Is Medicare still meant for all of us or only a privileged few?
Doctor Kees van Gool, 1 February 2012
Use the hashtag #utspeaks to further the discussion on Twitter.
UTSpeaks is an annual free public lecture series presented by UTS experts discussing a range of important issues confronting contemporary Australia.
Steven Schwartz at Consumer Centric Health, Models for Change '11HealthInnoventions
Tackling the Double Helix: On the Road to Sustainable Behavior Change.
Sustainable health behavior change is possible.
To be successful, you must equally commit to health at the individual level and the social level.
Is Medicare still meant for all of us or only a privileged few?
Doctor Kees van Gool, 1 February 2012
Use the hashtag #utspeaks to further the discussion on Twitter.
UTSpeaks is an annual free public lecture series presented by UTS experts discussing a range of important issues confronting contemporary Australia.
Steven Schwartz at Consumer Centric Health, Models for Change '11HealthInnoventions
Tackling the Double Helix: On the Road to Sustainable Behavior Change.
Sustainable health behavior change is possible.
To be successful, you must equally commit to health at the individual level and the social level.
Main World Equity Indices Fundamental Value - Based on Analyst EstimatesBCV
All Analyst Estimates by key financial parameters as of Dec 16th 2010: Index Level Data (Sales, EBITDA, Long Term Growth, Net Debt, Diluted EPS from Continuing Ops) and Per Share Level Data (Earnings, Cash Flows, Dividends, Book Value,..)
NCRS10 - What is the link between distress and dysfunction (Sept10)Alex J Mitchell
This is an invited presentation from the NCRS 2010 asking "what is the association between distress on the distress thermometer and dysfunction". This help to find a cut-off on the DT based on function.
Dodi Kelleher (Safeway) at Consumer Centric Health, Models for Change '11HealthInnoventions
Live Life, Live Long, Live Well™
An Evolving Health and Wellness Strategy. Dodi Kelleher, DMH
Director, Health and Wellness Initiatives, Safeway Inc.
One of the largest food and drug retailers in North America
200,000 employees and 1,725 stores across the US and Canada. Safeway health benefits offered to 30,000 corporate and store employees
Yes - there is a slowing decline in the market. What does that mean to you? How much has the decline slowed? Another way to look at it is (a more optimistic question) how much has the market improved? These reports aren't exactly a canary in the mineshaft, but you may find them useful.
Mobile-First SEO - The Marketers Edition #3XEDigitalAleyda Solís
How to target your SEO process to a reality of more people searching on mobile devices than desktop and an upcoming mobile first Google index? Check it out.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
Main World Equity Indices Fundamental Value - Based on Analyst EstimatesBCV
All Analyst Estimates by key financial parameters as of Dec 16th 2010: Index Level Data (Sales, EBITDA, Long Term Growth, Net Debt, Diluted EPS from Continuing Ops) and Per Share Level Data (Earnings, Cash Flows, Dividends, Book Value,..)
NCRS10 - What is the link between distress and dysfunction (Sept10)Alex J Mitchell
This is an invited presentation from the NCRS 2010 asking "what is the association between distress on the distress thermometer and dysfunction". This help to find a cut-off on the DT based on function.
Dodi Kelleher (Safeway) at Consumer Centric Health, Models for Change '11HealthInnoventions
Live Life, Live Long, Live Well™
An Evolving Health and Wellness Strategy. Dodi Kelleher, DMH
Director, Health and Wellness Initiatives, Safeway Inc.
One of the largest food and drug retailers in North America
200,000 employees and 1,725 stores across the US and Canada. Safeway health benefits offered to 30,000 corporate and store employees
Yes - there is a slowing decline in the market. What does that mean to you? How much has the decline slowed? Another way to look at it is (a more optimistic question) how much has the market improved? These reports aren't exactly a canary in the mineshaft, but you may find them useful.
Mobile-First SEO - The Marketers Edition #3XEDigitalAleyda Solís
How to target your SEO process to a reality of more people searching on mobile devices than desktop and an upcoming mobile first Google index? Check it out.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Sightlines 2015 State of Facilities: An In-Depth Look at Capital TrendsSightlines
Learn about the capital trends facing facilities management in higher education. All information is based on Sightlines' 2015 State of Facilities report.
Exploring the State of Facilities 2014 [Part 4]: Operations Effectiveness & E...Sightlines
During this webinar, Sightlines Vice President Jim Kadamus and Associate Vice President Jay Pearlman offer an in-depth discussion of the benchmarks, trends, and best practices introduced in our 2014 report The State of Facilities in Higher Education.
Part 4 explores the challenges of the day-to-day operations on campus that are caused by flat operating budgets that are unable to keep up with inflation, increasing staffing coverages, and an inability to protect energy savings. In response, strategies for increasing planned maintenance investments to offset scarce resources and examples of policy shifts that have allowed facilities leaders to protect and re-allocate energy savings are also discussed.
Annual Survey for the CEO's of the Council of Manufacturing Associations. If you are a member and would like to get a copy of 2012's, please contact us and we will be happy to send it to you.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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2. Claims Experience Correlated to Health Score
Paid Claims
$12,000.00
$10,214.99
$10,000.00
$7,826.56
$8,000.00
$6,391.89
$6,000.00
$4,229.58
$4,000.00
$2,000.00
$-
Ideal (85+) Low Risk (71-84) Moderate Risk (61-70) High/ Very High Risk(<60)
8/8/2012 Proprietary & Confidential
2
3. Score Increase in Repeat Participants
Program Efficacy - Score Increase for Repeat Participants Only
82.00
81.04
80.00
78.00
77.43
76.00
75.70
74.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
2008 2009 2010 2011
4. Overall Health Score – Repeat Participants
ABC Company
Participants who took HRA in 2010 AND 2011
General Statistics
2010 2011 Variance
Population 491 491 N/A
Average Score Increase/Decrease/No Change from Year 2 to Year 3
Average 81.1 83.1 2.0 2010 Range Increase Decrease No Change Total
St Dev 12.3 12.2 0.1 96+ 2.2 (4.8) NA (1.7)
95-90 3.9 (5.1) NA (0.3)
Overall Score Distribution 89-80 6.2 (6.6) NA 1.8
96+ 54 84 30 79-70 8.4 (6.8) NA 3.0
95-90 91 99 8 69-60 9.8 (4.3) NA 4.8
89-80 148 138 (10) 59-50 11.5 (5.4) NA 7.5
79-70 106 95 (11) <50 11.7 (3.0) NA 8.0
69-60 61 57 (4) Grand Total 7.0 (5.7) NA 2.0
59-50 27 14 (13)
<50 4 4 0
Total 491 491 0
Increase/Decrease/No Change from Year 1 to Year 2
2010 Range Increase Decrease No Change Total 2010 Range Increase Decrease No Change Total
96+ 18 27 9 54 96+ 33.3% 50.0% 16.7% 100.0%
95-90 42 38 11 91 95-90 46.2% 41.8% 12.1% 100.0%
89-80 93 48 7 148 89-80 62.8% 32.4% 4.7% 100.0%
79-70 64 32 10 106 79-70 60.4% 30.2% 9.4% 100.0%
69-60 37 16 8 61 69-60 60.7% 26.2% 13.1% 100.0%
59-50 20 5 2 27 59-50 74.1% 18.5% 7.4% 100.0%
<50 3 1 0 4 <50 75.0% 25.0% 0.0% 100.0%
Grand Total 277 167 47 491 Total 56.4% 34.0% 9.6% 100.0%
8/8/2012 Proprietary & Confidential
4
5. Case Study – Partial Union Environment
Plan Costs/Premiums per Covered
Plan Year
Employee
2007-2008 $8,852
2008-2009 $9,054
2009-2010 $8,365
2010-2011 $8,967
2011-2012 $8,823
• Medical and drug costs have actually decreased on a per employee and per
member basis over the last five years.
• If medical plan costs had increased at rate of 8% per year since 2007-08, ABC
Company premiums would be $7.24 million dollars higher than today. Total
Wellness investment less than $1m in same period.
Proprietary & Confidential 5
6. Case Study – Partial Union Environment
Typical Profile of New v. Repeat Participant
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Total Avg. Nicotine
Biometric Profile 2011 Score
BMI Weight Systolic Diastolic Cholesterol Glucose POS
Repeat Participants 76.6 29.0 192.8 120.4 76.3 192.6 97.8 26%
First Time Participants 67.9 29.9 203.2 124.4 78.3 195.7 101.7 22%
Of the 612 repeat participants between 2010 and 2011, the overall average health score
increased from 72.6 to 76.6. There was an improvement in health score in almost every
risk category (with the exception of those scoring over 96).
Overall blood pressure for these same participants decreased, as did the overall cholesterol
levels.
Of the 40 people who were at extremely high risk for blood pressure in 2010, 30 moved to
be at moderate, low, or ideal categories.
Of the 173 people with high or very high cholesterol risk, nearly 45% moved to moderate,
low, or ideal categories.
The number of people with very high glucose levels fell 35%.
Proprietary & Confidential 6
7. Repeat Participation = Reduced Claims Expense
$5,493.29
3 HRA w/ biometrics
$5,838.68
2 HRA w/ biometrics
$6,202.27
1 HRA w/ biometrics
$8,132.47
Non-participant/ HRA Only
$5,000.00 $5,500.00 $6,000.00 $6,500.00 $7,000.00 $7,500.00 $8,000.00 $8,500.00
Large Financial Services Firm
Proprietary & Confidential 7
8. Medical Trend Claims Analysis
$11,500.00
2007: Client’s trends
increase exponentially
$11,000.00
HealthCheck360°
$10,500.00
implemented in
2008.
2008: HC360° Implemented
$10,000.00
2010 actual claims
$9,500.00
demonstrated:
$9,000.00
– Trend reduced to low single
$8,500.00
digits for two straight years
$8,000.00
– $959,051 saving from
$7,500.00 expected trend
$7,000.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
– $1,470,386 savings from
Cost per employee on plan Average for Industry
industry average trend
Expected Claims
Proprietary & Confidential 8
9. Correlation to Health Score in Population
Score Correlation
$12,000.00
Average claims per HRA
participant: $10,000.00
$8,000.00
Year 1 – $7,057.57
$6,000.00
Year 2 – $6,023.68 $4,000.00
$2,000.00
$-
85+ 71-84 61-70 51-60 50 or less
Linear (2009) Linear (2010)
N = 1589
Proprietary & Confidential 9
10. Biometrics and Medical Expense
Glucose Level Correlation to Avg. BMI Level Correlation to Avg.
Claims (medical claims only) Claims (medical claims only)
$4,500 $7,000
$4,253
$6,000
$4,000
Incurred Medical Claims
$5,000
$3,500
$4,000
$2,973
$3,000 $3,000
$2,000
$2,500 $2,316
$1,000
$2,000
$0
Ideal < 100 Moderate 100-125 High 126+ < 18 18-25 25-29 30-34 35-39 40+
Avg. Claims Linear (Avg. Claims) BMI
Actual Results from HC360° Client Pool
Proprietary & Confidential 10
11. Impact of Nicotine Use on Claims
Nicotine Use Correlation to Avg. Claims
(medical claims only)
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
NEG POS
N = 18,000
Proprietary & Confidential 11
12. Impact of Health on WC Costs
Total
Total Score Counts Avg WC
<50 150 $875.76
50-59 206 $1,007.89
60-75 561 $771.36
76-85 342 $703.24
86+ 330 $366.25
Total 1,589 $713.09
N = 1,589
Proprietary & Confidential 12
13. Doing Nothing is a Losing Strategy
Migration study of 43,312 Individuals Over 3 Years
Year 0 Year 3
Key Findings
Low Risk (0-2 Low Risk (0-2 Risk profile of a population
Health Risks) Health Risks) gets worse over time
27,951 26,591
Number of high risk
individuals increased
11.4%
Medium Risk (3- Medium Risk (3-
4 Health Risks) 4 Health Risks) Number of medium risk
10,670 11,495 individuals increased 7.7%
Number of low risk
individuals decreased 4.9%
High Risk (5+ Results are a function of
High Risk (5+
Health Risks) Health Risks) American lifestyle habits
4,691 5,226 and the realities of age
Source: University of Michigan Health Management Research Center
Proprietary & Confidential 13
14. Excess Risk Equals Excess Cost
Cost Area Low Risk Medium High Risk
(N=671) Risk (N=396)
(N=504)
Short-Term $160 $288 $444 High Risk
Disability Employees
Worker’s $304 $325 $662 cost three
Compensation times as
Absence $327 $455 $703 much as low
risk
Medical & $1,544 $1,983 $4,929 employees!
Pharmacy
Total $2,335 $3,052 $6,738
Source: University of Michigan Health Management Research Center
Inflation adjusted to 2009: http://www.halfhill.com/inflation.html
Proprietary & Confidential 14
Implemented:HRA, Biometric screenings, outcome based incentives, and comprehensive health coaching in 2008
Far too much emphasis on smoking alone and instead use a HC360 approach for holistic healthIn the long run smoking can have devastating impactBig spending after retirementThis is just claims costs, think about all the lost productivity (thinking of next cigarette, more breaks)
Looking from start to year three, people trend the wrong direction