This is a talk for the Hablemos de ALMA (Let's Speak about ALMA) internal outreach series where the first project of the ALMA 2030 Roadmap, the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade (WSU) is described. In this talk the expected science benefits are discussed first by John Carpenter; then complexities of Systems Engineering and why those processes will be needed are talked about by Juande Santander-Vela; and finally, the Project Management issues of this upgrade are considered by Carla Crovari. This version of the talk took place on the ALMA Santiago Central Office (SCO) on August 19th, 2022.

1. John Carpenter, JAO Observatory Scientist
Juande Santander, JAO Development System Engineer
Carla Crovari, JAO Development Project Manager
ALMA 2030 First Project
Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade

2. THE ALMA Community
1470+
users with data…
Yielding 2859+
publications
from 36
countries …

3. ALMA and new facilities
ALMA
TMT 30 meter
ESO 39 meter
JWST
Nancy Grace Roman
Telescope
ngVLA
GMT 25 meter
Vera Rubin Telescope

4. 1
THE ALMA
DEVELOPMENT
ROADMAP
J. Carpenter, D. Iono, L. Testi, N. Whyborn, A. Wootten, N. Evans
(The ALMA Development Working Group)
Approved by the Board by written procedure pursuant Art. 11 of the Board’s Rules of Procedure
Need upgrades for better science, synergy
with these facilities

5. From the ALMA 2030 Development Program, approved by the ALMA Board in 2017-2018 (1)
(1) “The ALMA Development Roadmap”, Doc #: AEDM 2018-017-O
The Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade
program, is the set of projects that
will enable ALMA:
• To broaden the receiver IF
bandwidth up to a factor four
(x4), and
• To upgrade the associated
electronics and correlator
First one, the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade

6. Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade: Overview
Upgrade of the bandwidth and throughput of the ALMA system with improved sensitivity
- better receivers
- collect and transport more data
- process more data
Correlator
@ AOS
Archives
Data processing
@ SCO
Astronomers
Antennas Receivers Back end
Upgrade!

7. ALMA 2030 new Challenges
• Planning, designing, and executing the expansion projects, at the same time as operations
continue – as much as possible
• Core systems of the Observatory will be updated, preparing for a much higher data flow.
• We need…
- A systemic approach, together with a thorough identification of the systems that need to
be updated
- Careful planning and a dedicated follow up: we want the complete chain of upgrades
together with the current operation to be successful!

8. Dedicated Roles
ALMA 2030 Roadmap Co-author Joined June 2022 Joined March 2022
John Carpenter,
Observatory Scientist
Juande Santander-Vela,
JAO Development
Systems Engineer
Carla Crovari,
JAO Development
Project Manager

9. WSU: Science case
Hablemos de ALMA: Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade
John Carpenter,
Observatory Scientist

10. Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade: Overview
• Available bandwidth
• Correlated bandwidth
• Observing speed 2-4 times more stations available for you to listen to!

11. Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade: Overview
• Available bandwidth
• Correlated bandwidth
• Observing speed
WSU will have many times more frequency coverage!
Record up to 68 times more stations at the same time!

12. Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade: Overview
• Available bandwidth
• Correlated bandwidth
• Observing speed
Increase in Band 6 observing speed with ALMA 2030
Observing mode Increase in speed over current system*
Continuum 4.8x (with goal of 9.6x)
Spectral line 2.25-4.7x
Increase in observing speed results from
• improved receiver temperatures
• improved digital efficiency
• wider bandwidth (continuum)
Spectral scans will see further speed increases due to larger correlated bandwidth.
* To reach same sensitivity as current system with single tuning

13. Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade: Overview
• Available bandwidth
• Correlated bandwidth
• Observing speed
Listen to the radio station to more remote locations!

14. The power of molecular spectroscopy in disks
• ALMA continuum images traces the solid particles (“dust”) in the disk.
• ALMA molecular line images traces the gas:
- chemistry and the chemical compositions of planets
- 3D velocity and temperature structure of disks
- detect embedded planets through velocity distortions
Dust
HD 163296
Öberg et al. (2021)

15. The ALMA 2030 Advantage
Band 6v2 IF=12 GHz
SiO
J=5-4
c-C3H2
6(0,6)-5(1,5)
HC3N
J=24-23
C17
O
J=2-1
H2CO
3(2,1)-2(2,0)
C15
N
N=2-1
H2S
2(2,0)-2(1,1)
c-C3H2
3(3,0)-2(2,1)
SO
3Σ 6(5)-5(4)
SO2
11(1,11)-10(0,10)
c-C3H2
5(2,3)-4(3,2)
13CS
J=5-4
C34S
J=5-4
HC3N
J=28-27
t-HCOOH
11(2,10)-10(2,9)
SO
3Σ 2(3)-3(2)
SO
3Σ 8(9)-8(8)
SO
3Σ 5(6)-4(5)
c-C3H2
5(3,3)-4(2,2)
HC18O+
J=3-2
HC3N
J=25-24
H2CS
7(0,7)-6(0,6)
CS
J=5-4
HC3N
J=27-26
CN
N=2-1
t-HCOOH
10(4,6)-9(4,5)
H2CO
3(1,2)-2(1,1)
c-C3H2
4(3,2)-3(2,1)
c-C3H2
3(2,1)-2(1,2)
H2CS
7(1,6)-6(1,5)
SO2
10(5,5)-11(4,8)
NO
J=5/2-3/2
DCO+
J=3-2
… and up to 40 additional spectral windows!

16. The WSU benefits all ALMA projects!
Outflow
SiO
Envelope
DCO+
Protostar
Envelope
Disk
Outflow
Formation of individual stars Star formation across galaxies Origins of the first galaxies
z=9.11

17. Mentimeter question!
Will the system you work in be updated for the WSU project?
• Yes
• No, but the system I work in will be impacted
• No
• I don’t know
Correlator
@ AOS
Archives
Data processing
@ SCO
Astronomers
Antennas Receivers Back end
Upgrade!
Go to menti.com
and use code
1706 7017

18. Mentimeter question! (August 9)

19. Mentimeter question! (August 16)

20. WSU: Engineering
Hablemos de ALMA: Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade
Juande Santander-Vela,
JAO Dev. Systems Engineer

21. We need a system to achieve this…

22. We need a complex system to
achieve this…
complex

23. We need a complex system to
achieve this…
… on top of something already complex!

25. And the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade will
touch upon many different subsystems

26. The ALMA System is Defined
by Many Specifications

27. ALMA
Environmental
Specifications
ALMA System
General Safety
Design
Specification
ALMA Product
Assurance
Requirements
ALMA Product
Tree
ALMA Policy
Document: Use of
Metric and SI
Units
Requirements
and guidelines for
identification and
labeling of ALMA
equipment
ALMA Power
Quality
(Compatibility
Levels)
Specification
ALMA System
Electro-magnetic
Compatibility
(EMC)
Requirements
Standards for AC
Plugs, Socket-
Outlets, and
Couplers
ALMA System
Electrical Design
Requirements
ALMA Documen-
tation Standards
ALMA Documen-
tation Control
Plan
ALMA Coordinate
Systems
Specification
Interface Control
Document
Management
Plan
Seismic Design
Specifications
(AOS & OSF)
ALMA System
Technical
Requirements

39. These are only the specifications that
will need to change because of the
ALMA 2030 Roadmap!

40. Did you know that there are more than
85,000 documents in the ALMA Elecronic
Document Management System?

41. How do we make sure we have the right
specifications updated…

42. How do we make sure we have the right
specifications updated…
…and the right updates?

43. That is the purpose of
Systems Engineering!

44. «Systems Engineering is a transdisciplinary approach
and means to enable the realization of successful
systems.
Successful systems must satisfy the needs of their
customers, users and other stakeholders.»
This definition and diagrams in the presentation from the
Systems Engineering Book of Knowledge (SEBoK)

45. Key Elements of Systems Engineering
Users/Stakeholders
indicate
needs
Systems Engineers
elicit
needs
Development Teams
specify
system
Implement
system
checks system
maturity and
lifecycle
System
provided to
Environment
Interacts

46. Key Elements of Systems Engineering
Users/Stakeholders
indicate
needs
Systems Engineers
elicit
needs
Development Teams
specify
system
Implement
system
checks system
maturity and
lifecycle
System
provided to
Environment
Interacts
Systems Engineering focuses on
ensuring that the pieces work together
to achieve the objectives of the whole

47. Key Elements of Systems Engineering
Users/Stakeholders
indicate
needs
Systems Engineers
elicit
needs
Development Teams
specify
system
Implement
system
checks system
maturity and
lifecycle
System
provided to
Environment
Interacts
Main role of the Systems Engineering function
is as connective tissue and translation layer
across the different stakeholders
throughout the life of the system.

48. Key Elements of Systems Engineering
Users/Stakeholders
indicate
needs
Systems Engineers
elicit
needs
Development Teams
specify
system
Implement
system
checks system
maturity and
lifecycle
System
provided to
Environment
Interacts
But Systems Engineering is also the
process and discipline of thinking about
the system so that project and system
risks are minimized.

49. Key Elements of Systems Engineering
Users/Stakeholders
indicate
needs
Systems Engineers
elicit
needs
Development Teams
specify
system
Implement
system
checks system
maturity and
lifecycle
System
provided to
Environment
Interacts
And to think about the system the
complexity needs to be managed.

50. «Systems Engineering is a transdisciplinary approach
and means to enable the realization of successful
systems.
Successful systems must satisfy the needs of their
customers, users and other stakeholders.»
This definition and diagrams in the presentation from
the Systems Engineering Book of Knowledge (SEBoK)

51. Need to avoid the trap of
being driven by technology

52. But this was not
a successful system!
Too much emphasis on a particular
technology/metric, and not enough
on operational needs
Abandoned because it was
accident prone, and broke a lot
What is this? It is
cool!

53. We start from the beginning:
what do the users need?
Requirements
System
Concept
Concept of
Operations

54. Requirements have a hierarchy

55. Requirements have a hierarchy
•Science Requirements
- System Requirements
‣ Subsystem Requirements
•Science Use Cases
- System Use Cases
‣ Discipline Use Cases
They sometimes interplay
with each other
Need to make sure we do something
that is not impossibly costly… or
impossibly complex, or finicky.
We need to be risk driven
in our approach

56. So, we have lot of work to do…

57. Not yet in
this phase!

58. …with many complex systems to
evaluate…

59. …so we need to order things in time, and
match activities to resources.

60. That’s Project Management!

61. WSU: Project
Management
Hablemos de ALMA: Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade
Carla Crovari,
JAO Dev. Project Manager

62. WSU Status Update: where we are now
CoSDD: Conceptual System Design Description
SRR: System Requirements Review

63. WSU Status Update: Conceptual System Design
Description (CoSDD) initial Review
• Scope: Data Acquisition Hardware sub-systems , internal Review
• Date: June 22nd and 23rd, 2022
• Main conclusions:
- A Concept needs to be developed for the Software / Data processing/ Data
distribution (new Working Group is needed)
- In good shape to proceed with the System Requirements update

64. WSU Status Update: Working Groups
Front End/ Digitizer Working Group
• Objective: update the Report “ALMA Front-end & Digitizer Requirements Upgrade”,
ALMA-05.00.00.00-0048-A-REP
• Participates: ESG team members plus Engineers from ESO, NRAO, NAOJ.
IF/ Digitizer Working Group
• Objective: analyze possible configurations regarding the Digitizer location
• Participates: ESG team members plus Engineers from ESO, NRAO, NAOJ.

65. ALMA 2030 WSU
05.20.01.20 Changes to
ALMA Chile Infrastructure
40 Front End
52-IF Processor
Subsystem IFPS
53-Data Transmission
Subsystem DTS
54-Fiber Optic Transmission
Subsystem FOTS
57-BE Miscellaneous
Equipment
60-64 antenna correlator (*)
64-ACA Spectrometer
70- Computing (*)
xx - Science Operations
85-88 System Integration
and Verification
80-System Engineering
xx Project Management
90-Science
WSU Status Update: Preliminary
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

66. Project Management and System Engineering for the WSU …in
an Observatory in full Operation….and managed by Executives
in different Regions!
Some things to consider:
• Careful Planning and Communications are essential.
• WSU is a set of projects, it is important to keep a systemic view, both among the new projects and with the
operating ALMA system.
• Good identification of stakeholders… and again, effective and well planned communications is required.

67. Project Management and System Engineering for the WSU …in
an Observatory in full Operation….and managed by Executives
in different Regions!
Some things to consider:
• ALMA technical experts are in Operation… collaboration will be needed (already started through Working
Groups participation)…thanks already and in advance!
• Your feedback (ideas, considerations) are and will be very much valued
• We can do it!… with a collaborative spirit, and step by step… we are just beginning….

68. AMT (Alma
Management
Team)
IST
(Integrated
Science
Team)
ISopT (Integrated
Science Operations
Team)
ICT
(Integrated
Computing
Team)
IET
(Integrated
Engineering
Team)
IDT
(Integrated
Development
Team)
New Integrated Team for the WSU project: IDT

69. WSU Confluence Page
https://confluence.alma.cl/display/IDT/Wideband+Sensitivity+Upgrade+%28WSU%29+Project

70. Thank you!
Questions?