Brief review of some researches

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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Biological role
• digestion
• diarrhea
• antioxidant activity
• brain activity
• airways disorders
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name: Piper nigrum L.
• Spices king due to pungent quality.
(Srinivasan, 2007)
• Cultivated in tropical parts of Asia. In Pakistan, it grows
mainly in Northern areas, such as Gilgit and Chitral valleys.
(Rehman et al. 2015)
• Piperine, the active component
• Other compounds: piperamides, piperamines, pinene
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4. BIOLOGICAL
ROLE
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5. • Effects on digestion
• Anti-diarrhoeal property
• Antioxidant activity
• Memory enhancing
• Anti depressant
• Anti inflammatory activity
• Anti-asthmatic
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6. DIGESTION
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7. • P. nigrum especially piperine increases the production
of saliva and gastric secretion.
• Ingestion increases the production of salivary
amylase.
• Active compounds like piperine, piperamides,
piperamines and pipene activates the secretions of
pancreas, liver and terminal enzymes of small
intestinal mucosa.
• Piperine as food additive increases the activity of
lipase, pancreatic amylase, chymotrypsin and
protease.
(Ahmad et al., 2012)
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8. BILE
SECRETION
• Aim: Black pepper and its active principle, piperine, have been
examined for their effect on bile secretion in laboratory using
experimental rats.
• Method: In these animal models, bile has been systematically
collected by cannulating the common biliary-pancreatic duct
following the spice treatment.
• Spices have been examined for their influence on bile as a
result of both a continued intake through the diet for a period of
time and as a one-time exposure orally.
• Results of these studies revealed that dietary black pepper or
piperine which have no hypocholesterolemic influence, had no
beneficial stimulatory influence on bile acid production by the
liver and its secretion into bile.
• On the other hand, the oral administration of piperine as a
single dose significantly increases bile acid secretion.
Stimulation in bile acid secretion (μmol/h) was to an extent of
about 30% over the control.
(Srinivasan, 2007)
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9. CHOLESTEROL
LOWERING
ACTIVITY
• A study by Zhao et al. (2018) investigated plasma
cholesterol-lowering activity of piperine and associated
underlying mechanism in hypercholesterolemia
hamsters.
• Method: 32 hamsters were assigned into four groups
receiving one of four diets namely a non-cholesterol diet
(NCD), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), and the two HCD
diets containing 0.03% (PL) and 0.06% (PH) piperine,
respectively, for 6 weeks.
• Results showed that PL and PH diets significantly
reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC) by 16–17%, and
non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C)
by 24–25%, respectively. This was accompanied by 84–
109% increase in fecal excretion of neutral sterols
• Concluded that plasma TC-lowering activity of piperine
was mediated by reducing the intestinal cholesterol
absorption via inhibition on gene expression of intestinal
NPC1L1, ACAT and MTP.
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10. DIARRHEA
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11. • leading cause of mortality and morbidity, especially
among children in developing countries.
• World Health Organization has initiated Diarrhoeal
Disease Control Program to study traditional
medical practices and other related aspects
(Shamkuwar, Shahi & Jadhav, 2012)
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12. ANTI-
DIARRHOEAL
• Aim: Aqueous black pepper extract (75, 150, 300 mg/kg,
po) was tested for its antidiarrhoeal, antimotility and
antisecretory activity in mice.
• Methods of castor oil and magnesium sulphate induced
diarrhea were used to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity,
• while charcoal meal test and castor oil induced intestinal
secretions were used for testing antimotility and
antisecretory activity in mice.
• Result: Aqueous Black pepper extract (ABPE) produced a
significant and dose dependent antidiarrhoeal, antimotility,
and antisecretory effect. Preliminary phytochemical
screening of ABPE showed the presence of carbohydrates,
and alkaloids. It can be concluded that ABPE possesses
antidiarrhoeal effect may be due to its antimotility and
antisecretory effect.
• Conclusion: Antimotility and antisecretory effect of Black
pepper may be due to the presence of carbohydrates and
alkaloids.
(Shamkuwar, Shahi & Jadhav, 2012)
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13. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
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14. • Different free radicals produced in the body attack on
membrane causing oxidation of lipids, reduced
fluidity of biomembranes, loss of diff. enzyme &
receptor activities causing cell inactivation of by
damaging the proteins.
(Kochhar, 2008)
• Attack cell DNA→mutations→cancer
Antioxidants stop or delay the process
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15. Zarai,
Boujelbene,
Salem,
Gargouri &
Sayari
(2013)
• Method: the purified piperine from the extracts was
analysed and identified by HPLC.
• flavonoids from P. nigrum, varied from 0.29(water
extract) to 5.02 mg (chloroform extract) of quercetin
equivalents/g of P. nigrum.
• Result: ethanol extract possesses the highest
antioxidative effect (48.2 mmol/ml a-tocopherol
equivalents) at a concentration of 25 mg/ml.
• piperine and piperic acid from P. nigrum contain
significant source of phenolic and flavonoid antioxidants
that may have therapeutic potential.
• Conclusion: possible biological functionality in
preventing the oxidative degradation of membrane lipids.
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16. BRAIN ACTIVITY
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17. MEMORY
ENHANCING
• Aim: The study aimed to explore the neuroprotective
potential of black pepper (BP) extract (12.5mg/kg/day)
on memory enhancement and its effect on expression of
amyloid precursor protein (APP) isoforms (APP770 and
APP695) in AlCl3 induced neurotoxicity (250mg/kg)
mouse model.
• Methods: Morris water maze test, elevated plus maze,
fear conditioning, context and cue dependent test and
social preference tests were performed to investigate the
learning and memory.
• Results: BP significantly improved memory, fear
extinction learning was considerably improved.
(Iqbal, Iqbal, Mahboob, Farhat & Ahmed, 2016)
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18. DEPRESSION
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19. • Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects 17–20% of the
population of the world.
• therapeutic response requires several weeks or months of
treatment,
• Piperine have been reported to process sedative, hypnotic,
anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant actions.
(Li et al., 2007)
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20. ANTIDEPRESSANT
• Aims of the study by Li et al. (2007) was to examine the
therapeutic effects of piperine (PIP) and its derivative,
anti-epilepsirine (AES) on depressive behaviours in the
forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension
(TST). Male ICR mice (35–37 g, 8 weeks of age) were
used in this study.
• Results indicated that after two weeks of chronic
administration, PIP and AES at doses of 10–20 mg/kg
significantly reduced the duration of immobility in both
FST and TST. Furthermore, at higher dose of PIP and
AES (80 mg/kg), the duration of immobility was returned
to the control level.
• Conclusion: Elevated dopamine level in striatum,
hypothalamus and hippocampus, and also increased
serotonin level in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.
(Li et al., 2007)
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21. AIRWAYS DISORDERS
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22. • Besides being used as a spice, black pepper enjoys folkloric
reputation for use in airway disorders including bronchitis and
asthma.
• It is hypothesized that black pepper may contain certain bioactive
constituents that can cause bronchodilation.
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23. REHMAN ET AL.,
(2015)
• Aim: The potential of black pepper (Piper nigrum) to
cause bronchodilation was examined using in vivo and in
vitro assays.
• Method: HPLC fingerprint analysis of the crude extract
of Piper nigrum (Pn.Cr) and its fractions showed
piperine, piperidine, eugenol and catechin as plant
constituents.
• In anaesthetized rats, Pn.Cr and piperine relieved
carbachol (CCh)-induced bronchospasm. Piperine
showed stimulatory and inhibitory effects on rate and
force of contraction. Its fractions showed similar
activities with varied potency in the in vivo and in vitro
assays.
• Results suggested that black pepper and piperine cause
bronchodilation through dual inhibition of
phosphodiesterase enzyme and Ca2+ influx, which
substantiate its potential as a functional food ingredient
for airway disorders. (Potential of black pepper as a
functional food for airways disorders-paper name)
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24. SUMMARY
• Major active ingredient: piperine
• Enhances enzyme secretion during digestion
• Have anti-diarrheal activity
• Enhances memory and anti depressant
• Effective for airways disorders
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25. REFERENCES
• Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi, B.H., Farooq, S., Ali, M., & Khan, MA. (2012).
Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (Black pepper): A review. Asian Pacific Journal of
Tropical Biomedicine, 1945-1953.
• Iqbal, G., Iqbal, A., Mahboob, A., Farhat, S.M., & Ahmed, T. (2016). Memory
enhancing effect of black pepper in the AlCl3 induced neurotoxicity mouse model is
mediated through its active component chavicine. Current Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, 17, 962-973.
• Kochhar, K.P. (2008). Dietary spices in health and diseases. Indian Journal of
Physiology and Pharmacology, 52, 106-122.
• Kang, M.J., Cho, J.Y., Shim, B.H., Kim, D.K., Lee, J. (2009). Bioavailability
enhancing activities of natural compounds from medicinal plants. Journal of
Medicinal Plant Research, 3, 1204-1211.
• Khan, S., Mirza K.J., Anwar, F., & Zain ul Abdin, M. (2010). Development of RAPD
markers for authentication of Piper nigrum (L.). Environment & We: An International
Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 47-56.
• Rehman, A., Mehmood, M.H., Haneef, M., Gilani, A.H., Maimoona Ilyas, M.,
Siddiqui, B.S., & Ahmed, M. (2015). Potential of black pepper as a functional food
for treatment of airways disorder. Journal of Functional Foods, 19 ,126–140.
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26. • Shamkuwar, P.B., Shahi, S.R., & Jadhav, S.T. (2012). Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal
effect of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science and
Research, 2, 48-53.
• Srinivasan, K. (2007). Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine. A review of
diverse physiological effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47,
735-748.
• Li, S., Wang, C., Wei l., Koike, K., Nikaido, T., & Min -Wei Wang, M.W. (2007).
Antidepressant-like effects of piperine and its derivative, antiepilepsirine. Journal
of Asian Natural Products Research, 9, 421–430.
• Zarai, Z., Boujelbene, E., Salem, N.B., Gargouri, Y., & Sayari, A. (2013).
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts, piperine and
piperic acid from P. nigrum. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 50, 634-641.
• Zhaoa, Y., Liub, J., Haob, W., Heb, Z., Zhub, H., Liangb, N., Mab, K.Y., Heb,
W.S., Yanga, Y., & Chen, Z.Y. (2018). Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of
piperine is mediated by inhibition on cholesterol absorption via down-regulation of
intestinal ACAT2 and MTP. Journal of Functional Foods, 49, 465-471.
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