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Surface hardness [HV5]
Mass loss [g]
Wear resistant steels have higher
strength and hardness than
conventional structural steels
• Commonly graded
according to hardness
in Brinell scale:
400HB, 500HB, 600HB
• Tensile strength
typically 1200-1600
MPa
• Notch impact energy at
-40C typically 30 J/cm2
• Microstructure often
martensitic, but bainite,
ferrite, pearlite and
austenite are also
possible
ruukki.com
N. Ojala et al. WTC 2013 & Wear 317(2014)225-232](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hardrocktribpresentationslideshare-141126083059-conversion-gate01/75/Abrasive-and-impact-abrasive-wear-testing-of-steels-for-mining-transporting-and-minerals-processing-4-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byVilma Ratia
Abrasive and impact-abrasive wear testing of steels for mining, transporting, and minerals processing
The document discusses abrasive and impact-abrasive wear testing of wear-resistant steels used in mining and mineral processing. It details the properties of these steels, such as higher strength and hardness compared to conventional steels, and highlights various applications in industries like agriculture and forestry. The wear testing methodologies described include an impeller-tumbler and uniaxial crusher to evaluate material performance under controlled conditions.
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Abrasive and impact-abrasive wear testing of steels for mining, transporting, and minerals processing
- 1. Abrasive and impact-abrasivewear testing of steels for mining, transporting, and mineral processing Hard rock tribology seminar 4.11.2014 Vilma Ratia Tampere University of Technology, Tampere Wear Center, Tampere, Finland
- 2. Contents •Wear –what is it? What are wear resistant steels? •How can wear resistance be controllably measured? •How wear is shown in steels? •Which factors affect wear of steels?
- 3. The durability ofmachinery in raw materials extraction and processing is increasing in importance geosyntheticsmagazine.com ruukki.com ruukki.com
- 4. 0.142 0.158 0.163 0.165 0.172 0.173 0.176 0.180 0.186 0.189 0.192 0.199 0.202 0.208 0.216 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0 2 15 4 14 3 10 11 5 24 18 17 6 16 1 Surface hardness [HV5] Mass loss [g] Wear resistant steels have higher strength and hardness than conventional structural steels • Commonly graded according to hardness in Brinell scale: 400HB, 500HB, 600HB • Tensile strength typically 1200-1600 MPa • Notch impact energy at -40C typically 30 J/cm2 • Microstructure often martensitic, but bainite, ferrite, pearlite and austenite are also possible ruukki.com N. Ojala et al. WTC 2013 & Wear 317(2014)225-232
- 5. Wear resistant steelscan be used in a wide range of applications Examples of applications: •Agriculture (harvesters, ploughs) •Earth moving (tippers, excavator buckets) •Forestry (frost and rock rippers, stump processors) •Mining (wheel loader buckets, stock pile conveyors, sieves, conveyor belt hoppers) johndeeredistributor.fi deere.fi ruukki.com sandviktamrock.fi
- 6. •Impeller (samples) 700rpm •Tumbler 30 rpm •900 g of granite(10-12,5 mm)/15 min •Altogether about 3-22 kg •Sample size 75 x 25 x 10 mm •Sample angle 30°, 60° or 90° •Test duration 45-360 min Impeller-tumbler simulates wear in hammer mills, silos, loading of tippers •Impeller-tumbler combines impacts and abrasive wear Wear testing enables the evaluating of materials’ wear performance in controlled conditions metso.com ruukki.com
- 8. Uniaxial crusher simulateswear in crushers and tippers while transport •Crushing of gravel with high force up to 86 kN •Fresh granite (4-6,3 mm) for each crush •Typical test duration 1000 compressions Sample Abrasive cup Supply tube ruukki.com
- 9. Crushing pin-on-disc simulateswear in crushers and unloading of tippers •Abrasives as loose particles •500 g in a test •Used force 200 N •Pin diameter 36 mm •Disc diameter 160 mm •Test duration 30 minutes (240 crushes) •Running-in of 20 minutes ruukki.com
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- 11. Steels and abrasiveshave many kind of interactions •Deformation: –Ploughing –Wedge formation •Embedding of abrasives •Indentations •Fatigue due to subsequent impacts •Chip formation •Cutting
- 12. The harder steelshave clearer scratches and less abrasive remnants S355 500HB S355 500HB
- 13. Hardening can enhancewear resistance •Work hardening takes place in impacts, but also in high-stress abrasion •The tendency of work hardening is beneficial, unless it makes the top layer brittle 400HB 650HB V.Ratia et al. Wear 301(2013)94-101
- 14. Depending on thecontact, hardness may have a different role V. Ratia et al. Tribology Online 8(2013)152-161
- 15. Abrasive properties affectthe wear mechanism •Abrasiveness, crushability, toughness, hardness etc. •Size, size distribution and shape Abraded with quartzite: Hardness 1200 HV, crushability 74%, abrasiveness 1840g/t Abraded with tonalite: Hardness 960 HV, crushability 18%, abrasiveness 1460g/t
- 16. WANTED: Wear resistantsteels •High hardness and strenght •Good impact toughness and ductility •Work hardening •Adequate machinability, weldability etc. •Decent producing costs 400HB 650HB 500HB
- 17. Thank you foryour attention! vilma.ratia@tut.fi FIMECC BSA