Akuntasi Manajemen Pasca Sarjana

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PowerPointPowerPoint Presentation byPresentation by
Gail B. WrightGail B. Wright
Professor Emeritus of AccountingProfessor Emeritus of Accounting
Bryant UniversityBryant University
© Copyright 2007 Thomson South-Western, a part of The
Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star Logo, and
South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.
MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
8th
EDITION
BY
HANSEN & MOWEN
1 INTRODUCTION
16 LEAN ACCOUNTING, TARGET
COSTING, & BALANCED SCORECARD

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LEARNING GOALS
After studying this
chapter, you should be
able to:
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

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1. Describe the basic features of lean
manufacturing.
2. Describe lean accounting.
3. Explain the basics of life-cycle cost
management & target costing.
4. Discuss the basic features of the Balanced
Scorecard & its role in lean manufacturing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
Click the button to skip
Questions to Think About

4. 4
QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
Allen Autoparts, Inc.
How does lean manufacturing
change cost accounting &
management?

5. 5
QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
Allen Autoparts, Inc.
What are the similarities
between JIT & lean
manufacturing?

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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
Allen Autoparts, Inc.
How are products assigned
costs in a lean manufacturing
environment?

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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
Allen Autoparts, Inc.
Why are processes so important
to performance management?

8. 8
QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
Allen Autoparts, Inc.
Are lean manufacturing and the
Balanced Scorecard compatible
approaches?

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1
Describe the basic
features of lean
manufacturing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVELEARNING OBJECTIVE

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ALLEN AUTOPARTS: BackgroundALLEN AUTOPARTS: Background
Allen Autoparts is concerned about
competition in an environment that
changes rapidly. They need to exercise
better control, reduce costs, become more
efficient, and gain operating efficiencies.
Can lean manufacturing help?
Allen Autoparts is concerned about
competition in an environment that
changes rapidly. They need to exercise
better control, reduce costs, become more
efficient, and gain operating efficiencies.
Can lean manufacturing help?
LO 1

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LEAN MANUFACTURING:
Definition
LEAN MANUFACTURING:
Definition
Is an approach designed to
eliminate waste & maximize
customer value.
LO 1

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DIMENSIONS OF LEAN
MANUFACTURING
Delivering the right product
Right quantity
Right quality (zero defect)
At time needed
At lowest possible cost
A cost reduction strategy that redefines
activities performed
LO 1

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5 PRINCIPLES OF LEAN
THINKING
1. Precisely specify value by each particular
product
2. Identify the “value stream” for each
3. Make value flow without interruption
4. Let customer pull value from producer
5. Pursue perfection
LO 1

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VALUE BY PRODUCT: DefinitionVALUE BY PRODUCT: Definition
Is when only value-added
features should be produced;
non-value-added activities
should be eliminated.
LO 1

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VALUE STREAM: DefinitionVALUE STREAM: Definition
Is all activities, both value-added
& non-value-added, required to
bring product group or service from
starting point to finished product in
hands of customer.
LO 1

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VALUE STREAM
 Types of value streams
 Order fulfillment
 New product
 Value stream activities
 Non-value-added
 Activities avoidable in the short run
 Unavoidable activities due to current technology or
production method
 Value added
LO 1

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ORDER FULFILLMENT VALUE
STREAM
LO 1
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-116-1
Order fulfillment
provides current
products to current
customers.

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VALUE FLOW
Changes the traditional manufacturing setup
for batches to a cellular approach in
order to:
 Reduce setup time
 Reduce changeover time
LO 1

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MANUFACTURING CELL:
Definition
MANUFACTURING CELL:
Definition
Contains all operations in close
proximity that are needed to
produce a family of products.
LO 1

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TRADITIONAL BATCH SYSTEM
LO 1
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-3A16-3A
Note time lost
in moving &
waiting.

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CELLULAR SYSTEM
LO 1
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-3B16-3B
Time saved
over traditional
manufacturing
is 90 minutes
(150 – 60).

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PULL VALUE
Lean manufacturing uses a demand pull
system to reduce waste.
JIT inventory
Reduces inventory levels
Requires close relations with suppliers
Suppliers benefit from
Long term relations
Better competitive position
LO 1

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2 Describe lean
accounting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVELEARNING OBJECTIVE

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LEAN ACCOUNTING: A ComparisonLEAN ACCOUNTING: A Comparison
LO 2
Traditional cost management systems may
not be compatible with Lean
Accounting. Lean Accounting makes
product costs more simple & direct.
More labor and overhead costs are
assigned to products through direct
tracing rather than allocation.
Traditional cost management systems may
not be compatible with Lean
Accounting. Lean Accounting makes
product costs more simple & direct.
More labor and overhead costs are
assigned to products through direct
tracing rather than allocation.

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FOCUSED VALUE STREAMS:
Definition
FOCUSED VALUE STREAMS:
Definition
Allow overhead costs to be
assigned through driver tracing
of costs in a lean accounting
system.
LO 2

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FOCUSED VALUE STREAMS
Are more simple & accurate in product costing
Have limitations
Initially, labor costs may be difficult to assign if
people are employed in several value streams
Labor costs should assigned proportionately
Are organized around a family of products
LO 2

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FORMULA: Multiple Products
Costs are assigned proportionately when
multiple products are produced.
LO 2
Value stream product cost:
= Total value stream cost of period
÷ Units shipped of period
= $600,000 / 5,000 = $120 per unit

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VALUE STREAM REPORTING
LO 2
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-616-6
Costs are
collected,
reported by
value stream;
outside costs
reported
separately.

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VALUE STREAM DECISIONS
May lead to
Short term decisions
May not reflect long term consequences
LO 2

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PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT: A Comparison
PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT: A Comparison
LO 2
Lean accounting replaces standard cost
system measurements with a Box
Scorecard that compares a) operational,
b) capacity, & c) financial metrics with
prior week performances. A mixture of
financial & nonfinancial measures are
used.
Lean accounting replaces standard cost
system measurements with a Box
Scorecard that compares a) operational,
b) capacity, & c) financial metrics with
prior week performances. A mixture of
financial & nonfinancial measures are
used.

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BOX SCORECARD
LO 2
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-716-7
Comparison
measures point
to future
desired goals.

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3
Explain the basics
of life-cycle cost
management &
target costing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVELEARNING OBJECTIVE

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What are product life cycle
& life cycle costs?
Product life cycle is the time a
product exists from conception
to abandonment. Life cycle
costs are all costs associated
with a product for its life cycle.
LO 3

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VALUE CHAIN: DefinitionVALUE CHAIN: Definition
Is the set of activities required
to design, develop, produce,
market, and service a product.
LO 3

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When are most costs
incurred?
During the development stage.
This is also the time costs
should best be managed.
LO 3

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WHOLE-LIFE PRODUCT COST
Product cost is
Nonrecurring costs
Planning,
Designing,
Testing
Manufacturing costs
Logistic costs
Customer’s postpurchase costs
LO 3

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TARGET COST: DefinitionTARGET COST: Definition
Is the difference between sales
price needed to capture a
predetermined market share &
desired per-unit profit.
LO 3

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TARGET COSTING
Uses 1 of 3 methods
Reverse engineering
Tearing down a competitors product to discover
design features that create cost reductions
Value analysis
Attempting to assess the value placed on product
functions by customers
Process improvement
LO 3

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TARGET COSTING MODEL
LO 3
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-916-9
When desired profit
not met, target product
costing to redesign
product, process.

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OTHER ISSUES
Short life cycles
Life cycle cost management even more important
when life cycle is short
LO 3

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LIFE CYCLE COSTING: A
Comparison
LIFE CYCLE COSTING: A
Comparison
LO 3
Life cycle costing includes development
costs unlike conventional cost systems.
Inclusion of more cost information can
be useful for assessing effects on costs
and benefit future design.
Life cycle costing includes development
costs unlike conventional cost systems.
Inclusion of more cost information can
be useful for assessing effects on costs
and benefit future design.

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PERFORMANCE REPORT: Life
Cycle Costing
LO 3
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-1116-11
Variances are
computed
between actual &
budgeted costs.

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4
Discuss the basic
features of the
Balanced Scorecard
& its role in lean
manufacturing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVELEARNING OBJECTIVE

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BALANCED SCORECARD:
Definition
BALANCED SCORECARD:
Definition
Translates an organization’s
mission & strategy into
operational objectives &
performance measures.
LO 4

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BALANCED SCORECARD
PERSPECTIVES
Financial perspective
Economic consequences of actions taken in other 3
perspectives
Customer perspective
Defines customer & market segments where the business
unit will compete
Internal business process perspective
Describes internal processes needed to provide value for
customers, owners
Learning & growth (infrastructure) perspective
Defines capabilities that an organization must have to
create long term growth & improvement
LO 4

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STRATEGY + TRANSLATION
Is the ways in which a company
implements it strategy for profit &
growth within the balanced scorecard
framework. It includes choices of type of
customer, product, market, internal &
business processes, etc. Strategy
translation means specifying objectives,
measures, targets & initiatives.
Is the ways in which a company
implements it strategy for profit &
growth within the balanced scorecard
framework. It includes choices of type of
customer, product, market, internal &
business processes, etc. Strategy
translation means specifying objectives,
measures, targets & initiatives.
LO 4

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STRATEGY TRANSLATION
PROCESS
LO 4
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-1216-12
Vision & strategy
works through 4
perspectives to reach
targets & initiatives.

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PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Must be balanced between:
Lead measures (performance drivers)
Lag (outcome) measures
Objective (quantifiable & verifiable) measures
Subjective (more judgmental) measures
Financial & nonfinancial measures
External & internal measures
LO 4

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LINKING PERFORMANCE
MEASURES & STRATEGY
Testable strategy
Using cause & effect
Link objectives to overall goal
Double loop feedback
Managers receive information on effectiveness of
strategy & its underlying assumptions
Single loop feedback
Emphasizes only effectiveness of strategy
LO 4

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TESTABLE STRATEGY
LO 4
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 16-1316-13
Strategy map
illustrates quality
improvement
strategy.

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FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Flows from other 4 perspectives
Revenue growth
Cost reduction
Asset utilization
LO 4

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CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
Source of revenue component within the
financial perspective
Core objectives & measures
Customer value
Difference between what customers receive and what
they have given up
Delivery reliability
LO 4

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PROCESS PERSPECTIVE
Process value chain made up of 3 processes
Innovation process
Operations process
Cycle time & velocity
Manufacturing cycle efficiency
Day-by-hour report
Post sales service process
LO 4

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LEARNING & GROWTH
PERSPECTIVE
Source of capabilities that enable the
accomplishment of other 3 perspectives
Employee capabilities
Motivation, empowerment, alignment
Information systems capabilities
LO 4

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THE ENDTHE END
CHAPTER 16