This document is a chapter from a human geography textbook. It summarizes the key concepts covered in Chapter 11, which discusses urban structure and the spatial patterns of cities. The chapter covers topics like land use patterns, urban spatial models, gentrification, racial segregation, problems afflicting cities in developing countries, and potential future urban geographies. It includes over 30 figures to illustrate concepts from different world regions.

1. Chapter 11 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
City Spaces:
Urban Structure
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta

2. Key Concepts
• Land Use • Gentrification
• Spatial Patterns • North American Cities
• Racial Segregation • European Cities
• Urban Land Use • Islamic Cities
Models • Unintended
• Smart Growth Metropolises
• Urban Sprawl
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3. Urban Land Use
• Accessibility
• Isotropic surface
• Trade-off model
Figure 11.1 Accessibility, bid-rent, and urban
structure
Apply your knowledge: Identify 3 trade-offs that you
have made in your own living space. How have these
affected your access to school, transportation, and job?
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4. Urban Land Use, (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: Identify
• Congregation any enclaves, ghettos, or colonies
in your region. List ways these may
• Minority groups have resulted from discrimination
• Segregation and ways residents benefit from
congregation.
– Enclaves, ghettos,
colonies
Figure: Chapter 11 Opener Thames Town, China
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5. North American Cities
• Central business district
(CBD)
• Zone in transition
• Invasion and succession
Figure 11.2 Chicago's CBD
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6. North American Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.3 The ecological model of Figure 11.4 Chinatown in NYC
urban land use
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7. Racial Segregation
Detroit Washington, D.C.
New York Long Beach Figure 11.a,b,c,d
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8. Spatial Organization
Figure 11.5 Hoyt's Sector model Figure 11.6 Decentralized multiple-nuclei
model
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9. Spatial Organization, (cont'd)
Figure 11.7
Polycentric new metropolis
Apply your knowledge: Create a map like the ones in Figures 11.7 and
11.8 for the metropolitan area with which you are most familiar. Label
urban realms, major highways, edge cities, secondary business centers,
and other important features.
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10. Spatial Organization, (cont'd)
Figure 11.8 Metroburban landscapes Figure 11.9 Gentrification in Philadelphia
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11. Smart Growth versus Sprawl
Figure 11.E Transformation of Figure 11.F Smart growth in Pasadena
California farmland to suburban
sprawl
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12. Problems of North American Cities
• Central cities
• Fiscal squeeze
• Infrastructure
• Poverty
• Neighborhood decay
Figure 11.10 Decaying infrastructure,
• Cycle of poverty Minneapolis
• Redlining
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13. Problems of North American Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.11 Poverty in the District of Columbia
Apply your knowledge: Identify fiscal, industrial, or
neighborhood problems in your city or town. List and
explain any cycles of proverty or other patterns you can
identify.
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14. European Cities
• Features • City planning
– Low skylines • Beaux Arts style
– Lively downtowns • Modern movement
– Neighborhood stability
– Municipal socialism
Figure 11.12
Vigevano, Italy
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15. European Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.13 Cologne, Germany Figure 11.14 Sabbioneta, Italy
Apply your knowledge: Find images that best capture
the typical features of European cities.
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16. European Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.15 Boulevard des Italiens, Paris Figure 11.16 La Ville Radieuse
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17. European Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.17 The Brazilian National Congress buildings, Brasilia
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18. Islamic Cities
• Basic principles
– Personal privacy and
virtue
– Communal well-being
– Inner essence of things
• Jami (principal
mosque) Figure 11.18 Mosque in Pakistan
• Kasbah (citadel)
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19. Islamic Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.19 A suq, a covered bazaar, in Iran Figure 11.20 Housing in Tunisia
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20. Islamic Cities, (cont'd)
Figure 11.21 Traditional wind towers in Iran
Apply your knowledge: Research an Islamic city that is
similar in size to the community in which you live and list
two similarities and two differences between your own town
or city and the Islamic city you have researched.
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21. Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Figure 11.G Dubai cityscape Figure 11.H Luxury development, Palm
Jumeirah
Figure 11.J Dubai real estate bust
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22. Cities of the Periphery
• Unintended metropolises
• Underemployment
• Dualism
• The informal economy
• Slums
• Transport & infrastructure
problems
• Environmental degradation
Figure 11.23 Dualism in Rio de
Janeiro
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23. Cities of the Periphery, (cont'd)
Figure 11.22 Recent explosive growth in Figure 11.24 Garbage picking in Bangkok,
Lagos, Nigeria Thailand
Apply your knowledge: Identify an informal economic
function in your town or city. List positive and negative
effects of the activities involved in this type of economy.
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24. Cities of the Periphery, (cont'd)
Figure 11.25 Informal economic Figure 11.26 Self-help as a solution to housing
activities in Bangkok, Thailand problems in Zambia
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25. Cities of the Periphery, (cont'd)
Figure 11.27 Infrastructure problems in Figure 11.28 Water-supply problems in
Columbia India
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26. Future Geographies
Figure 11.29
Cityscapes will continue to be
dominated by stark contrasts
between the rich and poor, as
in these slums in Mumbai,
India
Apply your knowledge: Research a megacity and
examine it in terms of the presence of slum housing,
environmental degradation, and infrastructure concerns.
What are the causes of these problems?
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27. End of Chapter 11
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