National objectives for health 2017-2022-kim santos
ย
National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-
Medicine financing: NHIS and other financing optionsMeTApresents
ย
'Medicine financing: NHIS and other financing options', presentation by Dr Daniel Kojo Arhinful during MeTA Ghana, CSO & media orientation workshop, 16 April 2009.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: GhanaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Ghana: Governing for Quality Improvement in the Context of UHCHFG Project
ย
Ghanaโs National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established by an Act of Parliament in 2003 (Act 650) to provide financial risk protection against the cost of health care services for all residents of Ghana. In 2012, the law was revised to address some of the operational challenges in management of the scheme. The object of the Scheme is to attain universal health insurance coverage for residents and those visiting the country.
Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is
important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi
Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase,
Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20.
Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondentsโ income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05).><0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment.
Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their acc ess to healthcare.
National objectives for health 2017-2022-kim santos
ย
National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-National objectives for health 2017-2022-
Medicine financing: NHIS and other financing optionsMeTApresents
ย
'Medicine financing: NHIS and other financing options', presentation by Dr Daniel Kojo Arhinful during MeTA Ghana, CSO & media orientation workshop, 16 April 2009.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: GhanaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Ghana: Governing for Quality Improvement in the Context of UHCHFG Project
ย
Ghanaโs National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established by an Act of Parliament in 2003 (Act 650) to provide financial risk protection against the cost of health care services for all residents of Ghana. In 2012, the law was revised to address some of the operational challenges in management of the scheme. The object of the Scheme is to attain universal health insurance coverage for residents and those visiting the country.
Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is
important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi
Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase,
Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20.
Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondentsโ income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05).><0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment.
Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their acc ess to healthcare.
Dr. Eduardo P. Banzon is a Senior Health Specialist in the World Bank since December 2006.
Prior to the World Bank, he was the Vice-President and Head of the Health Finance Policy Sector of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation. In 2005, he was concurrently tasked to help in the strengthening of the Bureau of Food and Drugs.
He is a former Research Associate Professor in the University of the Philippines (UP) -National Institutes of Health. He was a Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the UP College of Medicine and a faculty member of the Ateneo Graduate School of Business-Health Unit. He has worked and assisted national and international agencies and has been published locally and internationally.
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
ย
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the countryโs prominent health benefit plan(s) to the countryโs Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
Presntation by Zorayda E. Leopando, MD, MPH
Professor of Family and Community Medicine University of the Philippines Manila at the WHO/TNO/Dutchgovernment Congres 'Connecting Health and Labour' 29 - 1 December 2012
Slide presentation used at one of the breakout/parallel sessions of the 4th National Medical Students' Conference (NMSC). On health policy in the Philippines and the country's Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (Universal Health Care) program.
Essential Packages of Health Services: A Landscape Analysis in 24 EPCMD Count...HFG Project
ย
In an effort to better understand what the EPHS are and what they are being used for in the EPCMD countries, USAID requested that HFG conduct an analysis to provide a โsnapshotโ for each of the priority countries. The activity results enable quick identification of the EPHS for the studied countries, allowing practitioners to identify cross-cutting themes, identify gaps, and better understand practical application of EPHS.
The inaugural Philippines Healthcare will focus on investment opportunities in the Philippines healthcare sector as well as examine the developments in healthcare plans and policies by government, market access opportunities for pharma and technology, new healthcare facility projects, upgrades and expansions and increasing efficiencies of existing facilities.
Philippines is currently focused on speeding up health facilities and upgrades, meeting the needs and growing demand for health specialists, training to ensure competency and quality of healthcare services and ensuring the availability of drugs throughout the country.
The conference will have discussions on policy and regulation updates, investment opportunities, projects and developments to strengthen Philippines healthcare infrastructure and delivery.
It will be held in Manila and will have representations from government, hospitals, insurance companies, pharma companies, health technology and medical device providers and other related stakeholders.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndonesiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: ZambiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: UgandaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The health of a people to a very large extent determines their productivity and wealth. The 2010
Population and Housing Census indicates that a significant proportion of the Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District in
Ghana (over 75%) are living below the poverty line of GHยข228.00 per annum (approximately US $120 per
annum). It then implies that approximately the same proportion or even a little above that might not be able to
access health care under the โcash and carryโ system. Inability to access health care will lead to poor health
status of the residents and thus lower their productivity.
Dr. Eduardo P. Banzon is a Senior Health Specialist in the World Bank since December 2006.
Prior to the World Bank, he was the Vice-President and Head of the Health Finance Policy Sector of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation. In 2005, he was concurrently tasked to help in the strengthening of the Bureau of Food and Drugs.
He is a former Research Associate Professor in the University of the Philippines (UP) -National Institutes of Health. He was a Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the UP College of Medicine and a faculty member of the Ateneo Graduate School of Business-Health Unit. He has worked and assisted national and international agencies and has been published locally and internationally.
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
ย
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the countryโs prominent health benefit plan(s) to the countryโs Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
Presntation by Zorayda E. Leopando, MD, MPH
Professor of Family and Community Medicine University of the Philippines Manila at the WHO/TNO/Dutchgovernment Congres 'Connecting Health and Labour' 29 - 1 December 2012
Slide presentation used at one of the breakout/parallel sessions of the 4th National Medical Students' Conference (NMSC). On health policy in the Philippines and the country's Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (Universal Health Care) program.
Essential Packages of Health Services: A Landscape Analysis in 24 EPCMD Count...HFG Project
ย
In an effort to better understand what the EPHS are and what they are being used for in the EPCMD countries, USAID requested that HFG conduct an analysis to provide a โsnapshotโ for each of the priority countries. The activity results enable quick identification of the EPHS for the studied countries, allowing practitioners to identify cross-cutting themes, identify gaps, and better understand practical application of EPHS.
The inaugural Philippines Healthcare will focus on investment opportunities in the Philippines healthcare sector as well as examine the developments in healthcare plans and policies by government, market access opportunities for pharma and technology, new healthcare facility projects, upgrades and expansions and increasing efficiencies of existing facilities.
Philippines is currently focused on speeding up health facilities and upgrades, meeting the needs and growing demand for health specialists, training to ensure competency and quality of healthcare services and ensuring the availability of drugs throughout the country.
The conference will have discussions on policy and regulation updates, investment opportunities, projects and developments to strengthen Philippines healthcare infrastructure and delivery.
It will be held in Manila and will have representations from government, hospitals, insurance companies, pharma companies, health technology and medical device providers and other related stakeholders.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndonesiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: ZambiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndiaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: UgandaHFG Project
ย
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The health of a people to a very large extent determines their productivity and wealth. The 2010
Population and Housing Census indicates that a significant proportion of the Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District in
Ghana (over 75%) are living below the poverty line of GHยข228.00 per annum (approximately US $120 per
annum). It then implies that approximately the same proportion or even a little above that might not be able to
access health care under the โcash and carryโ system. Inability to access health care will lead to poor health
status of the residents and thus lower their productivity.
Linkages Between the Essential Health Services Package and Government-Sponsor...HFG Project
ย
Priority setting is a key function of health systems that seek to achieve universal health coverage. The Essential Health Services Package (EHSP) explicitly prioritizes certain services; government-sponsored health benefit plans implicitly prioritize others. To gain insights into the purpose, policy objectives, and governance of the EPHS and dominant health benefit plans in Ethiopia, we conducted a case study in 2016. Methods included a desk review of relevant documents and qualitative analysis of 15 key informant interviews of leading health finance experts in Addis Ababa. All data were coded and analyzed using a thematic inductive framework.
Understanding Health Accounts: A Primer for PolicymakersHFG Project
ย
An update of the 2003 brief, this new primer provides an introduction to Health Accounts, the framework (System of Health Accounts 2011 or SHA 2011), and key steps involved in conducting Health Accounts exercises using SHA 2011 with particular emphasis on how policymakers can get involved to facilitate the process. The primer also includes country experiences illustrating show how Health Accounts data can be used for policy purposes, with specific attention to the importance of institutionalizing Health Accounts so that it may serve as an ongoing resource to policymakers.
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A Natio...David Lambert Tumwesigye
ย
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A National Health Insurance Scheme-Presented to CHI practitioners of the Uganda Community Based Health Financing Association
Improving Efficiency to Achieve Health System Goals in Botswana: Background P...HFG Project
ย
Health outcomes have improved in Botswana over the last few decades. These successes have come at the same time as overall macroeconomic growth, with annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth averaging around 6 percent between 2010 and 2015 (IMF 2015), and Human Development Index ranking above the regional average. These improvements originate in a strong health service delivery system. In 2008, Botswanaโs public health system included 338 health posts and 277 health clinics, sufficient to ensure that at least 80 percent of the population has coverage of essential, high-impact services. Management of these services was initially done by the Ministry of Local Government but has been transferred to district health teams under the Ministry of Health (MOH). As of 2008, Botswanaโs public health system also had 17 primary hospitals, 14 district hospitals, two referral hospitals, and one mental health hospital; these hospitals are managed by the central government.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
ย
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sectorโ particularly Namibiaโs HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending โ know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
Policymakers can influence public and private health spending to improve efficiency, quality, equity, and expand access to life-saving health services. To succeed, however, governments need evidence around their health financing landscape. More and more, policymakers are appreciating the value of health resource tracking โthat is, a range of methods, data collection initiatives, and estimation tools aimed at measuring the flow of funds to and through the health system.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
ย
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sectorโ particularly Namibiaโs HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending โ know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
A simple overview on heatlhcare costs and reasons why there is a global increase in the field. The presentation concentrates the Omani setting with a comparison to what is available in public reports.
Getting Healthโs Slice of the Pie: Domestic Resource Mobilization for HealthHFG Project
ย
Many low- and middle-income countries have experienced strong economic growth in recent years, resulting in increased capacity for social sector spending. Net energy importers have further benefited from falling fossil fuel prices. At the same time donors are preparing to scale back development assistance, including support for global health initiatives. Responding to a lack of practical guidance on how countries can mobilize more domestic resources for the health sector, the Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project organized a series of joint learning workshops to promote knowledge exchange, share new and existing resources, and support countries in a DRM-for-health action planning process.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
ย
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. Youโll also learn
โข Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
โข The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
โข Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
ย
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
ย
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
"๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ผ๐ต ๐พ๐ฐ๐ป๐ฏ ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐บ ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ถ๐ต๐ฌ"
๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ (๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
โญ ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ:
โข 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
โข SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
โขFreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
โขCHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
โข WOW K-Music Festival 2023
โข Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
โข Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
โข HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
โข Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
โข Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
โข Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"๐๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ, ๐ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐๐๐ข๐๐ฅ ๐ฃ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ง๐๐ฒ. ๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฌ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐จ๐ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฌ."
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
ย
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
ย
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujaratโs DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
ย
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isnโt just any project; itโs a potential game changer for Indiaโs chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promisingย residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
ย
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
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Health financing in ghana
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
Health Financing In Ghana: Perceived Factors That Help
Healthcare Facility Providers to Render Services to Clients of
National Health Insurance Scheme
Leo Moses Twum-Barima
Department of Accounting Education, University of Education, Winneba
P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi, Ghana
Email: leo1ghyahoo.com
Abstract
Health financing has become a universal concern especially for developing countries. Ghana has introduced National
Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) programme for its residents. This paper explores the perceived factors that help the
accredited Healthcare Facility Providers (HFPs) to render services to the clients who have registered with the NHIS.
The design used a survey which relied on questionnaire that provided six factors for respondents to rank according to
how important they perceive the factor to help them in serving the clients of NHIS. These factors were selected based
on the researcherโs own interactions with the HFPs. Claims payment was ranked as the most important factor,
followed by staff at post, patients support facilities, services rendered, culture at the facility and facility location.
These factors were discussed and recommendations were made to help HFPs serve the clients of NHIS.
Keywords: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Healthcare Facility Providers (HFPs), Community-based
Health Planning Service (CHPS)
1. Introduction
The economic development of countries thrives on the health conditions of their citizens. The quality of the health
status of the citizens and other factors are the pivots that propel the economies from under development to
industrialised ones. In view of this, governments all over the world prioritise the healthcare of their citizens and
institute measures to make it accessible and affordable. Many countries therefore implement social interventions like
health insurance to help alleviate the cost of financing healthcare of their citizens. Capon (1982) stresses that if
health insurance is to strengthen preventive public healthcare systems, there would be value for money spent,
reduction of disease burden and promotion of overall health system. Bailit, Newhouse, Brook, Duan, Collins, Hanley,
Chisick๏ผ Goidberg (1986) on the contrary reveal that most countries fail in their health insurance policies because
the health insurance policies only address the system of healthcare failure without reducing the disease burden which
results from lack of preventive healthcare systems. This failure of preventive healthcare can escalate costs of curative
medicine, which can eventually consume all the money for financing the healthcare.
In Ghana before 2004, the โcash and carryโ health financing made it compulsory for patients to pay cash for treatment
in the clinics and hospitals. This system was not affordable to many people in Ghana. The โcash and carryโ system
therefore presented a strong barrier to healthcare access to majority of Ghanaians (Agyepong ๏ผ Nagai, 2011). The
high cost of healthcare increased the financial burden of individuals and families. Therefore, an innovative and risk
pooling mechanism to provide health security for the citizens became inevitable which necessitated the introduction
of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana backed by National Health Insurance Regulations Legislative
Instrument 1890, 2004.
However, the cost of financing healthcare under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) has become
burdensome because clients seem not to be satisfied with one healthcare facility provider so they visit many facility
providers with the same sickness in a short period. This client healthcare facility provider shopping always throws
the budget of the NHIS overboard because the various providers they visit must be paid claims for the duplication of
consultation services they give and the repetition of same quantity of drugs they serve (NHIA, 2011). In view of this
the main question of the study is: How can client multiple visits be resolved in order to improve the client healthcare
facility provider loyalty in Ghana?
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2. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
2. Overview of Ghana Health Financing
The healthcare system in Ghana was structured along the lines of its colonial master, Great Britain. In 1880, then
Gold Coast under British colonial rule, Gold Coast Medical Department was set up and concentrated on providing
healthcare for the European population, a few educated elites and government officials in particular (Akortsu ๏ผ
Abor, 2011). Dummett (1993) adds that, the era before independence, funding of healthcare was the sole prerogative
of the colonial government or the missionaries where they were involved in the provision of healthcare at that time.
After independence, Ghana provided free healthcare services to its population through public health facilities. There
were no out-of-pocket payments in these facilities and healthcare was financed solely from tax revenues. However, this
was not sustainable in the light of the needs of other sectors of the economy, and the government had to find
alternatives to this financing mechanism. The government at the time also embarked on massive development in
infrastructure and human resource for health. As a result, by 1963, health centres in the country totalled 41 and health
personnel totalled 3,169 and these included 379 doctors, 28 dentists, 954 midwives, 1,453 nurses and 355 pharmacists
(Twumasi, 1975).
In the 1970s, nominal fees were introduced through legislations, but these proved insufficient to meet the needs of the
health sector. The user fees were as a result of economic difficulties during the period (Twumasi, 1975). Between the
1970s and early 1980s, the global oil crisis from the sudden hike in oil prices on the international market severely
affected the country. This immediately resulted in balance of payment difficulties, heavy debt burden and general
economic disequilibrium. As a result, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) proposed structural
changes to improving the economy, which suggested withdrawal of state subsidies. This led to declines in the health
budget, putting the health sector under severe economic pressure (World Bank, 1993).
In 1985, the government at the time introduced a cost recovery programme known as the โuser-fees systemโ. Laws
enabling the charging of fees date back to 1969 with the introduction of the Hospital Fees Decree, 1969; National
Liberation Council Decree (NLCD) 360; Hospital Fee Decree, 1969 (Amendment) Act, then, the 1970 (Act 325); then
again the Hospital Fees Act, 1971 (Act 387). Smithson, Asamoa-Baah ๏ผMills, (1997) suggest that these charges were
however token fees charged compared to the 1985 legislation which raised the fees above token levels. There were
however, exemptions for antenatal, family planning and communicable diseases (Nanda, 2002). These exemptions
were, however, not taken useful because there were no guidelines for implementation and consumers were unaware of
the existence of the exemptions. Compliance level by health staff was also poor (MoH, 2004).
In 1992, the government, in conformity with the Bamako Initiative of 1988 introduced the Revolving Drug Fund,
which officially introduced the Full Cost Recovery Policy for drugs as a way of generating revenue to address the
shortage of drugs. It was envisaged that the cost recovery process would contribute about 15 percent of the health
sector resources. A review of the process in the First Five Year Programme of Work (1997-2001) of the Ministry of
Health revealed that the contribution of the cost recovery process to the country's health sector financing was below 10
percent. The application of the revolving drug fund policy was popularly termed โcash and carryโ system. The โcash and
carryโ system caused a decline in the utilization of healthcare services especially for the poor, who needed the services
most, since this represented a financial barrier to access healthcare (Arhin-Tenkorang, 2000).
In order to improve access to healthcare services, a Law (Act 650; Republic of Ghana, 2003) establishing a national
health insurance scheme was enacted in October 2003 known as the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). This is
with the ultimate vision of assuring equitable and universal access to healthcare for all residents of Ghana (MoH,
2004). The health insurance scheme is expected to provide funding for healthcare facilities. The provision of such
funds is expected to aid in planning and also to reduce the incidence of bad debt or charitable services which tend to
increase the expenditure pattern of healthcare facilities. The funding mechanism includes premiums paid by members
to the insurance scheme they are registered with. Currently, 2.5 percent of all commercial invoices under the value
added tax domain and pension contributions are paid into the health insurance fund. In year 2006, the health insurance
fund represented about 31.6 percent of the total resource envelope of the health sector and in 2008, this accounted for
32.6 percent of total health sector financing (MoH, 2006,2008).
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3. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
3. Methodology
3.1 Research Design
The design used for the study was a survey which employed questionnaire to collect data for the analysis. The study
was to find out the perceived factors that help HFPs to serve the clients of NHIS who visit their place for treatment
and other services in order to reduce the multiplicity of client HFP shopping.
3.2 Population and Sampling
The population for the study was accredited facility providers like clinics, polyclinics, district hospitals, regional
hospitals, teaching hospitals, pharmacy shops, health centres, community based health planning services (CHPS)
zones, Christian Health Service facility providers and private healthcare providers who serve the clients of NHIS in
Ghana. Politically, Ghana has been divided into 10 administrative regions so each region was taken as a stratum in
which a random sampling technique was used to select elements for the study. A sample size of 50 each was taken
from seven regions that do not have teaching hospitals and 60 from the remaining three regions that have teaching
hospitals. Altogether, a sample size of 530 healthcare facility providers was selected for the study.
3.3 Instruments and Data Collection
Questionnaire was used for the study. The questionnaire items were based on six factors which respondents were
asked to rank according to how important they perceive the factor to help them to serve the clients of NHIS. These
factors were selected based on the researcherโs own interactions with the HFPs. Primary data was collected through
the administration of questionnaire to healthcare provider personnel working in claims processing department,
accounts department, district and regional health administration offices and pharmacy departments. Other personnel
like medical superintendent officers, managers of pharmaceutical shops, heads of CHPS zones, heads of health
centres and clinics also supplied primary data for the study. In all 530 questionnaires were distributed of which 450
were returned (Table 1), representing 85% response rate.
Table 1: Distribution of questionnaires and their return
Region No. of questionnaires sent No. of questionnaires Response rate in
received percentage (%)
Ashanti 60 54 90
Brong Ahafo 50 45 90
Central 50 39 78
Eastern 50 42 84
Greater Accra 60 51 85
Northern 60 48 80
Upper East 50 43 86
Upper West 50 41 82
Volta 50 42 84
Western 50 45 90
Total 530 450 85
4. Results and Discussions
The findings of the study on how the HFPs ranked the factors have been provided below in Table 2. This Table
provides the factors, the number of respondents and percentages of their responses.
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4. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
Table 2: Ranking of perceived factors by importance to HFPs
Factors Number of respondents Percentage (%)
Claims payment 171 38.0
Staff at post 117 26.0
Patients support facilities 54 12.0
Services rendered 45 10.0
Culture at the facility 43 9.5
Facility location 20 4.5
Total 450 100
4.1 Claims Payment
From Table 2, majority (38%) of the respondents consider the claims payment most important factor that helps them
to render services to the clients of NHIS. The respondents indicated that in Ghana, they pre-finance the healthcare of
the clients of NHIS. At the end of every month they send claims bill for payment. According to the National
Insurance Law, Act 650 (2003), when claims bill is received at the insurance office, the vetting, investigating and
payment processes should not exceed one month. The longer the NHIS office delays the payment, the more difficult
the HFPs have on their cash and liquidity balances in their operations. When it delays it leads to a fall in the drugs
and consumables in the stores, inability to pay salaries and allowances on time, inability to retain more qualified
personnel, referral of common and basic drugs to pharmaceutical shops for service. If the claims payment delays
beyond three months after submission, some HFPs especially the private owned ones discriminate against the clients
of NHIS by refusing to attend to a large number of them but focus more on patients who do not use the NHIS cards
when they attend hospitals because such patients would make immediate payment for their treatment. When claims
are paid earlier and on time the HFPs have funds to replenish the drugs and consumables and also to hire and pay
salaries and allowances of employees.
4.2 Staff at Post
From Table 2, a total of 26% of respondents ranked staff at post as important factor because according to them,
health delivery is service and without the staff no healthcare can be given to any patient. These are people who have
administratively, medically or clinically undergone training in recognised institutions and are working at the facilities.
Where a facility provider has inadequate staff at post, there will be pressure on the few employed ones so they would
not be able to serve well when more people visit their facility for treatment and other services. Due to this, some
clients may not receive good attention from them especially those who come late to the facility after the workers
have become tired. If the number of staff is adequate and well trained they can serve many patients anytime so
clients may not spend too much time when they visit the facility for treatment. According to the National Health
Insurance Regulations, LI 1890 (2004), HFPs are to renew their accreditation every two years and before renewal is
done a team from National Health Insurance Authorityโs accreditation board must conduct thorough inspection with
respect to the buildings, equipment and gadgets, qualification and adequacy of staff at post among others. Those who
fail to meet the criteria are denied the accreditation and a ban is put on them from serving the clients of NHIS.
4.3 Patient Support Facilities
From Table 2, 12% of the respondents ranked patient support facilities as important because they are the elements of
the quality of service that the HFPs render to their patients. These are the facilities that provide comfort to the
patients when they are at the premises of the HFPs. These are the availability of clean environment which is free
from mosquitoes breeding, comfortable and adequate chairs for out-patients, security, large compound where patients
can park their cars, sufficient beds with mosquito nets for in patients, electricity or a generator plant in case there is
power failure, continuous flow of water and good toilet facilities. When a HFP has good patient support facilities, it
minimises the rate at which people attend hospitals with one ailment but leave there contracting other diseases. These
patient support facilities are provided to make the patients feel comfortable and protected at the premises of the HFP.
Manning, Bailit, Benjamin ๏ผNewhouse (1985) suggested that as claims payments are for drugs used and services
rendered, HFPs should use part of the services income to do minor repairs and expansion in order to provide comfort
for their patients.
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5. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
4.4 Services Rendered
From Table 2, 10% of the respondents ranked services rendered by the HFP as important factor. The nature of some
diseases demands that when patients attend a hospital or polyclinic, they need to undergo laboratory test, scan test,
take x-ray photograph or see a specialist. If clients of NHIS attend a HFP and is referred to other HFPs for services
like laboratory test and then come back for treatment, they may hesitate to go to such HFPs but would prefer to go to
HFPs where they can get all the perceived benefits at one place. Most patients do not want to waste time in joining
long queues at one HFP when it is their turn to be served only to be referred at the consultation room to go to a
different HFP for laboratory test and return and join the queue again. If a particular HFP renders several services,
they are able to serve the clients of NHIS within short time at one place.
4.5 Culture at the Facility
From Table 2, 9.5% of the respondents considered culture at the facility as important because HFPs are many so they
need to devise strategies to be attractive to the patients so that when they come for treatment once they should always
come again. Some HFPs have trained their staff very well in the way they should receive their patients, talk to and
treat them. Some HFPs have the perception that if they treat their patients with good care and respect they will come
there again the next time they fall sick so the HFPs will continue to depend on their patronage for survival in the
business. The culture at the HFPโs place is the brand that patients use to discriminate among the HFPs. Where
patients are well respected and better served by the staff at the facility, they like attending that facility for treatment.
To maintain the patients for a longer duration go beyond the mere treatment they receive at the clinics and hospitals.
How to talk, treat, respect and serve the patients are some of the ingredients that cause the patients to stay on with the
HFP.
4.6 Facility Location
From Table 2, 4.5% of the respondents consider the facility location as important factor because when a patient is in
critical condition and needs to see a doctor at the hospital for immediate attention and can easily get there without
any impediment of traffic jam or means of transport, then the facility location as a perceived factor helps the HFP to
serve the patients. This is where the premises of the healthcare facility provider are situated. If the place is easily
accessible, in terms of availability of good road networks, near proximity to the residence of the patient, availability
of means of transport that ply the area, less vehicular traffic in the area of the location, a lot of patients visit that
facility because they perceive that they would not waste much time before getting to the facility for treatment. On the
other hand, when the hospital is not easily accessible and the patient is in critical condition, the delay on the way can
cause any bad thing to happen to the patient.
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
The study focussed on the perceived factors that help the HFPs to render services to clients of NHIS. The findings
revealed that among the factors, claims payment is an income generating factor which must be paid on time by the
NHIS to relieve the HFPs from financial difficulties in order to serve the clients better. Also, HFPs which have a
small number of staff at post delay the clients at their premises for a longer period before they are able to attend to
them. HFPs which are located at easily accessible places mostly attract patients. The HFPs which have several
departments like paediatric, maternity, laboratory, scan test and others serve all the clients at their premises without
referring them to other places before coming there again to continue with their treatment. The HFPs which have good
patient care are able to have longer good relationship with their clients. This obviously reduces client HFP shopping.
From the above, some of the factors that emanate from the HFPsโ domain (internal factors) like the services rendered
and patient support facilities should be managed very well by HFPs themselves in order to render good services to
the clients of NHIS. The external factor like claims payment is outside the control of the HFPs so the NHIS offices
should not delay in vetting and paying the claims. According to the National Insurance Regulations LI 1890 (2004)
NHIS offices which receive the claims can make at least half payment of the face value of amount submitted
immediately the claims arrive at their office and take at most a month to do the vetting before they can pay the
remaining balance. When HFPs are able to serve the clients very well it will lead to clientsโ loyalty which will
minimise the clients multiple visits to different providers.
References
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6. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 6, 2012
Agyepong, I. A. Nagai, R. A. (2011) We charge them; otherwise we cannot run the hospitals. Front line workers,
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