The scam can be categorized as capital market scam
in which it is done by manipulating the facts in order to attain enormous funds.
There are four different aspects of the scam.
Diversion of funds
Intra day trading
Use of ready forward to maintain SLR
Fake bank recipts
A case study on how Harshad Mehta scammed the entire stock market. There are certain examples and history on how he played a role as a stockbroker.
The underlined and highlighted words can be googled to further more enhance your knowledge.
this ppt is about one of the biggest scam in india. mastermind behind the scam was Harshad Mehta who acted broker between the banks. he used banks money for trading purpose.
This was the second most important scam that rocked the Bombay Stock Exchange after the Harshad Mehta scam. Ketan Parekh is a former stock broker from Mumbai,who was convicted in 2008, for the involvement in India stock market manipulation,that occured from late 1998 to 2001.
The Harshad Mehta Scam Exposed. The entire mechanism and who were the key parties involved, the aftermath and the effects of the scam on the stock market and the overall Indian Economy. The ethical issues involved and the action taken to prevent any such scams in the future by the government.
1) 11400 Crores Fraud
2) Nirav Modi, the billionaire jeweler who along with others scammed Punjab National Bank (PNB) of over 11400 crore’s has fled the country.
3) Apparently Nirav modi spotted in which placeWE DON’T KNOWBut What exactly is this scam?
4) The CBI has registered a case against Nirav Modi on January 29. Punjab National Bank registered a case against Nirav Modi, His Brother Neeshal & His Uncle Mehul Choksi on February 13.
5) The Bank initially reported a scam of rupees 280 crores. But it was later realized to be rupees 11400 crores. This is a lot of money. So how does one get away with a scam of such magnitude? Possibly it is one of the biggest in Indias’s banking history.
6) Nirav Modi is an importer of diamonds. Basically importers prefer to take loans in foreign currencies as interest rates on that are lower. In this case a loan that is taken from any overseas bank guaranteed by PNB. Then what Modi had to do was approach PNB & ask for buyers credit?In order to do this PNB had to issue a “letter Of Undertaking” to an overseas bank. Basically LoU guarantees an overseas bank that if it gives money for a specified period to identified by the home bank (in this case PNB) then the home bank will assure that the money will be returned to the overseas bank.
7) Most of these overseas banks are Indian Banks with foreign branches. So the overseas bank directly give to loan PNB not Nirav Modi. An account has to create by PNB called a NOSTRO account where the overseas bank gives the loan.
.
.
.
.
.
More.........
A case study on how Harshad Mehta scammed the entire stock market. There are certain examples and history on how he played a role as a stockbroker.
The underlined and highlighted words can be googled to further more enhance your knowledge.
this ppt is about one of the biggest scam in india. mastermind behind the scam was Harshad Mehta who acted broker between the banks. he used banks money for trading purpose.
This was the second most important scam that rocked the Bombay Stock Exchange after the Harshad Mehta scam. Ketan Parekh is a former stock broker from Mumbai,who was convicted in 2008, for the involvement in India stock market manipulation,that occured from late 1998 to 2001.
The Harshad Mehta Scam Exposed. The entire mechanism and who were the key parties involved, the aftermath and the effects of the scam on the stock market and the overall Indian Economy. The ethical issues involved and the action taken to prevent any such scams in the future by the government.
1) 11400 Crores Fraud
2) Nirav Modi, the billionaire jeweler who along with others scammed Punjab National Bank (PNB) of over 11400 crore’s has fled the country.
3) Apparently Nirav modi spotted in which placeWE DON’T KNOWBut What exactly is this scam?
4) The CBI has registered a case against Nirav Modi on January 29. Punjab National Bank registered a case against Nirav Modi, His Brother Neeshal & His Uncle Mehul Choksi on February 13.
5) The Bank initially reported a scam of rupees 280 crores. But it was later realized to be rupees 11400 crores. This is a lot of money. So how does one get away with a scam of such magnitude? Possibly it is one of the biggest in Indias’s banking history.
6) Nirav Modi is an importer of diamonds. Basically importers prefer to take loans in foreign currencies as interest rates on that are lower. In this case a loan that is taken from any overseas bank guaranteed by PNB. Then what Modi had to do was approach PNB & ask for buyers credit?In order to do this PNB had to issue a “letter Of Undertaking” to an overseas bank. Basically LoU guarantees an overseas bank that if it gives money for a specified period to identified by the home bank (in this case PNB) then the home bank will assure that the money will be returned to the overseas bank.
7) Most of these overseas banks are Indian Banks with foreign branches. So the overseas bank directly give to loan PNB not Nirav Modi. An account has to create by PNB called a NOSTRO account where the overseas bank gives the loan.
.
.
.
.
.
More.........
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
3. Name: Harshad Shantilal Mehta
Born in: 29 July 1953
Died on: 31 December 2001
Profession: Chartered Accountant & Stockbroker
He earned degree in Bachelor of Commerce
Started his working life as an employee of the
New India Assurance Company
4. In the early eighties he quit his job and sought a
job with stock broker P. Ambalal affiliated to
Bombay Stock Exchange
He became a jobber on BSE for stock broker P.D.
Shukla after that
In 1981 he became a sub-broker for stock brokers
J.L. Shah and Nandalal Sheth
Later started his own venture : grow more
research and
asset manangement company ltd.
Become a dream seller and celebrity in financial
world.
5. Got the great tag of “BIG BULL” in the Indian
stock market.
After the recommendation of big bull, demand for
stocks used to exponentially rise
Propounded the replacement cost theory .
He was alleged to have engineered the rise in BSE
in the year 1992.
On Aril 23, 1992 Sucheta Dalal in a column in TOI
exposed the dubious way of Harshad Mehta.
He was later charged with 72 criminal offences
and 600 suites were filled against him.
He died of massive heart attack in thane jail.
6.
7. The scam can be categorized as capital
market scam
in which it is done by manipulating the
facts in order to attain enormous funds.
There are four different aspects of the
scam.
1) Diversion of funds
2) Intra day trading
3) Use of ready forward to maintain SLR
4) Fake bank recipts
9. The modus operandi mainly included
investing heavily in certain shares at the
start of the day which led to a sharp increase
in the price of the stock and the cashing in at
the end of the day to reap huge benefits.
10. A secured short-term (typically 15-day) loan
from one bank to another
Bank lends against government securities
A broker usually brings together two banks for
which he is paid a commission
The securities and payments were delivered
through the broker in the settlement process
In such settlement the banks may not know with
whom they are dealing
11. In a RF deal securities were not moved back and
forth in actuality
The borrower, i.e. the seller of securities, gave the
buyer of the securities a Bank Receipt
Bank receipts serve three functions
1) Confirms the sale of securities
2) States that the securities are held by the seller in
trust for the buyer
3) Acts as a receipt for the received money by the
selling bank
In this scam Bank of Karad & Metropolitan Co-
operative Bank had issued fake BR
12. A BR means that issuer holds the securities in the
trust of the buyer but there is possibility that
issuer may not have the security at all.
Following are the reason for the bank to issue BR’S
which are not backed by any securities:
1. Bank may do an RF Deal and issue fake BR’S if
bank simply wants an unsecured loan where the
lending bank is under the impression that it is
dealing with the unsecured loan but in actuality it
is advancing an unsecured loan
13.
14.
15. Taking the advantage of loopholes Harshad and his
associates triggered the securities scam by
diverting funds to the tune of RS 4000 CRORE.
From bank to stock brokers from April 1991 to
May1992.
Some of the stocks which were highly invested by
Harshad Mehta
1. ACC
2. APOLLO TYRES
3. RELIANCE
4. TISCO
5. BPL
6. STERLITE
16.
17. In the early 1990s, Banks in India had to maintain a fixed
ratio of their deposits in the form of Government securities
/bonds which was governed by the statutory liquidity ratio
(SLR). This obligation on the part of the banks required
them to show a detailed sheet of its stock of Government
bonds at the end of every day. Soon after the rule changed
and the banks were not required to show these details at
end of everyday rather they were allowed to show in once
in a week i.e. Friday. This allowed the banks to sell their
bonds in the earlier part of their week and then buy it back
in the later part. This helped them make some profits as
they could invest the money that they got by selling the
bonds. The whole process of buying and selling the bonds
was taken care of by brokers and only they knew the two
parties which were involved .Individual banks didn’t have
any idea as to who the other party in the whole transaction
was.
18. The whole process can be described in three phases:
1. SETTLEMENT PROCESS
2. PAYMENT CHEQUES
3. DISPENSING SECURITIES
19. The immediate impact of the scam was
a sharp fall in the share prices. The
index fell from 4500 to 2500
representing a loss of Rs. 100,000 crores
in market capitalization.
Since the accused were active brokers
in the stock markets, the number of
shares which had passed through their
hands in the last one year was colossal.
All these shares became "tainted"
shares, and overnight they became
worthless pieces of paper as they could
not be delivered in the market.
Genuine investors who had bought
these shares well before the scam
came to light and even got them
registered in their names found
themselves being robbed by the
government. This resulted in a chaotic
situation in the market since no one
was certain as to which shares were
tainted and which were not.
20. The government's liberalization policies
came under severe criticism after the
scam, with Harshad Mehta and others
being described as the products of these
policies.
Bowing to the political pressures and
the bad press it received during the
scam, the liberalization policies were
put on hold for a while by the
government. The Securities Exchange
Board of India (SEBI) postponed
sanctioning of private sector mutual
funds.
The much talked about entry of foreign
pension funds and mutual funds became
more remote than ever. The Euro-issues
planned by several Indian companies
were delayed since the ability of Indian
companies to raise equity capital in
world markets was severely
compromised.
21.
22. Mehta had by then swindled the banks of a staggering
Rs 4,000 crore
Bribery case on P. V. Narsimha Rao
Stay on Liberalisation
Holding banks of fake BR had to face losses
BR was removed by RBI
The chairman of the vijaya bank committed suicide
over
23. GOVT. was under immense pressure from the
media and opposition
People wanted loopholes that caused the
scam should be covered so the scam didn’t
reoccur.
Case was handed over to the CBI & JPC
Special court were set up for the speedy
trail.
All the transaction done by the accused were
considered void after march 31,1991.
24. •Discover the guilty:
This task was assigned to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
and to the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC). A special court
was set up to facilitate speedy trial.
•Transactions became void:
The government set up a special court and promulgated an
ordinance with several draconian provisions to deal with the scam.
Sections (3) and (4) of the ordinance attached the properties of all
individuals accused in the scam and also voided all transactions
that had at any stage been routed through them after March 31,
1991.
•Recover the money:
Provisions of the Ordinance for attachment of property and
voiding of transactions with the consequent creation of "tainted"
shares were attempts in this direction.
25. Due to scam Insider trading in BSE have been
suspended in order to prevent misuse of
price sensitive information by Brokers ,
Directors and stock market
SEBI has imposed an additional 10% volatility
margin on all A – Group Shares and
additional margin stocks in Automatic
Lending And Borrowing Mechanism and
Borrowing And Lending of security scheme.
26. To increase liquidity , SEBI has allowed bank to
offer Collateralized lending only through NSE
and BSE
The SEBI has banned short sales.
27. The government's response so far, banning of RF deals and
going slow on liberalization. The main motive behind punishing
the offenders is more to prevent future offenders to not to try
this type of scam. The government must ensure that not only
the obviously guilty (the brokers) but also the not so obviously
guilty (the bank executives, the bureaucrats and perhaps the
politicians) are identified and brought to book. These types of
investigations are not only very time consuming but also very
expensive.
28. He died in Thane Prison, Mumbai, he complained of
chest pain and was moved to a hospital, where he
died, at the age of 47, 31st Dec. 2001
Mehta’s death remains a mystery. Some believe that
he was murdered ruthlessly by an underworld nexus
Some members of nexus was moved to Thane Jail
and landed up in the cell next to Harshad Mehta
29. Acts only if it effects.
People forget things easily
Govt. takes things lightly.