Hans geiger presentation
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Hans Geiger was a German physicist born in 1882 who invented the Geiger counter. He studied physics in university and worked with Ernest Rutherford, discovering that alpha particles could pass through thin materials. To count the flashes, Geiger invented an early version of the Geiger counter. After World War I where his research was interrupted, Geiger improved the counter and married Elisabeth Heffter. He later developed the Geiger-Muller counter with Walther Muller and held physics professor positions until his death in 1945.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEThe Clara cell a ‘‘Third Reich epon
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Clara cell: a ‘‘Third Reich eponym’’?
A. Winkelmann* and T. Noack#
ABSTRACT: German anatomist Max Clara (1899–1966) described the ‘‘Clara cell’’ of the
bronchiolar epithelium in 1937. The present article investigates Clara’s relationship with National
Socialism, as well as his use of tissue from executed prisoners for research purposes, details
about both of which are largely unknown to date. Our methodology for the present study focussed
on analysis of material from historical archives and the publications of Clara and his co-workers.
Clara was appointed as Chair of Anatomy at Leipzig University (Leipzig, Germany) in 1935. He
owed his career, at least in part, to Nazi support. He was an active member of the Nazi party
(Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)) and engaged in university politics; this
included making anti-Semitic statements about other academics in appointment procedures.
Nevertheless, he also supported prosecuted colleagues.
Much of Clara’s histological research in Leipzig, including his original description of the
bronchial epithelium, was based on tissue taken from prisoners executed in nearby Dresden
(Germany).
Max Clara was an active and outspoken Nazi and his histological research exploited the rising
number of executions during the Nazi period. Clara’s discovery is thus linked to the Nazi system.
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its continued and problematic use in medical terminology.
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I
n 1937, anatomist Max Clara described a new
secretory cell type in the human bronchial
epithelium [1]; this has been known as the
‘‘Clara cell’’ since at least 1955 [2]. With the
identification of a specific Clara cell protein
(CC10, identical to CC16 or uteroglobin) [3],
which may play a role as a clinical biomarker of
lung disease [4], and with the characterisation of
a Clara-like cell in neuroepithelial bodies of the
airway lining [5] in the 1980s, interest in the cell
and its function has intensified. The term ‘‘Clara
cell’’ has been in widespread international use
since that time (fig. 1).
At the same time, there has been considerable
interest in eponymous scientific discoveries by
researchers with a connection to Nazi Germany,
such as Hans Reiter [7], Friedrich Wegener [8],
Julius Hallervorden and Hugo Spatz [9]. It is
therefore surprising that Clara’s documented
support of the Nazi movement [10, 11] has not
drawn more attention, particularly as his oft-cited
original description [1] was based on tissue taken
from executed prisoners, a material source that is
dubious at best by today’s ethical standards. We
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vement in National Socialism and the ethical
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tory medicine, with ...
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The Clara cell: a ‘‘Third Reich eponym’’?
A. Winkelmann* and T. Noack#
ABSTRACT: German anatomist Max Clara (1899–1966) described the ‘‘Clara cell’’ of the
bronchiolar epithelium in 1937. The present article investigates Clara’s relationship with National
Socialism, as well as his use of tissue from executed prisoners for research purposes, details
about both of which are largely unknown to date. Our methodology for the present study focussed
on analysis of material from historical archives and the publications of Clara and his co-workers.
Clara was appointed as Chair of Anatomy at Leipzig University (Leipzig, Germany) in 1935. He
owed his career, at least in part, to Nazi support. He was an active member of the Nazi party
(Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)) and engaged in university politics; this
included making anti-Semitic statements about other academics in appointment procedures.
Nevertheless, he also supported prosecuted colleagues.
Much of Clara’s histological research in Leipzig, including his original description of the
bronchial epithelium, was based on tissue taken from prisoners executed in nearby Dresden
(Germany).
Max Clara was an active and outspoken Nazi and his histological research exploited the rising
number of executions during the Nazi period. Clara’s discovery is thus linked to the Nazi system.
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KEYWORDS: Bronchioli, Clara cell protein, histology, National Socialism, research ethics
I
n 1937, anatomist Max Clara described a new
secretory cell type in the human bronchial
epithelium [1]; this has been known as the
‘‘Clara cell’’ since at least 1955 [2]. With the
identification of a specific Clara cell protein
(CC10, identical to CC16 or uteroglobin) [3],
which may play a role as a clinical biomarker of
lung disease [4], and with the characterisation of
a Clara-like cell in neuroepithelial bodies of the
airway lining [5] in the 1980s, interest in the cell
and its function has intensified. The term ‘‘Clara
cell’’ has been in widespread international use
since that time (fig. 1).
At the same time, there has been considerable
interest in eponymous scientific discoveries by
researchers with a connection to Nazi Germany,
such as Hans Reiter [7], Friedrich Wegener [8],
Julius Hallervorden and Hugo Spatz [9]. It is
therefore surprising that Clara’s documented
support of the Nazi movement [10, 11] has not
drawn more attention, particularly as his oft-cited
original description [1] was based on tissue taken
from executed prisoners, a material source that is
dubious at best by today’s ethical standards. We
have therefore attempted to clarify Clara’s invol-
vement in National Socialism and the ethical
context of the original description of ‘‘his’’ cell.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. Hans Geiger
- 2. Early Life th ● Hans was born on September 30 , 1882 in Neustadt an-der-Haardt, Germany. ● He studied, after his military service, at University of Munich and at the University of Erlangen, and received a doctorate degree in physics.
- 3. Beginning His Career Soon after graduating college, Hans moved to Manchester, England. Where he met Ernest Rutherford. The two men joined in friendship, and worked together for a long time. The two began experiments based off Rutherford's discovery of Alpha Particles that were given off of radioactive materials.
- 4. Invention of the Geiger Counter The two men knew that Alpha Particles could go through thin walls, so they decided to try shooting the alpha particles through gold foil onto a screen, which appeared as thousands of tine flashing lights. In order to count all these flashes, Hans created an early version of the Geiger Counter, making things easier than counting every flash by yourself.
- 5. Interrupted Research Hans returned to Germany in 1912 at the director of the new Laboratory of Radioactivity, where he continued his research, and updated his Alpha counter to be able to count several other types of radiation. Hans' research was put on hold, however, at the start of World War 1.
- 6. Post-War After the war, Hans returned to Germany, where he met Elisabeth Heffter. He married her in 1920, and had three sons with her. In 1925, Hans became the professor of physics at the University of Kiel, where he developed, along with Walther Mueller, the Geiger-Mueller counter, usually referred to as the Geiger counter.
- 7. Later Life Hans was offered the seat at the Technische Hochschule in 1936. He became involved with Adolf Hitler's politics shortly after this, by helping to compose and sign a letter with about 75 other German physicians, urging Hitler's administration to stay out of science, and that their previous meddling had caused enough trouble for the realm of science already.
- 8. Passage on Hans continued his work at the Technische Hochschule, though he was confined to bed much of the time, as a result of rheumatism caused by crouching in trenches during WW. He was just starting to show signs of better health, when his home city was occupied by a hostile force in 1945. He and his family was forced to move away, and he died soon after, th on September 24 , 1945
- 9. Recognitions and Contributions Hans was given the seat of Physics professor at four different colleges. He held a doctorate degree in Physics and Mathematics. He contributed to the field of science the Geiger Counter, and knowledge of the atomic-nucleus.
- 10. Sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geiger ●http://www.notablebiographies.com/Fi-Gi/Geiger-Hans.html ●Bing.com (images)