This document summarizes key issues, indicators, and benchmarks for democratic governance in the security sector. It outlines 8 main goals: 1) rule of law and constitutionalism, 2) political representation, 3) personal security and access to justice, 4) national security and conflict prevention, 5) open and accountable institutions, 6) a broader understanding of security, 7) facilitative mechanisms for policy formulation and management, and 8) an enhanced international regime for democratic governance in security. For each goal, it lists objectives, targets, and potential indicators to measure progress toward democratic ideals in security sector governance.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
This document discusses key principles of law, including definitions of law, the elements that make up a just law system, and sources of law.
It begins by defining law as rules established by authority to regulate behavior. It then analyzes the key elements that make up the definition, including that laws prescribe what must, may, and may not be done, and are recognized and enforced by the state.
The document also discusses the principles of a just law system, including equality, uniformity, certainty, generality, authority, and reasonableness. It explains the differences between real and personal rights, and natural and juristic persons.
Finally, it outlines the main sources of law as legislation, case law
Internet freedom and fo e discussion with various stakholdersShreedeep Rayamajhi
Freedom of expression is defined as the right to express ideas and opinions without deliberately harming others. The document discusses internet core values like open standards and universal access. It outlines Article 17 of Nepal's constitution guaranteeing various freedoms with reasonable restrictions. The Electronic Transaction Act of Nepal contains a controversial provision that curbs online freedom of expression by criminalizing content that undermines social harmony or public morality. The document analyzes cases where people were arrested in Nepal for online comments and notes a landmark decision in India that struck down a similar law as unconstitutional. Government approaches to internet governance that restrict freedom are discussed.
This document provides an overview of criminal justice in the United States across three sentences: It describes criminal justice as a loose confederation of over 50,000 federal, state and local agencies known collectively as the criminal justice system. The system involves police investigating crimes, arresting suspects, courts prosecuting cases and determining sentences, and corrections institutions incarcerating or supervising offenders. However, some argue it is more accurate to describe criminal justice as a "nonsystem" due to the decentralized nature of agencies and lack of unified goals across components.
The document discusses a proposal to use mobile phones to support informal dispute resolution, or "jirgas", in Afghanistan. It provides context on the importance of rule of law in Afghanistan, current USAID efforts, and characteristics of the traditional Afghan jirga system. The proposal, called the "m-jirga", would allow disputants to record cases on their mobile phones which would then be reviewed by an elder panel via phone. The technology would be provided through partnerships and aim to increase access to justice while respecting local customs.
Suffrage refers to the right of citizens to vote in public elections. There are several theories of suffrage: as a right of citizenship; a privilege of property owners; a natural right; a way to improve citizenship; or a function of government. Qualifications for suffrage typically include citizenship, residency, age, and literacy. Compulsory voting aims to broaden voter participation by requiring eligible citizens to vote, which could minimize corruption and give minority parties a more equal voice.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
This document discusses key principles of law, including definitions of law, the elements that make up a just law system, and sources of law.
It begins by defining law as rules established by authority to regulate behavior. It then analyzes the key elements that make up the definition, including that laws prescribe what must, may, and may not be done, and are recognized and enforced by the state.
The document also discusses the principles of a just law system, including equality, uniformity, certainty, generality, authority, and reasonableness. It explains the differences between real and personal rights, and natural and juristic persons.
Finally, it outlines the main sources of law as legislation, case law
Internet freedom and fo e discussion with various stakholdersShreedeep Rayamajhi
Freedom of expression is defined as the right to express ideas and opinions without deliberately harming others. The document discusses internet core values like open standards and universal access. It outlines Article 17 of Nepal's constitution guaranteeing various freedoms with reasonable restrictions. The Electronic Transaction Act of Nepal contains a controversial provision that curbs online freedom of expression by criminalizing content that undermines social harmony or public morality. The document analyzes cases where people were arrested in Nepal for online comments and notes a landmark decision in India that struck down a similar law as unconstitutional. Government approaches to internet governance that restrict freedom are discussed.
This document provides an overview of criminal justice in the United States across three sentences: It describes criminal justice as a loose confederation of over 50,000 federal, state and local agencies known collectively as the criminal justice system. The system involves police investigating crimes, arresting suspects, courts prosecuting cases and determining sentences, and corrections institutions incarcerating or supervising offenders. However, some argue it is more accurate to describe criminal justice as a "nonsystem" due to the decentralized nature of agencies and lack of unified goals across components.
The document discusses a proposal to use mobile phones to support informal dispute resolution, or "jirgas", in Afghanistan. It provides context on the importance of rule of law in Afghanistan, current USAID efforts, and characteristics of the traditional Afghan jirga system. The proposal, called the "m-jirga", would allow disputants to record cases on their mobile phones which would then be reviewed by an elder panel via phone. The technology would be provided through partnerships and aim to increase access to justice while respecting local customs.
Suffrage refers to the right of citizens to vote in public elections. There are several theories of suffrage: as a right of citizenship; a privilege of property owners; a natural right; a way to improve citizenship; or a function of government. Qualifications for suffrage typically include citizenship, residency, age, and literacy. Compulsory voting aims to broaden voter participation by requiring eligible citizens to vote, which could minimize corruption and give minority parties a more equal voice.
Este documento discute los desafíos y oportunidades que enfrentan los tesoreros de empresas que hacen negocios en China. Señala tres riesgos macroeconómicos clave: recalentamiento de la economía china, fluctuaciones en la paridad del yuan frente al dólar y euro, y posibles cambios en la normativa comercial de la OMC. También analiza los riesgos de cambio y de pago que deben monitorearse. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de comprender las diferencias culturales y establecer una estrategia financiera a
El documento discute la posibilidad de implementar la gestión de tesorería en la nube. Explica que los tesoreros ya no se limitan a tareas manuales y bien definidas, sino que ahora juegan un papel clave en la dirección financiera y en apoyar la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Las soluciones de gestión de tesorería en la nube ofrecen numerosas ventajas como rapidez de implementación, bajos costos, y mayor seguridad y disponibilidad de datos. El enfoque de la nube también simplifica los pro
Getting Things Done - VML Qais 2013 Away Day SharingLi Wei Wee
This was a short sharing during VML Qais' Away Day in 2013 about personal productivity.
Materials shared are heavily based on:
- http://www.30daysofgettingresults.com/
- David Allen's "Getting Things Done"
Documento oficiales tenidos en cuenta al momento de definir la misión y perfilMarcelo Vásconez Carrasco
Este documento resume los principales documentos oficiales considerados para definir la misión y visión de la Carrera de Filosofía, Sociología y Economía. Estos documentos enfatizan que la educación debe promover el desarrollo holístico de las personas y la sociedad, formar ciudadanos conscientes de sus derechos, y contribuir a los objetivos nacionales de buen vivir a través de una educación superior humanista y comprometida con la justicia social.
The document discusses Buzzient's open approach to integrating social capabilities into existing enterprise applications. It explains that Buzzient gives customers options for how to bring social visibility, actions, and engagement into apps like CRM, ERP, and loyalty programs from within the existing interfaces rather than using separate applications. Buzzient currently integrates with applications like Siebel, Oracle CRM, Salesforce, and Hubspot and can discuss a customer's specific needs.
Este documento presenta el Plan de Gestión de Uso de Medios y TIC del Colegio Distrital Hunza. Describe el equipo de gestión institucional, realiza un diagnóstico de las áreas de gestión, establece la misión, visión, propósitos y metas, y propone un direccionamiento estratégico, plan de acción, estrategias de seguimiento y evaluación. El objetivo general es formular propuestas para la capacitación y uso efectivo de las TIC en la institución.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and better able to handle life's stresses.
El documento describe el proceso de análisis y selección de estrategias de una empresa. Se divide en 3 etapas: 1) Aportación de información a través de matrices como EFE, EFI y MPC. 2) Ajuste mediante matrices IE, BCG y DOFA para generar estrategias alternativas. 3) Decisión usando la matriz MPEC para priorizar las estrategias a implementar. El proceso busca determinar las mejores líneas de acción que ayuden a la empresa a alcanzar su misión y objetivos considerando factores internos y extern
Este documento presenta un modelo para un ensayo académico. El primer párrafo introduce el tema general y establece el objetivo y la estructura del ensayo. Los párrafos siguientes desarrollan los pasos planteados en la introducción. El último párrafo ofrece una conclusión personal y cierra el ensayo. Las referencias al final citan las fuentes utilizadas.
Cucumber is a popular tool that is commonly used for writing and running functional tests that can drive the BDD (Behavior Driven Development) process on a project development team. Just as commonly, what started as a nice little garden of cukes can become overgrown and difficult to manage as a project’s life advances. This talk will cover several useful tools that can help you keep your Cucumber suites in shape.
This document discusses how SMBs need to rethink their IT strategy and embrace digital transformation and the cloud. It notes that existing on-premises IT strategies will not work in the future. Digital transformation requires integrating technologies like cloud, mobile, and analytics to transform how businesses work. The cloud offers SMBs benefits like lower costs, agility, disaster preparedness, sustainability, and competitiveness. However, moving to the cloud is a long process that requires investment of time and resources. The document recommends that SMBs develop a digital transformation strategy and cloud strategy to guide their transition to remain competitive against new digital-native competitors.
This document discusses several theories related to voting systems and collective decision making, including:
- Rawlsian theory of justice and its relevance to South Africa
- Median voter theory and its potential strengths and weaknesses
- Arrow's impossibility theorem
- Logrolling as a means to improve majority voting outcomes
- Optimal voting rule theory and whether it provides an optimal majority rule
- Behavior of politicians and bureaucrats and its implications for majority voting
- Origins and consequences of rent-seeking
It also discusses unanimity voting, majority voting, voter preferences, and incentives in bureaucracy.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It defines democracy as a system where governing power is derived from the people, and there are three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. Autocracy is defined as a system where one person or group has unlimited power. It also describes aspects of a one-party system, including how the party controls different aspects of life and rewards members with access to education and jobs.
News & Contemporary Issues - Criminalization of politics 1Arzoo Sahni
The document discusses inconsistencies in India's election system, including criminalization of politics. It outlines issues like dominance of money and muscle power in elections, candidates with criminal backgrounds getting elected, election expenditures exceeding legal limits, and abuse of caste and religion. Several committees have recommended reforms, but problems persist due to factors like flaws in the first-past-the-post system and lack of enforcement of electoral laws. Strengthening the Election Commission is seen as key to improving the system.
News & Contemporary Issues - Criminalization of politics 1Arzoo Sahni
The document discusses inconsistencies in India's election system, including criminalization of politics. It outlines issues like dominance of money and muscle power in elections, candidates with criminal backgrounds getting elected, election expenditures exceeding legal limits, and abuse of caste and religion. Several committees have recommended reforms, but problems persist due to factors like flaws in the first-past-the-post system and lack of enforcement of electoral laws. Strengthening the Election Commission is seen as key to improving the system.
Between the Judge and the Law—Judicial Independence and Authority With Chines...Larry Catá Backer
Abstract: What is the scope and nature of judicial reform? To what extent does borrowing from Western models also suggest an embrace of the underlying ideologies that frame those models? It is a common place in the West, whether in Common Law or Civil Law states, that the integrity of the judiciary depends on their authority to interpret law and to apply that interpretation to individual cases and the litigants that appear before the courts. That presumption, however, embeds premises about the organization of political and administrative authority that may be incompatible with those of states developing Socialist Rule of Law structures within Party-State systems. In Common law states those deep presumptions touch on the disciplinary role of judicial opinions as a constraint on judicial interpretation. In civil law states that discipline arises from the constraining principles of the legal codes themselves. In both the legislatures serve as the ultimate check in a complex dialogue with courts in three respects. First, judges serve a political role in their relation to law. Second, cases themselves serve an important political role as well. Third, courts begin to serve as the place where societal narratives are forged and popular expression is constructed and applied. In Socialist rule of law systems, the disciplinary systems are quite different and ought to produce a different relationship between courts, law, and the cases they are bound to apply fairly and consistently under law. This paper considers the way that the logic and grounding principles of Chinese Marxist Leninism may provide guidance in the construction of a judicial enterprise that is both true to its organizational logic and which enhances the authority of judges to serve litigants fairly. It suggests the points of compatibility and incompatibility in the ideologies of these distinct systems of judging and what it may mean for judicial reform in China. That consideration, in turn is based on a fundamental difference, in Socialist Rule of Law systems, between the authority to interpret law and the authority to apply law to an individual case. For Chinese judicial reform it is in the perfectibility of the judge that lies the perfectibility of law that in turn ensures the perfectibility of the judge. Part II considers in very broad strokes the relationship between the judge and law in the West. Part III then considers Chinese reforms touching on the relationship between the judge and the law, and the evolution of normative structures within which one can speak to judicial independence. Part IV then considers the project from the perspective of the grounding ideology of the Chinese state. From that fundamental distinction, the paper will propose a Socialist approach to the judicial function compatible with its own logic and legitimacy enhancing under global consensus principles for a well-organized and functioning judiciary.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It defines democracy as a system where governing power is derived from the people, and outlines the three main branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It also defines autocracy as a system with unlimited power concentrated in one person or group. The document then discusses aspects of a specific autocratic political party system, including privileges afforded to party members and oversight of various aspects of citizens' lives.
define government and state and functionsfida hussain
This document discusses concepts related to states and governments. It defines a state as an organized community living under one government, which may be sovereign. It distinguishes states from governments, noting that a government is the particular group of people that controls the state apparatus at a given time. It also distinguishes states from nations, which refer to large geographical areas and shared identity of people. The document outlines the key branches of government as the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and notes some basic principles of good government like elected representation and fair administration.
Este documento discute los desafíos y oportunidades que enfrentan los tesoreros de empresas que hacen negocios en China. Señala tres riesgos macroeconómicos clave: recalentamiento de la economía china, fluctuaciones en la paridad del yuan frente al dólar y euro, y posibles cambios en la normativa comercial de la OMC. También analiza los riesgos de cambio y de pago que deben monitorearse. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de comprender las diferencias culturales y establecer una estrategia financiera a
El documento discute la posibilidad de implementar la gestión de tesorería en la nube. Explica que los tesoreros ya no se limitan a tareas manuales y bien definidas, sino que ahora juegan un papel clave en la dirección financiera y en apoyar la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Las soluciones de gestión de tesorería en la nube ofrecen numerosas ventajas como rapidez de implementación, bajos costos, y mayor seguridad y disponibilidad de datos. El enfoque de la nube también simplifica los pro
Getting Things Done - VML Qais 2013 Away Day SharingLi Wei Wee
This was a short sharing during VML Qais' Away Day in 2013 about personal productivity.
Materials shared are heavily based on:
- http://www.30daysofgettingresults.com/
- David Allen's "Getting Things Done"
Documento oficiales tenidos en cuenta al momento de definir la misión y perfilMarcelo Vásconez Carrasco
Este documento resume los principales documentos oficiales considerados para definir la misión y visión de la Carrera de Filosofía, Sociología y Economía. Estos documentos enfatizan que la educación debe promover el desarrollo holístico de las personas y la sociedad, formar ciudadanos conscientes de sus derechos, y contribuir a los objetivos nacionales de buen vivir a través de una educación superior humanista y comprometida con la justicia social.
The document discusses Buzzient's open approach to integrating social capabilities into existing enterprise applications. It explains that Buzzient gives customers options for how to bring social visibility, actions, and engagement into apps like CRM, ERP, and loyalty programs from within the existing interfaces rather than using separate applications. Buzzient currently integrates with applications like Siebel, Oracle CRM, Salesforce, and Hubspot and can discuss a customer's specific needs.
Este documento presenta el Plan de Gestión de Uso de Medios y TIC del Colegio Distrital Hunza. Describe el equipo de gestión institucional, realiza un diagnóstico de las áreas de gestión, establece la misión, visión, propósitos y metas, y propone un direccionamiento estratégico, plan de acción, estrategias de seguimiento y evaluación. El objetivo general es formular propuestas para la capacitación y uso efectivo de las TIC en la institución.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and better able to handle life's stresses.
El documento describe el proceso de análisis y selección de estrategias de una empresa. Se divide en 3 etapas: 1) Aportación de información a través de matrices como EFE, EFI y MPC. 2) Ajuste mediante matrices IE, BCG y DOFA para generar estrategias alternativas. 3) Decisión usando la matriz MPEC para priorizar las estrategias a implementar. El proceso busca determinar las mejores líneas de acción que ayuden a la empresa a alcanzar su misión y objetivos considerando factores internos y extern
Este documento presenta un modelo para un ensayo académico. El primer párrafo introduce el tema general y establece el objetivo y la estructura del ensayo. Los párrafos siguientes desarrollan los pasos planteados en la introducción. El último párrafo ofrece una conclusión personal y cierra el ensayo. Las referencias al final citan las fuentes utilizadas.
Cucumber is a popular tool that is commonly used for writing and running functional tests that can drive the BDD (Behavior Driven Development) process on a project development team. Just as commonly, what started as a nice little garden of cukes can become overgrown and difficult to manage as a project’s life advances. This talk will cover several useful tools that can help you keep your Cucumber suites in shape.
This document discusses how SMBs need to rethink their IT strategy and embrace digital transformation and the cloud. It notes that existing on-premises IT strategies will not work in the future. Digital transformation requires integrating technologies like cloud, mobile, and analytics to transform how businesses work. The cloud offers SMBs benefits like lower costs, agility, disaster preparedness, sustainability, and competitiveness. However, moving to the cloud is a long process that requires investment of time and resources. The document recommends that SMBs develop a digital transformation strategy and cloud strategy to guide their transition to remain competitive against new digital-native competitors.
This document discusses several theories related to voting systems and collective decision making, including:
- Rawlsian theory of justice and its relevance to South Africa
- Median voter theory and its potential strengths and weaknesses
- Arrow's impossibility theorem
- Logrolling as a means to improve majority voting outcomes
- Optimal voting rule theory and whether it provides an optimal majority rule
- Behavior of politicians and bureaucrats and its implications for majority voting
- Origins and consequences of rent-seeking
It also discusses unanimity voting, majority voting, voter preferences, and incentives in bureaucracy.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It defines democracy as a system where governing power is derived from the people, and there are three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. Autocracy is defined as a system where one person or group has unlimited power. It also describes aspects of a one-party system, including how the party controls different aspects of life and rewards members with access to education and jobs.
News & Contemporary Issues - Criminalization of politics 1Arzoo Sahni
The document discusses inconsistencies in India's election system, including criminalization of politics. It outlines issues like dominance of money and muscle power in elections, candidates with criminal backgrounds getting elected, election expenditures exceeding legal limits, and abuse of caste and religion. Several committees have recommended reforms, but problems persist due to factors like flaws in the first-past-the-post system and lack of enforcement of electoral laws. Strengthening the Election Commission is seen as key to improving the system.
News & Contemporary Issues - Criminalization of politics 1Arzoo Sahni
The document discusses inconsistencies in India's election system, including criminalization of politics. It outlines issues like dominance of money and muscle power in elections, candidates with criminal backgrounds getting elected, election expenditures exceeding legal limits, and abuse of caste and religion. Several committees have recommended reforms, but problems persist due to factors like flaws in the first-past-the-post system and lack of enforcement of electoral laws. Strengthening the Election Commission is seen as key to improving the system.
Between the Judge and the Law—Judicial Independence and Authority With Chines...Larry Catá Backer
Abstract: What is the scope and nature of judicial reform? To what extent does borrowing from Western models also suggest an embrace of the underlying ideologies that frame those models? It is a common place in the West, whether in Common Law or Civil Law states, that the integrity of the judiciary depends on their authority to interpret law and to apply that interpretation to individual cases and the litigants that appear before the courts. That presumption, however, embeds premises about the organization of political and administrative authority that may be incompatible with those of states developing Socialist Rule of Law structures within Party-State systems. In Common law states those deep presumptions touch on the disciplinary role of judicial opinions as a constraint on judicial interpretation. In civil law states that discipline arises from the constraining principles of the legal codes themselves. In both the legislatures serve as the ultimate check in a complex dialogue with courts in three respects. First, judges serve a political role in their relation to law. Second, cases themselves serve an important political role as well. Third, courts begin to serve as the place where societal narratives are forged and popular expression is constructed and applied. In Socialist rule of law systems, the disciplinary systems are quite different and ought to produce a different relationship between courts, law, and the cases they are bound to apply fairly and consistently under law. This paper considers the way that the logic and grounding principles of Chinese Marxist Leninism may provide guidance in the construction of a judicial enterprise that is both true to its organizational logic and which enhances the authority of judges to serve litigants fairly. It suggests the points of compatibility and incompatibility in the ideologies of these distinct systems of judging and what it may mean for judicial reform in China. That consideration, in turn is based on a fundamental difference, in Socialist Rule of Law systems, between the authority to interpret law and the authority to apply law to an individual case. For Chinese judicial reform it is in the perfectibility of the judge that lies the perfectibility of law that in turn ensures the perfectibility of the judge. Part II considers in very broad strokes the relationship between the judge and law in the West. Part III then considers Chinese reforms touching on the relationship between the judge and the law, and the evolution of normative structures within which one can speak to judicial independence. Part IV then considers the project from the perspective of the grounding ideology of the Chinese state. From that fundamental distinction, the paper will propose a Socialist approach to the judicial function compatible with its own logic and legitimacy enhancing under global consensus principles for a well-organized and functioning judiciary.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It defines democracy as a system where governing power is derived from the people, and outlines the three main branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It also defines autocracy as a system with unlimited power concentrated in one person or group. The document then discusses aspects of a specific autocratic political party system, including privileges afforded to party members and oversight of various aspects of citizens' lives.
define government and state and functionsfida hussain
This document discusses concepts related to states and governments. It defines a state as an organized community living under one government, which may be sovereign. It distinguishes states from governments, noting that a government is the particular group of people that controls the state apparatus at a given time. It also distinguishes states from nations, which refer to large geographical areas and shared identity of people. The document outlines the key branches of government as the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and notes some basic principles of good government like elected representation and fair administration.
This document provides an overview of Kenya's legal framework for implementing Chapter Six of the 2010 Constitution on leadership and integrity. It discusses key laws like the Constitution, Leadership and Integrity Act, and Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act. The Constitution established standards for public officers to demonstrate integrity, impartiality and accountability. Subsequent laws like the Leadership and Integrity Act were meant to operationalize Chapter Six but had some shortcomings. Overall the framework aims to curb corruption and promote ethical leadership after a history of weak accountability under the previous Constitution.
The document discusses the importance and functions of the judiciary. It notes that the judiciary is the third organ of government responsible for applying laws to specific cases and settling disputes. Its key functions include giving justice, interpreting and applying laws, playing a role in law-making through precedents, protecting rights, and acting as guardian of the constitution. An independent judiciary is important as it protects citizens from legislative and executive overreach and ensures the rule of law. The document also examines different methods of appointing judges to ensure judicial independence and impartiality.
This document provides an overview of several areas of law relevant to nursing practice, including criminal law, civil law, labor law, and tort law. It defines key concepts like tort, negligence, nuisance, and defamation. It also outlines sources of law like statutes, constitutions, and jurisprudence. Major statutes discussed include the Revised Penal Code, Civil Code, Labor Code, and Administrative Code of 1987. The document aims to educate nurses on their legal duties and protections.
The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms (CJAR) works to promote judicial reforms and accountability in India. It aims to pressure authorities to make courts more accessible, transparent in appointments and transfers, and sensitive to the poor. CJAR organizes events to inform people about issues like corruption and lack of accountability in the judiciary. It monitors judges through sections on its website for "Judge Watch" and "Judgement Watch" to scrutinize judges, expose biases, and critique rulings. CJAR's goal is a more just system that serves all citizens.
Week 5,6 on policy makingslides in pakistan.pptssuser9e852e1
The document discusses various actors involved in the policy making process, including official actors like the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government as well as unofficial actors like interest groups, media, think tanks, and non-governmental organizations. It describes how these actors work together and sometimes compete to influence public policy. Both official and unofficial actors are seen as legitimate, though they may pursue different goals and use different tactics. The policy making process involves complex interactions between these groups within a dynamic policy environment.
This document discusses suffrage and the electoral process. It defines suffrage as the right to vote and outlines three international instruments that establish universal suffrage. There are five theories of suffrage discussed, including suffrage as a natural right and as a function of government. The electoral process involves nomination of candidates through party conventions, primaries, or petitions, as well as voter registration. On election day, citizens vote and their political maneuvering culminates. Other forms of direct democracy mentioned are initiatives and referendums.
The document discusses administrative law and the legal authority and limits of public administrative entities. It is guided by judicial decisions and the Administrative Procedures Act. Typical subject matters include agencies' constitutional and statutory authority, procedural requirements, and judicial review. The document also discusses due process requirements under the 5th and 14th Amendments. It analyzes the Londoner v. Denver and Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization cases which highlight the differences between agency rulemaking and adjudication procedures. Rulemaking involves general applicability and future effect, while adjudication applies existing laws to particular cases.
The document discusses several proposed electoral reforms in India to reduce the influence of money and muscle power in politics. It identifies some key problem areas like increasing election costs leading to illegal funding and corruption. It suggests reforms such as improving electoral rolls and voter IDs to prevent rigging, strengthening laws against booth capturing, and establishing institutional mechanisms for political parties to discuss issues and educate members. Overall the document analyzes issues with the current system and proposes options for reforming the electoral process in India.
The Election Commission of India is responsible for administering elections in the country. It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. The key functions of the Commission include being the guardian of free and fair elections through measures like the Model Code of Conduct, registering political parties, setting limits on election expenses, and prohibiting the publication of opinion polls. It also has quasi-judicial powers. The Commission aims to ensure that elections are held regularly and democratically through a large election machinery across states.
The Election Commission of India is responsible for administering elections in the country. It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. The key functions of the Commission include being the guardian of free and fair elections through measures like the Model Code of Conduct, registering political parties, setting limits on election expenses, and prohibiting the publication of opinion polls. It also has quasi-judicial powers. The Commission aims to ensure that elections are held regularly and democratically through a large election machinery across states.
The document discusses key aspects of the inquisitorial and adversarial legal systems.
The inquisitorial system is used in countries like France where the judge takes an active role in investigating facts, questioning witnesses, and compiling evidence. In contrast, the adversarial system used in countries like Australia employs a passive judge who oversees a contest between opposing parties.
Some key differences are that the inquisitorial system does not presume innocence, allows a wider range of evidence, and uses a panel of judges and lay assessors for criminal decisions. The adversarial system places the burden of proof on the prosecution and relies on cross-examination of witnesses in court.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
Similar to Handbook on security sector governance.2 (20)
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1. Summary of Issues, Indicators and Benchmarks for Democratic Governance in the Security Sector
.
Item Goals Indicative Targets Indicators or Benchmarks Source or Reference
1 Rule of Law & Constitutionalism • Presence of a Imposed or ‘People ‘owned’ The Constitution
democratically agreed constitution
Constitution. Additional Legislations:
Right to justiciable freedom Armed Forces Act, Police Act,
• Bill of Rights guaranteeing of expression, information, Criminal Justice Systems
equality of citizens before the political association and
law and the liberty of the fundamental freedoms, Judicial precedence
individuals; individual and economic, social and political
collective freedoms and rights Incorporation of international
equality of opportunity for all instruments into domestic law
Ombudsperson, Human i.e. African Charter of Human
• Independent Institutions of Rights Comm., Gender and Peoples’ Rights, UDHR,
State Equality Commission; Anti- Convention on economic,
Corruption Comm. social and cultural rights.
• Improvement of law National judicial reform, Decisions of the National
enforcement mechanisms and Police reform, Prison Human Rights Commission
criminal justice system improvement
National Law Reform
• Independence of the Judicial Ensure transparency in Commission’s work
branch process of selection of
judicial officers; improve
incentives and remuneration.
• Presence of Court of superior
jurisdiction to arbitrate in Independent Constitutional
constitutional matters or Supreme Court
2 Political Representation • Mode of appointment to Is appointment determined Nature of Electoral
legislative and by elections and do the Commission
governmental positions; elections give room for
• The composition of the alternation of political power
political system Does it consist of a
• The competitiveness of the multiparty democracy
political system comprising of two or more
51
2. parties.
• Nature of appointment to Extent of effective
the executive branch. competitiveness in the
• Independent candidature political process;
• The composition of the Role of Legitimacy,
national parliament along competence, national
party lines character
• The composition of local
and regional councils
• The autonomy and
independence of the electoral
system
• Independence & Impartiality
of the electoral authority.
3 Personal security and access to justice • Strengthening Police • Community Policing - National Policy on Safety &
Accountability and Principles Security
Responsiveness; • Demilitarising public order - DFID Safety and Security
• Developing Community and defining security in Sector Reform papers
Awareness broader terms - African Charter provisions
• Improve access to and reduce • Legal Aid and scope of
cost of ‘justice’ legal clinics for pro-bono
• Improving Police-Community cases
Relations • Establishment of
• Improving the prosecution Independent Police
service and decentralise Services Commission with
workload adequate powers
• Investigate non-traditional • Examine scope for
forms of justice reform. mediation and arbitration
in the community
4 National security and conflict prevention • Clearly defined and well Defence and Security Sector Defence Act or National
articulated vision and mission Review & White Papers Security Strategy
of security sector
organisations21
• Accountability of Security Accountability both to Committees on Defence,
sector organizations, elected civil authorities and Security, Police Affairs
21
This section is derived from the DFID work on the principles of good governance in the security sector.
52
3. particularly in the security to civil society
forces
• Security sector organizations Constitutionally defined role Incorporation of
operate in accordance with of the security structures internationally accepted
the international law and standards in domestic
domestic constitutional law; security laws
• Information about
security sector planning Availability of alternative Coverage of security sector
and budgeting are widely sources of verifiable issues in the media and
knowledge information on degree of openness of
available, both within the security sector military facilities to civilians
government and to the
public, and a
comprehensive and
disciplined approach to Extent of dialogue and Availability of human rights
the management of interaction between the education in the military
defence resources is security sector and civil training curricula
society
adopted;
• Civil-military relations are
based on a well-articulated
hierarchy of authority between
civil authorities and the
Clearly defined constitutional Capacity of Parliamentary
defence forces, and on a
powers for the Parliament committees to provide
relationship with civil society
and Executive Branch – independent verification and
that is based on the respect
powers of the purse, powers understanding of security
for human rights;
of deployment and powers of issues.
• Civil authorities have the
scrutiny
capacity to exercise political
control over the operations
and expenditure of the
security forces and civil
society has the capacity to
monitor the security forces
and provide constructive input
to the political debate;
• An environment exists in
which civil society can be
Extent of the professional
consulted on a regular basis
53
4. on security policies, resource autonomy granted to
allocation, and other relevant security forces
issues;
• Security-force personnel are
adequately trained to
discharge their duties in a
professional manner Regional Norms and values ECOWAS Mechanism for
consistent with the Conflict Prevention,
requirements of democratic Peacekeeping, Security;
societies; NEPAD’s APRM, AU’s Peace
• Fostering an environment and Security Council
supportive of regional and
sub-regional peace and
security has a high priority for
policy-makers
5 Open and Accountable Institutions • The nature and composition Independence of Civil Service Institutions of Accountability;
of the civil service
• Transparency and Accountability of Civil Service Nature of the Legislative
accountability in to elected authorities Accountability Mechanism,
government
• Decentralisation of decision Quality Control mechanisms Independence and
making structures and the for civil service at all levels effectiveness of the
nature of inter- accountability structures –
governmental relations
Constitutional Court, Auditor-
• Media awareness
Civil Service Commission’s General’s Office, Anti-
• Presence and Effectiveness
effectiveness Corruption Commissions and
of independent monitoring
agencies Inspector-General of Armed
Forces & Intelligence Services
6 Broader Understanding of Security • Meeting the 2015 Extent of fulfillment of UNDP Human Development
through Effective and equitable provision International Development human security and human Report; Country strategy
and Millennium Targets development goals in health, papers on poverty reduction
• Country’s social and economic food, environmental security programmes.
rights regime and poverty reduction
7 Facilitative mechanisms for policy • Management of national Extent of inputs into the Office of Budget Monitoring
formulation and management budgetary process budgetary process by all National Planning Machineries
• Effective Policies for linking stakeholders, including civil Accountant-General’s Office
security sector governance society
and pro-poor poverty Extent of Involvement of a Extent of consultation in the
54
5. reduction policies. wide array of stakeholders in making of PRS papers
• The nature and policy formulation &
development of policy management. Input from independent
process research centres and security
• Role of civil society Effectiveness of Policy sector experts
• Private/public partnership making mechanisms
arrangements.
8 Enhanced International Regime for • Regulatory Frameworks for Level of mutual OECD-DAC principles;
Democratic Governance in the Security behaviour of IFIs and accountability
Sector Bilateral institutions DFID principles
consistently applied Extent of context determined
• Availability of regional inputs. AU Principles, SADC &
frameworks to which ECOWAS Protocol
member states’ subscribe Level of corporate
• Regulatory Frameworks for responsibility among trans- UN Global Compact
non-state actors – TNCs etc
national entities
55