07 to a group of Managing Partners from large accounting firms on how they could use online marketing to increase their brand awareness and revenues.
How a Takeoff in Advanced Robotics Will Power the Next Productivity SurgeBoston Consulting Group
Robotics are quickly approaching an inflection point in usage and are being adopted in new industries. This deck highlights key findings from BCG's research the shifting economics of global manufacturing and the role that advanced robotics will play.
A short presentation I gave at a conference in '07 to a group of Managing Partners from large accounting firms on how they could use online marketing to increase their brand awareness and revenues.
Abstrak Kemampuan Calon Guru dalam Menyusun Perangkat PenilaianDasrieny Pratiwi
Abstrak yang di sajikan pada Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Biologi 2015 di Malang 21 Maret 2015.
Jika ada pertanyaan dan ingin info lebih lanjut mengenai isi abstrak tersebut, dapat menghubungi melalui email dasrienyp@yahoo.com. Terimakasih. Semoga Bermanfaat.
Pada tugas DDP MIPA T.A 2014/2015 dapat memilih KD yang ada pada kurikulum K-13 sebagai berikut. Cantumkan nomor KD yang telah dipilih, pada kolom KD yang ada pada tabel identifikasi.
Keynote presentation to the Transmedia Living Lab, Madrid sponsored by Telefonica.
The presentation introduces a methodology for participatory storytelling and illustrates with examples from my work a
Agile Collaboration in a Virtual World: Harnessing Social Media, Web 2.0 and ...Wrike
Andrew Filev, Cornelius Fichtner and Elizabeth Harrin, members of PMI New Media Council, share practical tips for making virtual collaboration easy and efficient.
Test Analyst 3 + Yrs Manual Automation Themeamitcitm
A Software Testing Professional
Qualified, Experienced, Responsible, Dependable
Software Test Engineer Seeking assignments for Testing Software, MANUAL/AUTOMATION, SECURITY Testing Comprehensive Knowledge of the SDLC (Software Development life cycle) and STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle), Spiral and V-MODEL activities within a leading organization.
Presentation by Stephen Kelly of Manufacturing NI to the NICVA Centre for Economic Empowerment Masterclass on Energy Markets in Northern Ireland (17 October 2014)
This presentation covers the cost of energy and its impact on Northern Ireland business, especially large manufactures, and the importance of this to the economy. The difference between the cost of generation and the price paid, where the policy priorities lie, how manufacturers are coping with high costs and what the response should be.
Servitization: service is the future of manufacturingABN AMRO
Servitization is the process whereby services are given an increasingly important role in the business model of manufacturing companies. In addition to – and sometimes at the expense of – traditional product and machine sales. Service turns from being a cost item into an opportunity to provide better service for the customer and thereby generate additional revenue. Servitization in the manufacturing industry can consist of companies proactively offering repair and overhaul services, spare parts and training in addition to their core products. But servitization also includes broader services such as consultancy, financing, insurance and logistics services. In this report ABN AMRO and Praetimus discuss the advantages, but also the challenges involved in the transition to a service-oriented business model.
Abstrak Kemampuan Calon Guru dalam Menyusun Perangkat PenilaianDasrieny Pratiwi
Abstrak yang di sajikan pada Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Biologi 2015 di Malang 21 Maret 2015.
Jika ada pertanyaan dan ingin info lebih lanjut mengenai isi abstrak tersebut, dapat menghubungi melalui email dasrienyp@yahoo.com. Terimakasih. Semoga Bermanfaat.
Pada tugas DDP MIPA T.A 2014/2015 dapat memilih KD yang ada pada kurikulum K-13 sebagai berikut. Cantumkan nomor KD yang telah dipilih, pada kolom KD yang ada pada tabel identifikasi.
Keynote presentation to the Transmedia Living Lab, Madrid sponsored by Telefonica.
The presentation introduces a methodology for participatory storytelling and illustrates with examples from my work a
Agile Collaboration in a Virtual World: Harnessing Social Media, Web 2.0 and ...Wrike
Andrew Filev, Cornelius Fichtner and Elizabeth Harrin, members of PMI New Media Council, share practical tips for making virtual collaboration easy and efficient.
Test Analyst 3 + Yrs Manual Automation Themeamitcitm
A Software Testing Professional
Qualified, Experienced, Responsible, Dependable
Software Test Engineer Seeking assignments for Testing Software, MANUAL/AUTOMATION, SECURITY Testing Comprehensive Knowledge of the SDLC (Software Development life cycle) and STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle), Spiral and V-MODEL activities within a leading organization.
Presentation by Stephen Kelly of Manufacturing NI to the NICVA Centre for Economic Empowerment Masterclass on Energy Markets in Northern Ireland (17 October 2014)
This presentation covers the cost of energy and its impact on Northern Ireland business, especially large manufactures, and the importance of this to the economy. The difference between the cost of generation and the price paid, where the policy priorities lie, how manufacturers are coping with high costs and what the response should be.
Servitization: service is the future of manufacturingABN AMRO
Servitization is the process whereby services are given an increasingly important role in the business model of manufacturing companies. In addition to – and sometimes at the expense of – traditional product and machine sales. Service turns from being a cost item into an opportunity to provide better service for the customer and thereby generate additional revenue. Servitization in the manufacturing industry can consist of companies proactively offering repair and overhaul services, spare parts and training in addition to their core products. But servitization also includes broader services such as consultancy, financing, insurance and logistics services. In this report ABN AMRO and Praetimus discuss the advantages, but also the challenges involved in the transition to a service-oriented business model.
What is ailing the south african plastics manufacturing sectorHendrik Lourens
For manufacturers times are tough. We blame government regulations, workers and unions for demanding too high wages, workers that are unskilled, electricity supply issues and unfair imports. But what if these are not the major cause of the problems we are experiencing. This article looks at how we use our raw materials and proposes that this is our number one cause.
ARC's Larry O'brien Automation Services Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010ARC Advisory Group
ARC's Larry O'brien Automation Services Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010 in Orlando, FL.
Automation Services: What Are They Why Are They Important What Can You do to Succeed?
End Users Increasingly Look to Automation Suppliers for Wider Scope of Services
Decreased in-house expertise/resources among manufacturers.
Engineering firms view automation as less of a core competency.
Suppliers are filling the void as MAV, MAC, MIV, etc.
Suppliers offering more value-add services designed to increase ROA, reduce TCO, etc.
Users now view services with an eye toward business value proposition.
25.5 billion euros - these are the total maintenance costs in the European pulp & paper/wood industry. The ConMoto Consulting Group has analysed the Maintenance and Asset Performance of 26 different mills and plants in nine countries. A detailed examination reveals that this industry sector still has a considerable potential for improvement. The ConMoto study points out how a Value oriented Maintenance and Asset Management contributes to a sustainable, profitable enterprise development.
Give The Green Light: Build Your Business Case for Field Service TechnologyServiceMax
This webinar slide deck discusses the step you need to take to build a compelling business case for implementing field service technology in your organization
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
3. Public Green care - still the dominant player in European Green Care. Europe USA No available data The total value of public installation and maintenance in European Green Care can very roughly be estimated to 20 billion US dollars. 20% of the cost is made up of capital costs on new investments in lawns, trees, hedges, hard-surfaces etc. (as a thumb rule, the public sector is worth between 125%-175% of that of the private sector in each country. Scandinavia and the Netherlands represents the highest value, while southern Europe represents the lowest)
4.
5. Europe USA Revenues rising 50% 72% Revenues holding 40% 21% Revenues falling 10% 7% Average % of rise 2,5% 18% Residential customers 30% 60% Commercial customers 25% 36% Government customers 45% 4% Cheap labour, often of foreign origin 20% 45% The landscape industry has a higher growth rate in the US than in Europe, mainly due to the fact that residential work grows steadily in the US, while government contracts in Europe is falling in value. The access to cheap labour increases in Europe, but still is much lower than in USA.
6. Europe USA Working hours/week 39 56 Average wage/hour for entry-level labour 9,5 $ 8,5-9,25 $ Benefits/social costs 35-50% 15-30% Labour cost/total costs 45% 30-35% (average for the industry, both installation and maintenance) Installation/total turnover 62% 35% Maintenance/ total turnover 38% 65% It is significant that the american workforce works many more hours during the season. A higher degree of seasonal workers and higher access to cheap labour is part of the explanation. More rigorous working laws in Europe regarding maximum working time and overtime compensation is another causal factor. The cost of labour is clearly higher in Europe, with northern and central Europe having the highest cost. While maintenance dominates the american market, installation is still strong in Europe.
7. Europe USA Number of companies 42000 80-90000 Revenue less than $100000 34% Revenue less than $200000 26% Revenue $ 100-499999 40% Revenue $ 200-440000 20% Revenue $ 500-1000000 16% Revenue $ 441-880000 26% Revenue more than 1 m$ 10% Revenue more than $ 880000 28% The fastest growing type of company is the really small ones, the cowboys. Medium sized companies still are dominated by landscapers but here is where the transition to facility management firms take place. The larger firms are more frequent in Europe than in the US, but both in the US and in Europe most of the larger firms offer service solutions, i e are a kind of facility management-company today.
8. Profitability Generally lower profit-levels than in the US Installation more profitable than maintenance Private maintenance more profitable than working on government contracts No hard-facts available Europe USA Profit margin varies from 23% for commercial to 28% for residential work. Cowboys have 38,5-39%, while medium companies have 20-24% and large companies 13,5-18,5%. Generally maintenance generates the same margins as installation works.
9. What are the Costs made up of ? Labour cost 45% Material 30% Machines 12% Administration 8% Taxes 13% Europe USA Labour cost 35% Material 25% Machines 23% Administration 7% Taxes 10% The composition of costs varies greatly from one type of work to another. For the industry in general it is important to remember that the Landscape Industry in USA has a higher degree of maintenance compared to Europe and a much higher degree of mobility due to customer structure with a major part of the turnover coming from the residential side. Also chemical lawncare f example is a big business in the US, but very little in Europe, which is one explanation for the relatively little difference in material costs.
10. How to make money with Lawncare 1 Choose the right mix of customers . Generally private,commercial contracts are more profitable than government contracts. Choose the right mix of maintenance work . Generally chemical lawncare, fertilizing, aeration, scarification etc are more profitable than mowing and trimming. Cleaning lawns and raking leaves are the least profitable type of work.
11. How to make money with Lawncare 2 Choose customers that are reachable with short transportation time or less than 15% of the time spent on-site. Choose a fast working method for loading/unloading , the right type of vehicle and trailer etc to reduce non-billable time to a minimum.
12. How to make money with Lawncare 3 Choose the right mix of skilled and unskilled labour . Generally 1/3 skilled labour and 2/3 unskilled labour are used for maintenance work and 2/3 skilled labour and 1/3 unskilled labour for installation work. Choose the right crew size for a specific workload . Generally 2 men crews should be used for workloads of up to 4 manhours, 3 men crews for workloads up to 6 manhours and 4 men crews for greater workloads.
13. How to make money with Lawncare 4 Keep an eye on your overhead . Overhead costs tend to rise dramatically after the initial establishing fase ( 5 years and more in the business) Sell a service solution with additional values to the customer. Choose the right sub-deliverers with the right conditions for plants, chemicals etc .
14. How to make money with Lawncare 5 Keep your machine costs under control. Set an hourly cost of each larger machine which includes capital and running costs. Estimate running time per year and economical length of life. Either buy low-cost professional machines where running time/year is expected to be low, or buy higher-cost professional machines where running time/year is expected to be high. Reduce ineffective time, which mainly occurs due to transportation-problems and break-downs.
15. Cost Transparency Model Price per m2/year --------------------- Direct costs -field labour -material -machines -transports Gross profit Indirect costs - administration - supervisors/ management - office-building/ garages etc - other indirect costs Contribution margin Financial costs Net margin Maintenance costs can normally be estimated by m2-units For small firms like cowboys, the focus is to be set on direct costs. For larger firms the focus is to be set on indirect costs. For all type of firms the thinking must change so that pricing more often will focus on contribution margin. Which type of work and which of the customers contributes the most to our profit ?
16. Problems with measuring - Maintenance Productivity Measuring productivity in the landscape business is not uncomplicated. Often no consideration is taken to the quality aspect when measuring productivity. Neither to the conditions or sizes of the surfaces where maintenance is carried out. Time values given by manufacturers of machine equipment are often overestimated due to that the calculations are based upon ideal conditions as to surface-sizes, weather, cleanliness, lack of constraints etc. Opposite organisational or scholarly based time values often underestimate productivity due to lack of field-studies, cautiousness etc.