Health Promotion And Preventions

Health Promotion and Preventions
Health promotion and disease prevention are processes that enable individuals to improve their
health. Health promotion seeks to increase an individual's control over their health by addressing
behavior under the control of the individual. Disease prevention is associated with medical and
public health activities to prevent diseases. Health promotion and disease prevention have been
utilized in the U.S. health care system for many of years and extensive research has been done on
which preventive measures are most likely to protect individual health. Studies have also been done
on what degree can preventions contribute to controlling costs of health care. Research supports the
effectiveness of the preventative measures such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nurses' Health Study found similar results regarding the effects of diet and lifestyle on heart
disease. The study concluded that among women, adherence to preventative practices involving diet,
exercise, and abstinence from smoking is associated with a very low risk of coronary heart disease.2
The health risks of certain diets have also been the subject of many studies. Trials have shown that
consumption of trans fatty acids produces factors that are predictive of heart disease.1 Alternatively,
studies have concluded that a preventative practice of a diet rich in non–trans fats, whole–grains,
abundant fruits and vegetable, and adequate in omega–3 fatty acids offered significant reduction in
heart diease.1
Health promotion and disease prevention has also been thought as a means to control health care
costs in the US. It is seems logical to assume that health care cost would be reduced by individuals
avoiding illness and that illness detected early are less expensive to treat. Research has shown that
some preventative measures may reduce health cost, but many actually increase health care cost.
The work of the economist Louise B. Russell offers very informative cost effectiveness analysis of
the preventative practices of vaccination.1 Russell studied a campaign during the 1960s to inoculate
children against
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Impact of Cost-Benefit Analysis on Industry Decision...
Impact of Cost–benefit analysis on industry decision making: Transportation
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), in essence, is a tool for decision making. It can be applied to almost
any kind of decision in any kind of field. In its most pure form, a CBA will aggregate the pros and
cons (positive and negative effects) of a proposal, and, if the pros (benefits) outweigh the cons
(costs), the proposal is viable. Usually, the analyst will assign monetary values to each of the costs
and benefits, hence making the analysis easier to calculate, even if the cost and benefits per se are
intangible, and thus, not directly expressible in money values. Problems often arise in how to assess
the monetary values of both tangible and intangible effects, which ... Show more content on
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Any threat to the reliability of the transportation network constitutes a vulnerable spot, a weakness.
This is of particular concern when considering sparse, rural networks, because what by urban
standards is a minor degradation (i.e. car accident, resulting in queuing, delays and diversions) may
have severe consequences if occurring in a rural setting (i.e. blocking the only access road for
hours).
In the most common manner of speaking, the reliability of a transportation network can be defined
as the probability that one or more of its links functions, or rather: does not fail to function,
according to a set standard of operating variables. A non–functioning, or at best, badly–functioning
link will impose costs on the user in terms of loss of time, additional operation costs or other costs
as a result of delays and diversions. Transporters of perishable goods will also experience a loss of
value. Few will question that the sender, the recipient, the freight hauler, or society at large,
experience additional costs when goods or people cannot reach their destinations in time or in space
(Husdal, 2004).
The increase in just–in–time (JIT) manufacturing operations has made a reliable travel time an
important economic factor. JIT relies on the transportation system to take advantage of lowcost labor
and manufacturing plant development costs. Producing components in several manufacturing plants
and

Physicians As Financial Stewards : Health Care
Physicians as Financial Stewards
Health care expenses in the United States rose from $1,106 per person in 1980 ($255 billion overall)
to $6,280 per person in 2004 ($1.9 trillion overall) (Stanton, 2006). As the cost of health care is
increasing dramatically, the need for sound financial stewardship from physician has become even
more important to manage the health of the population. The physician, as a subject matter expert
plays an important role in making medical decisions that are in the best interest of the patient. This
decision may or may not result in the wise utilization of healthcare resources. Consider the
following quote,
"If I 'm a patient...the dumbest reason in the world not to get an MRI is because it is expensive...That
makes no sense to me whatsoever because my shoulder hurts. Now, if you tell me that it is not going
to make my shoulder better... that is a better reason. If you tell me that I 'm going to get exposure to
something that is going to cause damage, okay...But telling me it costs too much, I'm going to laugh
at you...That is where I 'm going to pull out my insurance statement (male, academic practice,
primary care)." (Sabbatini, et al., 2014)
If it were up to the patient, cost and the concept of responsible use of finite resources may not deter
him/her from accessing the low impact test and treatments as long as they are covered under
insurance. An increase in the proportion of doctors available or access to doctors in a community
consistently results in an

The Effects Of Health On Health Care
Introduction
This topic is of interest because it is showing the relationship that health has on economics. It has
discussed widely on how health issues have affected the economy. It is explaining the question of
whether it 's a positive or an adverse effect. We are going to discuss generally on various aspects of
health. They can be mental health economics, behavioral health economic and other factors. This
factors will be used to explain on the whether saving on health care is affecting the economy and
how it has influenced its performance. Therefore the discussion will be broad concerning the issues
of health and economy (Slottje & Tchernis, 2010).
Literature Review
From the research, we can discuss on several findings. These findings were that the economy has
been affected by health care because the government has to set aside funds to cater for people's
medical care. They are provided with facilities such as clinics. The government also provides
subsidized medical costs so that they can afford. This is a positive move in the economy since the
population will become productive and active. When people are healthy, they are able to contribute
to the improvement of the economy. There were different methods used. When carrying out research
people were interviewed and were asked questions. They gave the overview which enabled the
researchers to derive the following conclusions. Health care economics is a branch of economics

Project Analysis : Million Dollar Deficit
Jeffrey Firestein
PADM 421C
Dr. Margaret Cawley
February 17, 2016
Million Dollar Deficit
City Manager Don Ford finds a difficult wave of problems when he talks with his division heads
about budget problems. He finds unfinished projects and errors, somewhat wrong performance, and
a deep budget deficit pressuring to destroy the mayor's authority. Don, new to the department, can
see that his predecessor made the severe bureaucracy of the city even worse by accidentally
reallocating people to other branches. Don understands that he needs a substantial investigation of
the city's assignments, a cost benefit analysis that will help him make significant choices about
resource distribution. As he creates a system of cross–functional teams where everyone that is aware
of a project can add their feedback mutually. His teams need to understand how their projects
interact, and they need to overcome any obstacles created to finish those projects. They will also
submit with their team leaders, cost benefit analyses on their most significant projects to the City
Manager. City Manager Ford will pick the most plans that it is the most important and cost effective
projects regards to importance, and get a solid comprehension of the city's finances in the process.
In the case study by Howard Balanoff and Charles Pinto, City Manager Don Ford confronts a list of
problems. At first glance, it appears as a variety of difficult problems. They restrict from a number
of original

Cost Benefit Analysis of Apprenticeship Program
Cost Benefit Analysis of Apprenticeship Program
A. Specific project being Proposed One major issue with our educational system is that it takes an
all or nothing approach after a student completes the standard 12 years of education. A student foes
to college or they join the workforce without any actual job skills. This system worked in the past
because of the abundance of industrial or manufacturing jobs that paid a decent wage and offered
long term job security. These jobs are disappearing as we transform from an industrial economy into
a more technological and services oriented one. The gap between skilled and unskilled workers is
widened and the middle class shrinking. I propose a job–training/ apprentice program. Under this
program business would get a tax credit that would cover 50% of the wages for the individuals
hired. The tax credit would be applied over a specific duration of the apprenticeship ranging
anywhere from 1–5 years depending on their level of production. I plan to look at the cost of other
similar programs that exist in several states and try to calculate a national average. To calculates
benefits the report will assess the total social costs and benefits of the apprentice program. The will
include the perspective of all stakeholders involved, specifically the role of the apprentice, sponsors
and employers, government agencies and society. each stakeholder: apprentices, employers,
sponsors, government agencies, and society as a whole. All costs and

Functions Of Demand For Air Transport
Executive Summary
Intro
Methods
There are different methods to estimate the benefits. Such as, the possibility of asking the passengers
for their willingness to pay for these changes, by informing them how these changes will benefit
them. This could also be done by, commutating with Airlines to find out how much they would be
willing to pay for enlargement of the airport (George, 2014). By setting a number, airlines would
have an estimate of what the passengers are willing to pay for the performs of this project. Another
option is to ask directly potential passengers and current (George, 2014). An indirect way to estimate
this benefit is based on the provisions of the demand for air ... Show more content on
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This interpretation responds to the assumption that marginal cost airlines do not vary with increasing
product that does not change the cost of each trip for airlines, despite the expansion and time
(George, 2014).
Data collection and Data Processing
The purpose of calculating the cost–benefit analysis is to start making investment decisions from
2011 and finished in 2031, despite the opening of the new track in 2014 (Broward County Florida ,
2010). The value of investment from 2011 till 2014 is 477,338,836 million (Broward County Florida
, 2010). The value of investments expands in time to meet rising demand expected, which does not
occur at once, but gradually (Broward County Florida , 2010). Table 2 presents the concepts of the
investment cost, according to data provided by Broward County. Recurrent costs include repairs and
extra storage, central services, air navigation and other minor costs, as well as maintenance of
asphalt tracks every four years (at a cost of 300 million pesetas per track (Broward County Florida ,
2010). Figure1 shows the costs of operation and maintenance according to data released by Broward
County (Broward County Florida , 2010). This project will also contribute to increased local
economic, through the creation of thousands of direct and indirect jobs (City of Fort Lauderdale ,
2012).
Terminal Renewal
The four airport terminals will be remodeled with larger lobbies, new restaurants and shops,

Essay on Investment Associates, Hris
HRIS Cost Justification for Investment Associates, Inc.
Human Resource Information Systems
After reading the case study of Investment Associates (p.150) in the test Human Resource
Information Systems; Basics, Applications, and Future Directions, like Marian Sweet, I have little
experience in the HR field yet we are required to oversee all of the HR functions as HR
professionals. The same situation has occurred in the company I work for, we started with eight
employees, now have twenty–nine and we will soon be purchasing another facility which will
include at least ten more employees. The difference is Marian's boss is willing to help her get
professional assistance and my boss tells me to call our attorney if I don't know the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we just focus on the hiring side of HR, we can look at the turnover rate, cost per hire, and training
investment. There is a lot of leg work to be done, with a turnover rate, according to Kavanagh
(p.126), the HR professional will take the number of separations during the month divide by the
total number of employees during the month then multiply this total by one hundred. The purpose
for this is to "calculate and compare metric with national average using business and legal
reports...This measures the rate at which employees leave the company" (Kavanagh, p.126). This
will help the employer see if there is a trend, is there something the company could do to retain the
employees to help lower costs for the company. With a HRIS, this report will be accessible with a
few clicks of a button and the evaluations are available. It is the same concept with the cost per hire
and training investment. Ultimately, with the HRIS, the company could find out how much money is
being spent on new hires without tedious work and make changes to reverse or prevent these
unnecessary costs. In preparing a Cost–Benefit Analysis for the project, discuss some of the costs
and benefits involved in this investment in HRIS. Many of the costs and benefits associated with the
investment of a HRIS is pointed out when preparing a

Diminished Utility Cost Analysis
Points of interest
Diminished Utility Costs
Indeed, even private companies can fundamentally diminish their utility expenses by utilizing
advancements that are vitality proficient and less inefficient. Changing lights from brilliant to
Energy Star–appraised CFL knobs brings down your electric bills promptly, balancing the cost of
the somewhat higher globule cost inside six months, as indicated by the Environmental Protection
Agency's Energy Star site. Starting now and into the foreseeable future, you advantage from the
lower vitality costs and supplant knobs less much of the time because of the more drawn out life
expectancy of the CFL globule. Cutting edge LED knobs spare much more vitality and have longer
life expectancies, however ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Incorporate your green initiatives on item bundling, promotions and showcasing materials to interest
buyers who lean toward green items.
Discounts and Tax Benefits
Making strides toward environmental friendliness is less demanding with the help of elected and
state governments, nearby regions, water regions and electric organizations that offer duty
motivating forces and discounts. Contingent upon where you live, low–stream toilets, vitality
effective water radiators, sun powered boards and other green changes fit the bill for assess credits
and price tag discounts. Not exclusively do you spare cash when you make a building more vitality
productive, however you additionally support the estimation of the building, expanding the arrival
on your speculation.
Expanded Business Opportunities
Some administration offices, business organizations and philanthropic establishments order that
exclusive organizations that meet particular green gauges can offer on their agreements. Some
likewise order that their acquiring offices just purchase green items or utilize items and
administrations sold by organizations that meet certain green benchmarks. The EPA gives rules and
measures to organizations that desire to become environmentally viable formally to meet all
requirements for these advantages. Not all norms are government commanded, with the Office of
Management and Budget guiding elected

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of a Rotavirus Immunization...
The "Cost–effectiveness Analysis of a Rotavirus Immunization Program for the United States" was
designed to estimate the economic impact of a national rotavirus immunization program. The
research question and objective of the analysis was to determine if a rotavirus vaccine immunization
program would be beneficial and cost effective. The study is policy relevant because it will
determine if a rotavirus vaccine immunization program is effective enough for implementation and
will assist in setting priorities for policy makers. The conclusions of the analysis will affect
healthcare providers, doctors, hospitals, the vaccine users, and society as a whole.
To cultivate results that illustrate a need for a rotavirus immunization program, decision analysis is
an appropriate method because the decisions are objective rather than subjective, they are more
focused on operations instead of strategy, and they encompass repetition rather than infrequency.
Decision analysis looks to distinguish the most appropriate alternative outcomes and extracts data
that identifies elements of the program that reflect value or disvalue. Additionally, it takes the
viewpoint of the organization when decision–making, opposed to an individual standpoint.
Date included in the study consisted of the number of physician and emergency room visits,
incidence rates, rotavirus infections, mortality estimates, hospitalizations, hospital discharge records,
affected children, and vaccine coverage. The

The Exploration And Development Of Coal Seam Gas
The exploration and development of coal seam gas (CSG) have important strategic significance. On
one hand, it improves energy structure and increases energy resources. On the other hand, the CSG
indirectly protects the global environment by using the clean energy. Although the CSG has so many
benefits, CSG extraction is still an industry of high input, high risk and high technology needing
under the current conditions. In order to reduce its potential risk, it is essential to operate the project
evaluation by using economic assessment before the CSG extraction. Actually, there are four
popular economic evaluation techniques in economic assessment system, they are Benefit–Cost
Analysis (BCA), Cost–Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Cost–Utility ... Show more content on
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In the process of BCA, all benefits and costs should be quantified and monetised if feasible and
material (Florio et.al 2007). This result is referred to as the Net Present Value (NPV) (Shrives et.al
2001). When the CSG managers choose the BCA, they can achieve obvious benefits from four
aspects. At first, the BCA is focused on a specific community such as NSW and QLD that avoid
other major negative impacts. Secondly, the development of each aspects is well considered by the
BCA. For instance, the BCA usually assesses the changeable benefits and costs over time
(Dickinson et.al 2015). Thirdly, the BCA is not only as a part of economic assessment but also can
let decision–makers consider trade–offs which is helpful for assessment outcomes. At last, the BCA
is comprehensive that includes all economic, social and environmental impacts. However, this key
feature of the BCA brings decision–makers many uncertainties. For example, realistically,
evaluation of some impacts is partly uncertain and subjective. Therefore, the positive NPV does
always show the CSG projects are concerned by the public interest (Chen et.al 2013). Meanwhile,
the BCA just pays attention on the economic benefits and costs, like the climate change and
biodiversity such natural changes are often ignored. For example, when environmental and social
issues are

Cost Benefit Analysis ( Cba )
1. Introduction
In the recent years, Cost benefit Analysis (CBA) has been connected to different ranges of strategies
and tasks. Indeed, with research of CBA was conducted into two wide areas of work. One area
which undertaken to defined the technical–economic reasons for supporting CBA and then again
there are studies which completes empirical evaluations over the performance of test of CBA.
For every business and IT that has developed projects, they have to make good decision on whether
the projects will have costs and benefits and to determine it is important to supplement such as cost
effectiveness analysis with CBA tool to help with strategy deciding. Pearce et al (2006), CBA is a
tools that business analysts use to figure out if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Bhatt et al, (2010 in Dehning 2002, Davis & Stratopoulos, 2003) mentions that
analysts in the IT field contend that a model may not be specifically pertinent to IT expenses which
can be mean that the reappearance from IT costs is difficult to measure which makes it more hard to
figure it out ROI or comparable models for IT expenses.
2. Cost Benefit Analysis
Cost benefit analysis has been around for many years while serving a great purpose to any business
or IT due its wide range of innovative strategies. According to Levin and McEwan (2001, p.14) Cost
benefit analysis is a tool that evaluates to the assessment of choices as indicated by their costs and
benefits when each is measured in economic terms. However Prest and Turvey defined cost benefit
analysis as a "practical way of assessing the desirability of projects, where it is important to take a
long view (in sense of looking at repercussions in the further, as well as the nearer, future) and a
wide view (in the sense of allowing for side–effects of many kinds of many persons, industries,
regions, etc.) i.e it implies the enumerations and evaluation of all the relevant costs and benefits".
The aim of CBA is to put a monetary values on the benefit anticipated from the project and
difference the costs which are relied upon to

Cost Analysis
Table of content Introduction: Financing decisions and investment decisions are considered to be
two of the most vital decisions that corporations have to take. Cost analysis is one of the factors that
should be taken into consideration while evaluating financial and investment decisions. This paper
reviews the concept of cost analysis, how it is used in decision making, and how firms usually
involve cost analysis in evaluating different projects. Furthermore, the paper discusses some of the
main concepts that are derived from cost analysis such as cost allocation, cost–effectiveness
analysis, and cost–benefit analysis. In addition, some of the advantages and disadvantages of cost
analysis will be discussed. Moreover, the concept of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These three methods are usually used simultaneously in order for corporations to evaluate different
decisions or projects. Some of these methods might seem simple and easy to use; however, they
should never be ignored or taken slightly as they can be of great benefit in determining the right
decisions. Cost Allocation: Cost allocation is the simplest among the three concepts that were
mentioned earlier. Sewell and Marczak stated that cost allocation refers to "setting up budgeting and
accounting systems in a way that allows program managers to determine a unit cost or cost per unit
of service." Furthermore, Sewell and Marczak illustrated that in many corporations, cost allocation
is used to provide "some of the basic information needed to conduct more ambitious cost analyses
such as cost–benefit analysis or cost–effectiveness analysis." Therefore, it can be concluded that cost
allocation is a prerequisite to both cost–benefit analysis and cost–effectiveness analysis. Example:
The following table shows the monthly cost allocation for 3 different projects It is important to note
that firms usually allocate their costs based on previous experience and estimation. However, firms
should expect costs to change, which can be due to financial crises, inflation, or other factors, and
try to adapt their cost allocation systems

Information System Proposal
Title:
A detailed report on a proposal for an Information System that will streamline the account set up
process for new Key Accounts in an Online Payment Company called PayPal
1. The Introduction
The following report details a proposal for setting up a new Information System for an online
payment company called PayPal. The new system will enable business customers to upload
requested documentation online when applying for their accounts, and because everything will be
uploaded in a centralised area this will also allow internal PayPal stakeholders to access the
information simultaneously.
PayPal is a system which customers can use to pay electronically and securely for goods over the
Internet. Small, medium and corporate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Porter 1987).
The strategy behind developing the new system for PayPal involves the whole business. Therefore,
the company needs a system that will make the Account set up process more streamlined, secure,
efficient and enable coherent communication amongst internal stakeholders of the account set up
process. By aiming all departments towards the same goals it will mean that the new system has not
been developed in isolation, but is aligned with corporate strategy.
The critical success factors for the delivery of this system will include:
Support from the company leaders
All internal stakeholders want to be part of this development and are motivated to make it work
There needs to be enough knowledge and expertise in the organisation to be able to resolve the issue
Is motivated to find a practical solution to the business problems
All stakeholders must understand that by implementing the new IS it will benefit the whole
organisation and help in achieving its business strategy
5. The Analysis
The various analysis and methodologies appropriate for research into this particular Information

System are:
SWOT analysis
Feasibility study (TELOS)
Cost Benefit Analysis
Soft Systems Methodology (CATWOE)
SWOT Analysis:
SWOT analysis can be used to describe and analyse a company's internal capabilities in relation to
its competitive environment. A strategy behind

Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department
Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department BSHS 462 May 20, 2013 Evaluating the
Consultation and Education Department Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department
funding at the Greenby Mental Health Center is the focus of this paper. The centers funding has
been reduced. Additionally the reduction in funding will cause the organization to consider closing
down their consultation and education department. First I will describe one process evaluation
measure as well as one outcome evaluation measure, which could be an optional recommendation
for the Greenby Community Mental Health Center. These measures will help to show the ... Show
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Moreover, the number of clients who have received services simply identifies the number of clients
who proceeded through the program. Outcomes identify the changes, impact, or benefits of the
clients both during and after the program. For example, an outcome may be for clients to stop
drinking in an alcohol program. Individuals should be aware that outcomes are different from
outputs, for an example, the amount of clients who pass through a program. (Lewis, Packard &
Lewis, 2006) The changes or outcomes can be conveyed in the following terms. First knowledge,
and skills outcomes are thought of as short–term outcomes. Then behaviors are included, which
weigh up as intermediate–term outcomes. Additionally, values, conditions, and status are changes
and outcomes, which reflect long–term outcomes. Furthermore, the number and percent of
participants the department wants to accomplish the outcome is the outcome target. For example,
1,500 teens (10% of teens) quit drinking over the next year is an outcome goal. (McNamara, n.d.)
Outcome indicators are observable and measurable milestones one achieves toward his or her
outcome target. What the individual sees, reads, and hears would specify whether he or she is
making progress toward his or her target outcome. For instance, outcome indicators for the percent
of teen participants who quit drinking

Review of Sandwich Master Essay
Internal Control And Accounting Systems
An Overview of the Sales Ledger and Credit Control
Sandwich Master Ltd
Word Count:
I confirm that this is my own work unaided for ICAS and that no additional support has been
provided. I have read and understood the terms and conditions.
Contents
1. Terms of Reference 3 2. Methodology 3 3. Executive Summary 3 4. Introduction 4 5. Review of
Current Accounting Systems 4 6. Weakness 4 7. Recommendations for Improvements 4 8. Cost
Benefit Analysis 4 9. Appendices 5 9.1. Project Proposal 5 9.2. Organization Chart 7 9.3. SWOT
Analysis 8 9.4. Market Research 9 9.5. Fraud Matrix 9 9.6. Action Plan 9 9.7. Technical Notes 9 9.8.
Mapping Document 10 9.9. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Staff from other departments also need training to make the information flow automated, saving
time and improving accuracy of information sent to sales ledger/credit control
One of the largest credit customers went into administration.
Sales ledger/credit control clerk is overloaded with work and does not have time to do her job
properly.
If the sales ledger clerk is away no one else does her work.
All payments from credit customers are received by cheque which is time consuming.
4. Do you have an idea of any recommendations yet (this will probably be easier to answer for
students doing the case study)
Use automated systems and provide training for the staff to operate it so that they will have some
time freed to be able to comply with company policies.
Migrate cheque receipts to BACS system.
Improve credit control in practice so debtors figure is not so high.
Seek new credit customers.
Give specific accounting training to sales ledger clerk and train at least one other person to do her
work when she is off.
Maybe employ an assistant to help with daily tasks. 5. How are you planning to approach your

research? (who are you going to talk to, how will you do your research for the cost benefit analysis)
Check with training providers the costs of the training required.
Check available options for automating their systems and the cost of it.

Economic Evaluations Of Preventive Interventions
Economic evaluations of preventive interventions are necessary. Public health professionals
designing and implementing preventive interventions typically work in the context of limited
resources. Economic considerations are important because intervention costs must be justified in
light of the benefits achieved (Rossi et al., 2004). As a profession, public health must be concerned
about limited resources and about caring for entire populations. For these reasons, public health
professionals must make often hard decisions to maximize health benefits while minimizing costs
(CDC, n.d., page 1). In circumstances where resources are unlimited, economic evaluations would
not be necessary as there would not be a need to reduce costs. In reality, ... Show more content on
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The answers to these questions allow for making explicit comparisons between relevant intervention
alternatives, the assumptions underlying different qualitative effects on mortality and morbidity, and
the viewpoints or perspectives adopted by the evaluators (e.g., payer/budgetary, societal,
community, etc.; Slade, 2016). In addition, economic evaluation can help researchers, programmers,
and policy–makers to determine how future costs or benefits should be valued at the present time
(Slade, 2016).
Whereas evaluation of intervention effectiveness looks at how well the intervention improved health
outcomes, economic evaluation looks at how cost factors relate to the intervention (CDC, n.d., page
4). In essence, economic evaluation is a way to identify, measure, value, and compare the costs and
results of intervention programs and health policies (CDC, n.d., page 6). There are numerous
purposes of economic evaluations. These include but are not limited to: generating burden of disease
estimates (i.e., cost–of–illness analysis); comparing "willingness to pay" for the intervention to the
intervention expense (i.e., cost–benefit analysis); comparing intervention costs to intervention
outcomes (i.e., cost–of–effectiveness analysis); providing recommendations about the design or
implementation strategy of a health intervention; and informing decision–making processes and
policy development (CDC, n.d., page 4–7; Slade, 2016). Cost–of–illness (COI)

Traum Trauma And Its Effects On Mental Health
Trauma–informed Care
Trauma–informed Care involves identifying youth with trauma by assessments and treating trauma
through cognitive behavioral treatment models.8 Juvenile prevention and re–injury programs look to
routinely screen for trauma exposure, the programs use culturally appropriate evidence–based
assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms; and make
resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and
treatment.8 In addition, cognitive behavioral treatment models help youth to develop alternative
ways of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress.
A practice is effective when it shows recidivism, desistance, the success ... Show more content on
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Pathways to Desistance helps courts clarify policy debates about the best way to serve adolescent
offenders. Targeted behaviors involve assessing particular issues where the effect is measured by
evaluating changes in the issue or behavior being targeted.
A cost–benefit analysis is a formal way of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of one thing
as opposed to another where the results are in dollar–and–cents. In addition, a cost–benefit analysis
allows people to make better decisions.11 A cost–benefit analysis is different from a program
evaluation. A program evaluation will answer the question: Does this program work? The cost–
benefit analysis, however, ask, does the dollar value of a program's demonstrated level of success
exceed the cost of the program? Additionally, how does one program's economic bottom line
compare to another similarly analyzed program? A cost–benefit analysis of juvenile re–entry and
prevention programs involves estimating the dollar value of the reduction in recidivism.11 An
efficient cost–benefit analysis seeks to determine the long–run cost and benefits of one program
over another program and offers policy alternatives.
The Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center offers five fundamental steps of a cost–benefit analysis of
juvenile justice programs which are to add up the monetary benefits, subtract the costs, see if the
resulting bottom line is positive or negative, compare the estimated bottom line to the returns

Essay about Procurement Management Make-or-Buy Analysis
Assignment 1: Make–or–Buy Decision Analysis
Jacqueline M. Oxendine
PMAN 641 – Project Procurement Management
Professor Randall Napier
University of Maryland University College
February 13, 2011
Table of Contents Introduction 3 Methods of Make–or–Buy Decision Analysis 3 Hurdles to
Overcome in the Make–or–Buy Decision–Making Process 9 Conclusion 11 References 12
Assignment #1: Make–or–Buy Decision Analysis All projects involve the need to determine whether
the project work will be done in–house, external to the organization (outsourced), or a combination
of the two. This is called "make–or–buy analysis" and is an essential part of project planning, as
well as a tool/technique integral to procurement planning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One example of how EIA can affect a make–or–buy decision: As part of the many make–or–buy
analyses done for the Secure Border Initiative (SBI) Tactical Infrastructure Program, it was
determined that some of the Border Fence construction contracts would be awarded to HUBZone–
certified small businesses to help economically strengthen areas of the U.S. that have a history of
being economically depressed. (This also was to help fulfill goals in Federal legislation, but
[HUBZone program faces economic uncertainties, 2011].)
Technical Analysis
Technical analysis covers both the scope of the project (what is to be done) as well as the
techniques, tools, and methodologies required (how it is to be done). Technical analysis may cover
the following areas.
High–level scope definition. What does the scope of the project encompass? All project planning
must begin with scope definition. According to Fleming (2003, p. 26), scope definition should
include the identification of all make–or–buy choices that need to be made.
Alternatives analysis. Are there multiple ways to achieve this scope? If so, what are the pros and
cons for each alternative?
Engineering analysis. What skills, techniques, tools and/or methodologies are required to execute
this scope?
Resource Analysis
Resource analysis to support a make–or–buy decision may seek to answer the following questions.
Does the organization have: * people with the required skill

Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On A Company's...
To what extent is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) beneficial to a company's performance?
Sub–prompt: Evaluate how CSR can be beneficial to company's financial performance.
1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become more influential when making
company's decisions. 53% of the S&P, an index based on market capitalizations of 500 U.S.
companies, has published CSR reports in 2012 as compared to 19% in 2011. An approach,
suggested by Business for Social Responsibility, considers CSR as attaining commercial success
through respecting people, community and the natural environment. McWilliams & Siegel (2011)
added that CSR are actions that far beyond the company's interests and the minimum requirement by
the law. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Section three comments the limitations of empirical findings and CSR.
2. Impacts on Financial Performance
2.1 Cost Companies committed to CSR are expected to reduce operating costs. One of the key areas
in CSR practices is paying attention to environmental issues such as energy saving and avoidance of
excessive use of inputs. The promotion of resource efficiency including using less energy and water
lower the utility costs. Nonetheless, a reduction in the use of packaging materials helps to reduce
production cost.
Brand equity has been viewed as the most crucial intangible assets of the company. Cornell and
Shapiro (1987) suggested that the firms are able to establish reputation capital if they adopt CSR
measures. Customers are more willing to spend on products that are produced by companies with
good brand images. An adverse example has illustrated the importance of brand image with the
scandal of Primark, a well–known fast fashion clothing chains. The clothing retailer is found to
break its code of conducts and employ illegal workers in poor working conditions. When BBC
revealed the dishonored behavior, it cost Primark millions of dollars in information and advertising
campaigns to restore consumer loyalty. It implies that a socially responsible firm that follows CSR
practices can have less risk of negative rare events and thus avoid unnecessary cost.
2.2 Revenue A numerous empirical findings have revealed a positive correlation between

Essay on Advice on Links Simulation
LINKS Simulation Reference Notes
Background:
About LINKS:
* LINKS is a supply chain management simulation * It details all the steps that go into efficiently
running a supply chain and how they are interrelated including: analysis, planning, implementation,
and evaluation. * Your team can view the results from lasts month's decision on the LINKS website
under the Excel Monthly Results. You should look at trends to determine how your decisions affect
your performance. * Although your team might have high customer satisfaction or a high stock
price, your performance in regards to the overall competition is determined via a multi–dimensional
scorecard that takes the following criteria into account: * efficiency (input ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
* Remember to open up Region 4 ASAP! This will increase your customer base and net you greater
sales. * Insource RFID to reduce unnecessary future costs. Take the initial hit and you will save
money in the long run. * Record goals, objectives, and decisions during each period to facilitate the
creation of the final presentation. An example of a goal is "implement a new forecasting technique
in month 5 to improve accuracy." An example of an objective is "increase forecasting accuracy for
months 5, 6, 7 to 84% on average." An example of a decision is "implemented 3 month weighted
forecasting technique in month 5." * Understand Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) and how they
affect your overall performance. How does your customer satisfaction level and fill rate affect your
customer satisfaction rating?
Getting Started (Strategy): * Teams need to understand how they measure success. Will you be
happy with net income to revenue percentage of 10% but a low customer satisfaction rating? *
Determine overall strategy...customer satisfaction maximization? Stock price maximization?
Efficiency maximization? * Teams must compromise. You may develop a hybrid strategy that
includes a little bit of each. * Try to tie your key performance indicators to

Essay on High Performance Tires Executive Brief
Ella Encoy
High Performance Tire
BUS 485
Executive Summary
High Performance Tire is a family owned business that was founded in 1952. The founder's
daughter, Jane Wallace, ran the company before turning over management responsibilities to her
son, William Wallace in 2001. Since then, the company's performance has declined. High
Performance Tire's reputation in the industry has turned to negative and employee turnover rate have
increased. Jane Wallace is concerned of how the business is running. Her intention of keeping the
company within the family is threatened with her son's inability to run the business effectively. This
case is important to look at because it demonstrates the importance of having a strategic plan prior ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mr. Wallace also decided to cut the wages and benefits from skilled employees to help with
increasing profits. These skilled employees were then under paid and decided to leave the company
only to be replaced with younger workers with less experience. The employee turnover rate ended
up causing the company more money in the long run. Another issue in this case came from Jane
Wallace herself. She gave full managerial rights to her son at full capacity regardless of the doubts
and fears she had. William Wallace did not have the management experience to run the family
business.
Recommendation
High Performance Tire (HPT) is in a position where they are no longer making profits and the
business have declined drastically since 2001. Jane Wallace wants to improve condition of their
family business and to ensure that they will be able to continue to operate in the future. There a few
recommended strategy tools HPT should use to come up with a strategic plan. First, is for the
company to conduct a SWOT analysis to analyze the current state of the business and to determine
areas where work needs to be done. Second, HPT needs to analyze the industry and completion
environment by following the Porter's Five Forces framework. This tool can allow HPT to learn
more about their competitive environment and figure out where to better position their company
amongst their competitors. Furthermore, this tool can help give them competitive advantage over
their

Application Of Property Theories Of The Beacon Hill
II. Application of Property Theories
A. Utilitarianism
The Utilitarian theory of property seeks to maximize the population's utility when a property
decision is made, the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. To apply this theory, one must
define and aggregate a measure of utility comparable for all people in a cost–benefit analysis. A
popular measure of utility, under the welfarist economics utilitarian view, is utilizing the price a
person is willing to pay for a good or service as the value to be aggregated in the cost–benefit
analysis. However, a strict welfarist utilitarian analysis will not work in this instance because
welfarisim is too individualistic and decisions regarding public property and disability access will ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Price seems to be the best measure for utility as almost anything can be commodified and priced by
members of the population. Furthermore, other economic measures, such as how a decision
increases a person's wealth, will not reach the full population affected by this decision, as some
parties, like tourists, do not have their wealth increased by such a public property decision.
Determining the value that individuals place on the current handicapped ramps and surrounding
sidewalks in Beacon Hill, necessitates looking into the different groups of interested individuals
affected by the Beacon Hill handicapped ramp decision.
Individuals with disabilities that require accessible handicapped ramps pose a problem for
determining the values that these individuals would give the Beacon Hill handicapped ramp and
surrounding sidewalks. Beacon Hill serves many different functions for people. For those persons
with disabilities who live on Beacon Hill, updated handicapped ramps could mean the difference
having access to their homes or having to move. For this group it is easy to determine a value for
this analysis, as the price they are willing to pay to live in the area. Beacon Hill is populated with
various government offices and private businesses, therefore a cost–benefit analysis must factor in
the value that individuals

Health, Infrastructure, And Defense
As citizens of the United States, we are used to the best. The best technology, the best doctors, and
the best healthcare. Unfortunately, we have become so conditioned to receiving the best, that we
expect nothing less, regardless of the cost. This has resulted in a nation that, in 2013, spent 17.1
percent of its annual GDP on healthcare, as compared to the Netherlands who spent approximately
12.9 percent on healthcare (World Health Organization). This is a growing problem that must be
addressed as healthcare is a finite commodity that we must allocate efficiently if we wish to
maximize both lives and dollars saved. "After all, every dollar spent on healthcare is one not spent
on education, infrastructure, or defense (Tanner)." Several key healthcare costs that can be attributed
to the large amount of spending include an over–diagnosing of prostate and breast cancer, the desire
for the newest, more expensive technology despite a lack of evidence that it is more effective, and
individuals not properly weighing their costs and benefits. If we can manage to reduce spending as a
result of these issues, our country may be able to drastically reduce spending on healthcare and get
back on par with the rest of the world. The 2012 documentary film Money and Medicine sheds some
light on a few of the more key concerns within the United States healthcare system. According to the
film, one of the easiest ways to cut down on healthcare spending is to reduce the number of
mammogram and

Child Transmission Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )...
Introduction
Prevention of mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PMTCT) has
been a documented burden on HIV infected expectant mothers and their infants and nowhere is such
a burden more felt than in areas with limited resources – particularly in low income countries and
communities (3,4). Once a woman becomes pregnant, HIV screening is strongly recommended.
Upon screening and being identified as HIV positive, it is advised that the mother begin a lifetime
regime of antiretroviral therapy (ART), as without ART, HIV transmission from mother to child is
between 15% – 45% (3,4). The prophylactic use of ART in the prenatal and postpartum stages is
crucial in preventing transmission of the virus from mother to child during labour and while
breastfeeding (11). It is also crucial that the newborn be treated with ART for at least six weeks or
longer if the infant is being breastfed (11).
The aim of the evaluation is to determine the effectiveness of an intervention which introduced a
satellite maternal care clinic into a remote area. Healthcare outcomes in some remote communities
in Canada are well below the national average health outcomes. As a result, a cluster of remote
towns surrounding Lac Seul in Northern Ontario, Canada has recently had a satellite clinic
implemented with the hope to improve healthcare outcomes. Of interest, is the introduction the
clinic into the community, with a primary focus on maternal health and the uptake of an

Evaluation Of A Social Class, Literacy Levels, And...
3. Assuming that many participants have low literacy levels, how will you administer your
evaluation measures to them?
If the farmworkers have low literacy levels, then I would conduct focus groups and one on one
interviews with the participants. It is a time taking task to conduct the interview, transcribe the
interviews, code the interviews, and have fresh pair of eyes to look at what you coded, however, it
could be a great way to evaluate the program. Evaluation forms can be a faster process to determent
the program impact, but it does not always let the stakeholder, the evaluator, and anyone who is
involved know the reason why the participants choose that answer. The explanations behind the
participant's answer can help the program improve from its current status.
4. We'll presume that you find measures that are (a) clearly related to your objectives and (b) reliable
and valid. How will you determine that these measures are appropriated for the social class, literacy
levels, and cultural backgrounds of your participants?
Open ended interview and focus group will give the participants a chance to speak their opinion.
There are a few concerns that I have with the interview process though. First, the information the
participant give might not always helpful to evaluate the program, guided questions should be use to
help guide the conversations back into evaluating the program. Second, focus groups can drown out
the voices of individual participants, sometimes

Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department...
Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department Research Paper
Heather Sanchez
University of Phoenix
June 17, 2011
The Greenby Mental Health Center funding has been cut back. The cut back in funding has caused
the organization to look at possibly doing away with their consultation and education department.
This paper will describe at least one process evaluation measure and at least one outcome evaluation
measure that could be suggested for the Consultation and Education Department at Greenby
Community Mental Health Center to display the program effectiveness and efficiency. The paper
will also explain the scope and purpose of the chosen process evaluation and outcome evaluation
measures and how they influence the design. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Reh, 2011)" Cost/benefit analysis is a possible suggestion because the Consultation and Education
Department director can argue that the benefit of the program far outweighs the cost of the program.
The Consultation and Education department draw clients in and a large majority of these clients go
on to participate in the larger, more funding drawing, programs. So if the department is done away
with, client numbers may decrease and other programs may suffer. "Outcomes evaluation is often
described first by looking at its basic components. Outcomes evaluation looks at programs as
systems that have inputs, activities/processes, outputs and outcomes –– this system's view is useful
in examining any program! * Inputs –
These are materials and resources that the program uses in its activities, or processes, to serve
clients, equipment, staff, volunteers, facilities, money, etc. These are often easy to identify and many
of the inputs seem common to many organizations and programs. * Activities –
These are the activities, or processes, that the program undertakes with/to the client in order to meet
the clients' needs, for example, teaching, counseling, sheltering, feeding, clothing, etc. Note that
when identifying the activities in a program, the focus is still pretty much on the organization or
program itself, and still is not so much on actual changes

Essay Health Economics
Cost–benefit, cost–effectiveness and cost–utility analyses are forms of economic evaluation which
are useful in health economics for comparing costs and allocating resources. Health economics is
widely relevant to governments and the health sector in implementation of new policy, as it concerns
the allocation of resources in the context of a limited budget, or 'scarcity'. Economic evaluation is a
potential tool for setting priorities in health, though it is only one of many potential criteria,
including overall budget and public attitudes and wants. Economic evaluation is already in use in
some settings, such as in pharmaceutical company proposals for government subsidisation, but there
is room for expansion across the field of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Changing factors such as aging populations and new technologies becoming available are increasing
expectations from people throughout the world, and decision makers must make rational choices to
maximise benefits to population health whilst working with limited resources. Yothasamut et al
(2009) summarise this by observing that "health care resources in every setting are always
constrained, while unlimited demand is observed". The 'best' choices in the context of economics are
the ones which maximise utility (individual satisfaction through consumption of goods) and welfare,
the sum utility experienced by all individuals in society. Decision makers often have to seek
satisfactory rather than optimal solutions, also known as working with 'bounded rationality' (Simon
1957 in Williams et al 2008), as it is important to pursue both efficiency and equity in the funding of
health care. Therefore, it may be unsuitable to fund the most cost effective option if it sacrifices the
equal distribution of benefits. Research in health economics can take a normative or positive
approach and this reflects the balance needed between cost control and equity when making
economic decisions. Positive economic research and analysis is concerned with 'how things are' and
seeks to explain economic phenomena, whilst normative economic research and analysis is
concerned with 'how things ought to be' and relies on value

The Ford Company and Pinto Case
1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise?
The moral issues raised by Pinto case are the life of a man can be paid off with the money. Ford
Company should not only concern about their benefits and disregard the human life. In order to
perform cost–benefit analysis, all costs and benefits must be expressed in the common measure.
This measure is typically in money, as Ford Company used it in its analysis. Ford Company believes
that everyone has certain price in their life. Therefore, they believe that they are able to compensate
for a human life if any accident happens. But, Ford Company has forgotten that there are numerous
things which are priceless in the world just like the life of a man.
We can never measure the man's life with price since a human life is priceless. Ford thought they
could get away with a dangerous automobile by paying off those lawsuits from people who were
injured and the families of dead. Ford thought that it was more cost effective to compensate the
people who get injury and dead in accidents rather than improve the gas tank of the car. Ford
seemed to follow the calculation blindly without giving any extra consideration for quantifying
human life. Everyone has the rights to have a safe product to be consumed. Ford should not focus on
their own profit and jeopardize the wellbeing of other people.
Besides that, the moral issues are raised due to the ignorance of the Ford employee for not coming
out to reveal the actual problem faced by the

Information Systems Analysis And Design
COIT20248: Information Systems Analysis and Design
COIS 20025: Systems Development Overview
Term2, 2015
Assessment 1 – Systems Development
Lecturer: Jha, Meena
Tutor: Tao, Aries
Prepared by:
Your Name: Anand Sagar Koneti
Your Student Number: S0268609
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Objectives 4
2 Approach to systems development 4
2.1 Methodologies 4
2.2 Model 4
2.3 Tools 5
2.4 Techniques 5
Justification for chosen approach 5
3 Systems requirements 6
3.1 Functional requirements 6
3.2 Non–functional requirements 7
4. Project cost benefit analysis 7
5. Project schedule 8
Work Breakdown Structure 8
Project Schedule of Broadway Book Shop 8
6. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques 9
6.1 Investigation techniques 9
Questionnaires 10
Document analysis 10
Observation 10
6.2 Justification of investigation techniques 10
7. Reflection and Conclusion 10

Summary 11
8. References 12
1. Introduction
The aim of the report for Natural Best Health Food Stores is to examine the existing project whether
its operations are working in feasible condition or not. Firstly, the problems with existing system are
encountered and in response to these problems, a suitable new system is proposed. This project will
implement a customer subscription process and their activities, inventory control and individuals
store sales that accessed with centralized database. According to these, the system requirements
which includes functional and non–functional

Armchair Economist Analysis
The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life
Steven E. Landsburg
Insightful yet humorous, that is how I perceived as I dig in much further into the book entitled "The
Armchair economist: Economics and Everyday life" written by Steven E. Landsburg. The author is
currently an economics professor at the University of Rochester. Aside from being an economics
professor, he has also been writing a monthly column in Slate magazine entitled "Everyday
Economics" for over ten years now. He is the author of Fair Play, The Big Questions and his most
recent book More sex is safer sex. He also has written over 30 journal articles regarding economics,
mathematics, and philosophy.
The Armchair Economist have opened up tons of ideas which I would never thought can make such
impact to my daily life. In this book, he raised questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In health care, every decision should be examined well so that everybody could benefit from it
especially the ones who really need it. For example in the Philippines, it is very apparent that the
health care provided by the government to the poor is not well distributed and not that affordable.
Seeking quality medical attention especially to an average earning Filipino can be expensive despite
the government's attempt to lower it. So I think the government should allot more budget or make
some changes in order to improve the quality of care given to the poor people. It may be costly but
in the long run the government can and will be able to see and reap the benefits drawn by the change
in health care. Moreover, not only we should use the cost benefit method in evaluating a program
but we can also use the cost effectiveness and cost utility analysis so that we can ensure the things
that we are doing is suitable to the needs of the

Business Case
|[Department Name] |[Department Address] |
Business Case [Project Name]
NOTE TO READER:
"Business Case Usage Guidelines" have been developed to accompany this template.
| |Table of Contents |
| | |
Executive Summary 2
Background 3
Problem / Opportunity 3
Current Situation 3
Project ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This section describes the history and current state of affairs giving rise to or relating to the general
business problem or opportunity that is the subject of the business case.
Problem / Opportunity
Description:
Provide a brief description of the business problem or opportunity that the project is trying to
address.
Examples of general business problems are:
Not meeting service level expectations Escalating service costs Change in business requirements
Change in Legislation

Current Situation
Description:
This section provides a synopsis of what is happening currently within the ministry, if applicable,
what has led to the current situation, and what is likely to happen if the current situation is
maintained. The current situation can be defined in terms of relevant legislative requirements,
organization structures and responsibilities, human resources, processes, and technology.
Checklist for Background Section:
1. Is the business problem or opportunity clearly defined in general terms?
2. Are the relevant facts outlined so that the reader has a clear understanding of the relevant history
and current situation and the resulting problems or opportunities?
3. Where necessary, does the current situation include available statistical information?
|Section |Project

Direct Health Care Costs For Health Services Essay
Direct health care costs to health services:
1– Staffing : cardiologists
2– Training costs
3– Inpatient services and hospital admission
4– Diagnostic procedures
5– Post–operative care cost ,such as imaging services and ECG costs, and medical devices
6– Consumables : e.g. drugs, suture, dressing, gown
7– Outpatient clinic costs, follow up care, such as cardiologists visit
8– Costs of treating of side effects such as, GPs visit
9– Capital costs: spaces required to provide the new intervention
10– Overhead costs such as, administration, light, heat, and cleaning which is supplied centrally (1).
Societal perspective includes direct health care cost, direct non–health care costs, and indirect costs.
Direct non–health care costs: costs associated with patients and families
1– Over the counter drugs for eliminating side effects
2– Co– payment for the hospital admission, cardiologists, imaging services, ECG, and GPs
3– Additional costs of being in the hospital, post–operative care, follow up visit, such as, child
minding.
4– Travel costs to hospital, GPs, outpatient clinic.
5– Wage lost due to being unable to work.
Indirect cost: it is related to time value
1– Reduced productivity at work due to side effects.
2– Incapacity for work such as, short–term loss due to being undertaken new intervention, follow up
care, post–operative care, GPs consultation, cardiologist visit),and long–term loss, such as, early
retirement (1).
Technical efficiency or inside program efficiency is

Essay on Economic Impact of Telehealth
Economic Impact The economic impact of telehealth is a critical factor to examine when looking at
the feasibility of incorporating such technologies into practice. Exploration of economics is also
essential as it has been posited that telehealth has the potential to deliver care to individuals that is
cost saving in nature (Wade, Karnon, Elshaug, & Hiller, 2010). Furthermore, the estimated
expenditure on telehealth services and technology is expected to reach into the billions of dollars
(Berger, 2010). However, there are myriad individual elements that may be considered in the broad
subject of economics, which complicates determining the economic impact in a parsimonious way
(Bergmo, 2009; Wade, et al., 2010). Providers are faced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caffery, Smith and Scuffham (2008) commented that email based telemedicine methodology is
often considered a low–cost form of telemedicine. In their study, they took into account staff costs
(including counselors and administrative staff) and fixed costs (development and implementation of
the email service). Fixted costs totaled approximately $11,995 per year for the development and
implementation of a purpose–written email–based telemedicine system. Furthermore, supervisory
costs totaled $61,454 per year. In another study, Palmas and colleagues (2010) accounted for the
estimated cost of delivering case management services to underserved populations. The authors
found that the cost of the telemedicine equipment and supplies for the clinical team, for the first four
years of the study totaled over $100,000 (Palmas, et al., 2010). This does not take into account
salaries, the costs of the bioinformatics team, and vendor costs associated with the project, which
total into the millions. The higher costs are associated with the level of technology required. Palmas,
et al., utilized a telemedicine system (IDEATel) that, according to Shea (2007), combines video
conferencing, access to the American Diabetes Association portal, remote glucose and blood
pressure monitoring, and patient access to their own clinical data and a secure messaging service.
Similar to start–up

Economics and Health Care
Kevin Pine
Eco310
Professor Ambrose
Test 2
1A. Market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient. In any
given market, the quantity of a product demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity
supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which
prevents equilibrium.
Some major reasons that a free, unregulated market in medical care might night be optimal are:
Imperfect information, asymmetric information, barriers to entry, and third–party payers. *
Imperfect information is a major reason because in medical markets, patients are not fully informed
about virtually every aspect of the medical transaction. These patients are forced ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
1B. In the real world, a perfectly competitive market rarely exists. One or more assumptions are
violated in most markets and this is certainly the case in the pharmaceutical market. * Monopoly
Power. Pharmacists often face questions from patients regarding how prices of medications are
determined and why, in some cases, they are so expensive. Unlike markets for other goods, in the
pharmaceutical marketplace there are a limited number of manufacturers and the medication being
sold are not identical, but rather are differentiated. There is a guarantee via patent protection that no
potential competitor may manufacture an identical drug and sell it at a lower price in the short run.
As a result, the branded manufacturer is able to make profits. Since there is only one seller, the
monopolist determines the price of the medicine. This establishes the monopolist as a price setter,
permitting prices above the perfectly competitive price by controlling the quantity of medication
produced in the marketplace. This is in stark contrast to being a price taker, and accepting a price
established within a perfectly competitive marketplace. The end result is that prices are higher under
these market conditions than they would be in a purely competitive marketplace. * Barriers to Entry.
A number of factors allow a pharmaceutical manufacturer to act as a

Problem Analysis & Description. Net Sales For International
Problem Analysis & Description
Net Sales for International Paper Company (IP) decreased from $23,617 million in 2014 to $22,365
million in 2015 ("Annual Performance Summary 2015"). While these sales decreased overall, there
appeared to be a greater decrease in sales for consumer packaging than for any other department.
Consumer packaging has seen a dramatic decrease in sales for the second year in a row. According
to IP's 10k, consumer packaging sales are projected to be lower than average for the first quarter in
2016 as well. Operating profit for consumer packaging went from 178 million to (25) million from
2014 to 2015. ("Annual Performance Summary 2015"). According to International Paper's 2015
10K, the steep decline in consumer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another possibility is that the cost of manufacturing consumer packaging goods has increased so
much for IP that even an increase in demand for these products does not outweigh the cost.
Insert net sales chart
Income has been declining for International Paper Company in recent years. According to IP's 10k,
their income declined from 2,476 million to (1,332) million to (124) million from 2013 to 2014 to
2015 respectively. The decline in profit is mostly due to the decline in sales in recent years. Sales
during the most recent quarter saw a (1.97) growth. Trailing twelve month growth compared to last
year saw (7.54) growth. IP's 4 year growth rate is at a low of (5.38) ("Financial Highlights"). While
IP has negative growth, their growth is significantly less than the negative growth than industry,
sector, and S&P 500 (International Paper "Financial Highlights"). Since the entire industry of paper
mills is facing a steep decline in growth, it is expected that IP's sales would also decline. The market
for paper products in changing, leading to a decline in sales across the board. Paper imports are
increasing as well as prices of raw materials and they are projected to continue increasing according
to IBISWorld's projections. Although IP appears to be doing a better job than most of their industry
at keeping sales from falling too dramatically due to these factors, their sales and income are still
affected negatively by these changes.
Because of the decline in

Capstone Project
The
Student
Guide to the MSA
Capstone
Project
Part 1: The Research
Proposal and the
Research Project
Central Michigan University
August 2012
Contents
What is the MSA 699 Project? ........................................................................................................ 4
Overview of the MSA 699 Project................................................................................................... 5
Plagiarism and Ethics ...................................................................................................................... 7
The Research Proposal .................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 1: Definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
43
Sample Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................
44
Executive Summary Helps ...................................................................................................................
45
APA 6th Edition Helps...........................................................................................................................
47
THE STUDENT GUIDE TO THE MSA CAPSTONE PROJECT, Part 1
August 2012
Page 3
WELCOME TO THE MSA 699 PROJECT
MSA 699 is designed as the culminating activity in the Master of Science in Administration degree
program of Central Michigan University. Unlike most courses you have taken, MSA 699 will be
completed on an individual basis. 24 hours will be taken in a classroom setting. Much of the
planning, organizing, research, analysis, and writing will be done independently in close association

with the MSA 699 monitor. The MSA 699 monitor is the instructor of your course.
This guide has been prepared to provide you with assistance in a readily accessible form; use it for
specific guidance as you undertake your MSA 699 project. Important note: Do not assume that your
MSA 600 research proposal will be the basis of your MSA 699 project. The
MSA 600 research proposal is intended to familiarize you with the parts of the

The Construction Industry Has A Huge Impact On The...
Voluntarily or involuntarily, the construction industry has a huge impact on the environment. It is
estimated that the construction industry in the United States consumes about 39% of the total energy
and 72% of the electricity produced within the country (Kansal and Kadambari 2010). Also as
projected by Ashuri et al. (2011) the CO2 emissions from buildings will grow faster over the next 25
years, if the construction business continues as usual. Apart from the construction activities which
consume a lot of energy, most of the energy consumption also occurs during the operational phase of
these buildings (Menassa 2011). Hence, building operational energy consumption plays a very
important role in the long run. Also it has a tremendous effect on the overall costs of the building
(Gasic et al. 2012). In a world of sustainability, energy efficiency is considered as one of the least
costly and most effective tools to reduce carbon emissions and global warming (Jafari and Valentin
2016). Retrofitting the old buildings is one of the cheapest solutions to move towards energy
efficiency, which reduces the existing problem of energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions (Calì et al. 2011). The objective of this research is to introduce an approach for evaluating
the most lucrative point for both owners and the environment in retrofitting institutional buildings
by analyzing the data collected in real retrofitting case studies. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the
buildings is

Current Process Of Nice Technology Appraisal
Current process of NICE Technology Appraisal:
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non–departmental
public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom. NICE offers various services such
as development of scientific and clinical guidelines, quality standards and information services for
public health1 etc.
Among these services, NICE also carries out technology appraisals known as multi technology
appraisals (MTAs) or single technology appraisals (STA).
Technology appraisals are recommendations on the use of new and existing medicines and
treatments within the NHS. These can be1:
medicines
medical devices, such as hearing aids or inhalers
diagnostic techniques – tests used to identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So QALY gained would mean same for all diseases and Incremental cost effective ratio would be the
additional money required to gain per QALY. The threshold is currently set between £20,000 –
£30,000 per QALY4,5 which means if the new medicine/product's ICER value is below this
threshold this will be recommended by NICE as cost effective and if it is higher it will not be
recommended.
Drawbacks with the current approach of QALY:
Current approach by NICE is though very useful in terms of getting a quantitative assessment
however the QALY approach does have some drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks are listed
below:
No room to assess the innovation of a new product
Subjective nature of scales to assess QALY (EQ–5D),
No assessment of burden of illness
No assessment of negative impact on society
No assessment of wider societal benefit
Proposal to Modify the current approach
A proposal for NICE to modify their current approach is vital in order to improve the process. One
key thing would be to assess the degree of innovation of the new product/device/medicine. Let's
review first what innovation means and what can be the process improvement.
Definition of Innovation
The word "innovation" has many

Health Promotion And Preventions

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