International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
The document discusses the concept of multicultural personality and its importance for teachers working in multicultural classrooms. It defines multicultural personality as having five dimensions: cultural empathy, open-mindedness, social initiative, emotional stability, and flexibility. These traits help individuals interact effectively in diverse cultural environments. Research shows multicultural personality can predict outcomes like better professional performance, personal adjustment, and social integration. The document examines each of the five dimensions in depth and reviews research on the outcomes predicted by each dimension.
Harper discusses how development experts occupy structured positions that make it difficult for them to consider alternative ways of knowing. Their knowledge remains "walled off" due to the spaces they operate in. Nepali health workers who move to places like the UK are more open to different epistemologies and ways of being. Harper also notes the importance of space in shaping knowledge production, as the high walls surrounding a Nepali hospital symbolically separate modern medical practices from local traditions. Hindman adds that development activities and private lives of expatriates shape how aid is implemented in Nepal. Harper argues that understanding the geographical and social contexts of experts is important for comprehending development processes in Nepal.
Culture includes customs, traditions, institutions, religion, laws, myths, legends, and material goods that have been created by humans. It is constantly changing and is the outcome of learned human behavior and perceptions. Culture was first defined by anthropologist Edward B. Taylor in 1871 as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, and habits acquired by humans as members of society. Culture is transgenerational, symbolic, maintains common behavior patterns, is adaptive, always transforming, cumulative, integrative, and diverse. Education and culture have an interdependent relationship, as education modifies individual behavior to fit within the cultural patterns of society. The function of education is to socialize younger generations according to the customs and traditions of their culture
This document provides an overview of several theoretical traditions in sociocultural communication studies. It discusses micro and macro communication, and how social interaction produces and reproduces culture. Key traditions covered include ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and structuration theory. Communication is framed as a symbolic process that constructs social reality and patterns of interaction through the production and reproduction of shared cultural meanings.
Culture can be defined in several ways, such as shared assumptions that guide a group (Schein), how a group solves problems (Trompenaars), or shared programming of the mind (Hofstede). Culture develops over three stages - birth, mid-life, and maturity. It includes elements like communication, behaviors, experiences, values, and artifacts. Culture is important for organizations as it focuses the human side, facilitates systems, provides meaning, and shapes attitudes. There are multiple layers and theories of culture, and guidelines for developing a stable culture in multinational corporations.
This document provides an overview of intercultural communication and culture. It begins by defining intercultural communication and explaining why it is studied. Key reasons include increasing self-awareness, demographic changes, globalization, and creative problem solving. Intercultural communication is important in education due to increasing diversity in schools. Culture is then defined and its key characteristics and components are outlined, including communication, cognitive, behavioral, and material. Cultural relativism is introduced as the view that cultures should be understood based on their own contexts rather than being judged by others.
Culture is a complex whole which includes, Knowledge, Belief, Art, Morals, Law, Customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Edward B. Tylor).
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
The document discusses the concept of multicultural personality and its importance for teachers working in multicultural classrooms. It defines multicultural personality as having five dimensions: cultural empathy, open-mindedness, social initiative, emotional stability, and flexibility. These traits help individuals interact effectively in diverse cultural environments. Research shows multicultural personality can predict outcomes like better professional performance, personal adjustment, and social integration. The document examines each of the five dimensions in depth and reviews research on the outcomes predicted by each dimension.
Harper discusses how development experts occupy structured positions that make it difficult for them to consider alternative ways of knowing. Their knowledge remains "walled off" due to the spaces they operate in. Nepali health workers who move to places like the UK are more open to different epistemologies and ways of being. Harper also notes the importance of space in shaping knowledge production, as the high walls surrounding a Nepali hospital symbolically separate modern medical practices from local traditions. Hindman adds that development activities and private lives of expatriates shape how aid is implemented in Nepal. Harper argues that understanding the geographical and social contexts of experts is important for comprehending development processes in Nepal.
Culture includes customs, traditions, institutions, religion, laws, myths, legends, and material goods that have been created by humans. It is constantly changing and is the outcome of learned human behavior and perceptions. Culture was first defined by anthropologist Edward B. Taylor in 1871 as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, and habits acquired by humans as members of society. Culture is transgenerational, symbolic, maintains common behavior patterns, is adaptive, always transforming, cumulative, integrative, and diverse. Education and culture have an interdependent relationship, as education modifies individual behavior to fit within the cultural patterns of society. The function of education is to socialize younger generations according to the customs and traditions of their culture
This document provides an overview of several theoretical traditions in sociocultural communication studies. It discusses micro and macro communication, and how social interaction produces and reproduces culture. Key traditions covered include ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and structuration theory. Communication is framed as a symbolic process that constructs social reality and patterns of interaction through the production and reproduction of shared cultural meanings.
Culture can be defined in several ways, such as shared assumptions that guide a group (Schein), how a group solves problems (Trompenaars), or shared programming of the mind (Hofstede). Culture develops over three stages - birth, mid-life, and maturity. It includes elements like communication, behaviors, experiences, values, and artifacts. Culture is important for organizations as it focuses the human side, facilitates systems, provides meaning, and shapes attitudes. There are multiple layers and theories of culture, and guidelines for developing a stable culture in multinational corporations.
This document provides an overview of intercultural communication and culture. It begins by defining intercultural communication and explaining why it is studied. Key reasons include increasing self-awareness, demographic changes, globalization, and creative problem solving. Intercultural communication is important in education due to increasing diversity in schools. Culture is then defined and its key characteristics and components are outlined, including communication, cognitive, behavioral, and material. Cultural relativism is introduced as the view that cultures should be understood based on their own contexts rather than being judged by others.
Culture is a complex whole which includes, Knowledge, Belief, Art, Morals, Law, Customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Edward B. Tylor).
This document provides an introduction to intercultural communication, covering key concepts such as identity, culture, communication styles, and politeness. It discusses culture as consisting of various levels from surface-level behaviors to underlying values and beliefs. Intercultural communication is defined as communication between individuals from different cultures, where misunderstandings can arise due to differing communication systems. Theories of intercultural communication examine topics such as high- and low-context communication, direct vs indirect styles, and involvement vs independence politeness strategies. Intercultural communication has developed into an academic discipline that draws from various fields to study and better understand intercultural interactions.
The document discusses the perspectives of anthropology and sociology on culture and society. It defines key terms and concepts from both disciplines. Sociology views society as constituted by social actors in constant interaction, while anthropology sees culture as the practices and traditions that define a specific society. The document explores different theories on what makes society possible, such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It also examines definitions and characteristics of culture, including that it is learned, shared, and varies between societies. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are discussed as approaches to understanding different cultures.
The document discusses intercultural communication competence, which is a central theme in research and important for practitioners. It explores what constitutes intercultural competence and whether it can be learned. Critical success factors for intercultural management include tolerance of ambiguity, behavioral flexibility, goal orientation, sociability, empathy, nonjudgementalness, and meta-communication skills. Intercultural sensitivity involves adaptation, flexibility, respect for others, understanding context-appropriate behavior. An interculturally effective communicator has nine essential skills: adaptation skills, modesty and respect, understanding culture, host country knowledge, relationship-building, self-knowledge, intercultural communication skills, organizational skills, and commitment.
The document discusses different conceptions of literacy. Originally, literacy meant simply reading and writing, but the term has expanded to include things like computer, financial, and media literacy. Literacy is now often defined as mastery of skills and knowledge in a particular topic. Within the history of adult literacy education, there are four broad approaches to defining literacy: as skills to read and write; as tasks needed for life and work; as social and cultural practices linked to written language; and as a tool for critical reflection and social change. The passage examines these perspectives in more detail, particularly comparing views of literacy as a set of skills versus as social practices embedded in culture and issues of power.
Culture is complex and encompasses many aspects of human life and society. It includes beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything people learn as members of a group. Culture is shared within a society through socialization and enculturation as people are exposed to cultural lessons and norms from a young age. It is transmitted over time through conformity as actions become habitual and social control through rewards and punishments. Culture is unique to human societies and helps define group identity.
Leave your laptop at Home - College Productivity TipAngad Singh
The document discusses why students should leave their laptops at home when attending college classes. It notes that laptops are heavy to carry everywhere and smartphones can perform most necessary tasks. It also states that it is easy to get distracted when using a laptop in class, whereas a notebook keeps students more focused and productive. The document shares results from one person's experience leaving their laptop at home, including getting used to not having it, being more productive on public computers, being more focused in class, and having an easier to carry light backpack.
1. Leasing is a way for businesses to finance plant, property, and equipment through a leasing agreement where three parties are involved: the lessor who provides financing, the lessee who receives the financing, and the seller of the goods.
2. Under a leasing agreement, the lessee first contacts the lessor to request financing for equipment. If approved, the lessee then contacts the seller while the lessor pays the seller and the equipment is transferred to the lessee. The lessee makes fixed monthly payments covering principal and interest to the lessor.
3. There are different types of leasing including sale-leaseback, financial/capital leases, and vendor programs. Financial le
The document is a summary of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness as described in Matthew 4:1-11. It breaks down the three temptations Jesus faced into categories of provision, protection, and power, with the devil questioning if Jesus could trust God in these areas. The summary encourages readers to be led by God's Spirit, guided by His word, and encouraged by His will to resist temptation, as strength comes through resistance. Temptation is relentless, seasonal, incremental, private, and destructive, but God is faithful and will show a way of escape.
The document defines key terms related to startup companies such as startups, business incubators, venture capital, angel investors, and liquidity events. It also profiles successful entrepreneurs such as Sean Parker, Elon Musk, and Larry Ellison and their companies Napster, Tesla Motors, and Oracle. The document explores various aspects of starting and growing new businesses.
This document discusses key concepts in cultural communication and intercultural competence. It outlines universal vs communal cultures and normative vs subjective cultures. Cultural components include beliefs, values, traditions, norms, symbols, rules and taboos. Culture is learned through enculturation and communication and is dynamic. Understanding culture requires examining both etic and emic approaches. The document also discusses high and low context cultures and issues that can arise in cross-cultural contexts like misunderstandings and power dynamics. Learning intercultural communication provides tools to avoid pitfalls and cultural biases and helps develop cultural understanding.
Cross-cultural psychology involves the systematic comparison of psychological variables across cultures to understand how culture influences human behavior. It examines both observable behaviors and covert behaviors like thoughts and beliefs. While some research emphasizes differences in psychological functioning between cultures, reflecting diverse "modes of being", other work stresses common underlying psychological processes shaped by local culture. Definitions and approaches within the field have evolved, with ongoing debates around issues like universalism vs. cultural relativism.
NUR 4551 UP Mitigating Bullying and Lateral Violence Presentation.docxwrite30
This document discusses cultural diversity in healthcare and provides guidelines for incorporating cultural aspects into nursing leadership and management. It describes how to capitalize on a diverse workforce and support cultural differences to improve efficiency. The chapter presents concepts of transculturalism and techniques for managing a culturally diverse workforce. It emphasizes respecting different lifestyles and discusses how diversity affects staff performance.
1. The document summarizes a study by the Bertelsmann Stiftung and Fondazione Cariplo foundations on promoting tolerance, integration, and cultural dialogue in Europe.
2. The study supports the Cultural Detective approach, emphasizing that cultures are dynamic rather than static, and that developing intercultural competence requires an ongoing process orientation.
3. The Cultural Detective approach reinforces the dynamic nature of culture and uses a process of analyzing real situations to develop intercultural skills. It encourages understanding different perspectives rather than making judgments.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
This document discusses the multi-dimensional aspects of culture and its potential role in planning built environments in India. It defines key terms like culture, tradition, religion, and heritage. Culture consists of activities like arts and philosophy that are important for civilization. Tradition refers to long-standing customs passed down through generations. The document examines how culture is embedded in the built environment through elements like art, diversity, and human relationships. It also discusses different approaches to cultural studies and divides cultural variables into efficiency orientation and social orientation. Finally, it presents challenges of incorporating culture into planning and showcases Amity School of Architecture and Planning's exhibition on the topic.
Discussion 1 (Lindsay)
Module 1 Discussion
Cultural competence is having the capability to effectively interact with individuals belonging to different cultures. Being culturally competent is essential in the nursing profession. Specifically, because advanced practice nurses (APN) care for many different cultural groups in the community. Cultural competence plays a significant role in eliminating and decreasing health care disparities. Therefore, APNs must have the ability to communicate appropriately with different cultural backgrounds to effectively treat patient’s health concerns in a manner that is acceptable to the patient.
The Purnell model defines culture as behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, lifestyles, and all other factors that influence the human work and thought characteristics of a group of people that guide their worldview and decision making (Purnell, 2005). The Purnell model was a framework designed to use across all disciples and practice settings to assess different cultures. Every healthcare discipline values communication and must know their patients ethnocultural beliefs. Healthcare providers are more effective in caring for patients when they understand ethnocultural diversity. The model is a circle with three rims, the outlying rim represents global society, a second rim representing community, a third rim representing family, and the inner rim representing the person (Purnell, 2005). The interior of the circle is split into 12 parts representing cultural domains and their concepts. The 12 cultural domains construct the framework of the model. The Purnell model was developed for multiple purposes. These include providing a framework to learn concepts and characteristics of culture; define instances that affect an individual’s worldview; provide a tool that links the most significant relationships of culture; interrelate characteristics of culture that promote congruence to deliver sensitive and competent care; provide a structure for analyzing cultural data; and view individuals, families, and communities within their unique ethnocultural environment (Purnell, 2005). Communicating in a culturally sensitive way can minimize prejudices and biases.
Culturally competent communication means communicating with mindfulness and knowledge of health disparities and understanding that sociocultural influences have important effects on beliefs, behaviors, and the skills used to manage these factors appropriately (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). It is also important to recognize and understand different communication needs and styles. For example, identifying patient language preferences, literacy levels, and level of English proficiency. Promoting culturally competent communication in the health care setting reflects high quality care and a holistic approach. Good patient-provider communication is associated with increased adherence to treatment plans, higher patient satisfaction, and improved health outcomes (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). ...
This document defines culture and society and discusses several key aspects of culture from a social systems perspective. It states that culture consists of the qualities characteristic of humanity that are learned and transmitted between generations, while society is a group of people who live and work together. It then examines the nature and evolution of culture, highlighting key influences like social interaction, the body, other people, and the material world. Unique human abilities like thought, tool usage, language, and family structures are also defined.
This document provides an introduction to intercultural communication, covering key concepts such as identity, culture, communication styles, and politeness. It discusses culture as consisting of various levels from surface-level behaviors to underlying values and beliefs. Intercultural communication is defined as communication between individuals from different cultures, where misunderstandings can arise due to differing communication systems. Theories of intercultural communication examine topics such as high- and low-context communication, direct vs indirect styles, and involvement vs independence politeness strategies. Intercultural communication has developed into an academic discipline that draws from various fields to study and better understand intercultural interactions.
The document discusses the perspectives of anthropology and sociology on culture and society. It defines key terms and concepts from both disciplines. Sociology views society as constituted by social actors in constant interaction, while anthropology sees culture as the practices and traditions that define a specific society. The document explores different theories on what makes society possible, such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It also examines definitions and characteristics of culture, including that it is learned, shared, and varies between societies. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are discussed as approaches to understanding different cultures.
The document discusses intercultural communication competence, which is a central theme in research and important for practitioners. It explores what constitutes intercultural competence and whether it can be learned. Critical success factors for intercultural management include tolerance of ambiguity, behavioral flexibility, goal orientation, sociability, empathy, nonjudgementalness, and meta-communication skills. Intercultural sensitivity involves adaptation, flexibility, respect for others, understanding context-appropriate behavior. An interculturally effective communicator has nine essential skills: adaptation skills, modesty and respect, understanding culture, host country knowledge, relationship-building, self-knowledge, intercultural communication skills, organizational skills, and commitment.
The document discusses different conceptions of literacy. Originally, literacy meant simply reading and writing, but the term has expanded to include things like computer, financial, and media literacy. Literacy is now often defined as mastery of skills and knowledge in a particular topic. Within the history of adult literacy education, there are four broad approaches to defining literacy: as skills to read and write; as tasks needed for life and work; as social and cultural practices linked to written language; and as a tool for critical reflection and social change. The passage examines these perspectives in more detail, particularly comparing views of literacy as a set of skills versus as social practices embedded in culture and issues of power.
Culture is complex and encompasses many aspects of human life and society. It includes beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything people learn as members of a group. Culture is shared within a society through socialization and enculturation as people are exposed to cultural lessons and norms from a young age. It is transmitted over time through conformity as actions become habitual and social control through rewards and punishments. Culture is unique to human societies and helps define group identity.
Leave your laptop at Home - College Productivity TipAngad Singh
The document discusses why students should leave their laptops at home when attending college classes. It notes that laptops are heavy to carry everywhere and smartphones can perform most necessary tasks. It also states that it is easy to get distracted when using a laptop in class, whereas a notebook keeps students more focused and productive. The document shares results from one person's experience leaving their laptop at home, including getting used to not having it, being more productive on public computers, being more focused in class, and having an easier to carry light backpack.
1. Leasing is a way for businesses to finance plant, property, and equipment through a leasing agreement where three parties are involved: the lessor who provides financing, the lessee who receives the financing, and the seller of the goods.
2. Under a leasing agreement, the lessee first contacts the lessor to request financing for equipment. If approved, the lessee then contacts the seller while the lessor pays the seller and the equipment is transferred to the lessee. The lessee makes fixed monthly payments covering principal and interest to the lessor.
3. There are different types of leasing including sale-leaseback, financial/capital leases, and vendor programs. Financial le
The document is a summary of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness as described in Matthew 4:1-11. It breaks down the three temptations Jesus faced into categories of provision, protection, and power, with the devil questioning if Jesus could trust God in these areas. The summary encourages readers to be led by God's Spirit, guided by His word, and encouraged by His will to resist temptation, as strength comes through resistance. Temptation is relentless, seasonal, incremental, private, and destructive, but God is faithful and will show a way of escape.
The document defines key terms related to startup companies such as startups, business incubators, venture capital, angel investors, and liquidity events. It also profiles successful entrepreneurs such as Sean Parker, Elon Musk, and Larry Ellison and their companies Napster, Tesla Motors, and Oracle. The document explores various aspects of starting and growing new businesses.
This document discusses key concepts in cultural communication and intercultural competence. It outlines universal vs communal cultures and normative vs subjective cultures. Cultural components include beliefs, values, traditions, norms, symbols, rules and taboos. Culture is learned through enculturation and communication and is dynamic. Understanding culture requires examining both etic and emic approaches. The document also discusses high and low context cultures and issues that can arise in cross-cultural contexts like misunderstandings and power dynamics. Learning intercultural communication provides tools to avoid pitfalls and cultural biases and helps develop cultural understanding.
Cross-cultural psychology involves the systematic comparison of psychological variables across cultures to understand how culture influences human behavior. It examines both observable behaviors and covert behaviors like thoughts and beliefs. While some research emphasizes differences in psychological functioning between cultures, reflecting diverse "modes of being", other work stresses common underlying psychological processes shaped by local culture. Definitions and approaches within the field have evolved, with ongoing debates around issues like universalism vs. cultural relativism.
NUR 4551 UP Mitigating Bullying and Lateral Violence Presentation.docxwrite30
This document discusses cultural diversity in healthcare and provides guidelines for incorporating cultural aspects into nursing leadership and management. It describes how to capitalize on a diverse workforce and support cultural differences to improve efficiency. The chapter presents concepts of transculturalism and techniques for managing a culturally diverse workforce. It emphasizes respecting different lifestyles and discusses how diversity affects staff performance.
1. The document summarizes a study by the Bertelsmann Stiftung and Fondazione Cariplo foundations on promoting tolerance, integration, and cultural dialogue in Europe.
2. The study supports the Cultural Detective approach, emphasizing that cultures are dynamic rather than static, and that developing intercultural competence requires an ongoing process orientation.
3. The Cultural Detective approach reinforces the dynamic nature of culture and uses a process of analyzing real situations to develop intercultural skills. It encourages understanding different perspectives rather than making judgments.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
This document discusses the multi-dimensional aspects of culture and its potential role in planning built environments in India. It defines key terms like culture, tradition, religion, and heritage. Culture consists of activities like arts and philosophy that are important for civilization. Tradition refers to long-standing customs passed down through generations. The document examines how culture is embedded in the built environment through elements like art, diversity, and human relationships. It also discusses different approaches to cultural studies and divides cultural variables into efficiency orientation and social orientation. Finally, it presents challenges of incorporating culture into planning and showcases Amity School of Architecture and Planning's exhibition on the topic.
Discussion 1 (Lindsay)
Module 1 Discussion
Cultural competence is having the capability to effectively interact with individuals belonging to different cultures. Being culturally competent is essential in the nursing profession. Specifically, because advanced practice nurses (APN) care for many different cultural groups in the community. Cultural competence plays a significant role in eliminating and decreasing health care disparities. Therefore, APNs must have the ability to communicate appropriately with different cultural backgrounds to effectively treat patient’s health concerns in a manner that is acceptable to the patient.
The Purnell model defines culture as behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, lifestyles, and all other factors that influence the human work and thought characteristics of a group of people that guide their worldview and decision making (Purnell, 2005). The Purnell model was a framework designed to use across all disciples and practice settings to assess different cultures. Every healthcare discipline values communication and must know their patients ethnocultural beliefs. Healthcare providers are more effective in caring for patients when they understand ethnocultural diversity. The model is a circle with three rims, the outlying rim represents global society, a second rim representing community, a third rim representing family, and the inner rim representing the person (Purnell, 2005). The interior of the circle is split into 12 parts representing cultural domains and their concepts. The 12 cultural domains construct the framework of the model. The Purnell model was developed for multiple purposes. These include providing a framework to learn concepts and characteristics of culture; define instances that affect an individual’s worldview; provide a tool that links the most significant relationships of culture; interrelate characteristics of culture that promote congruence to deliver sensitive and competent care; provide a structure for analyzing cultural data; and view individuals, families, and communities within their unique ethnocultural environment (Purnell, 2005). Communicating in a culturally sensitive way can minimize prejudices and biases.
Culturally competent communication means communicating with mindfulness and knowledge of health disparities and understanding that sociocultural influences have important effects on beliefs, behaviors, and the skills used to manage these factors appropriately (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). It is also important to recognize and understand different communication needs and styles. For example, identifying patient language preferences, literacy levels, and level of English proficiency. Promoting culturally competent communication in the health care setting reflects high quality care and a holistic approach. Good patient-provider communication is associated with increased adherence to treatment plans, higher patient satisfaction, and improved health outcomes (Taylor & Lurie, 2004). ...
This document defines culture and society and discusses several key aspects of culture from a social systems perspective. It states that culture consists of the qualities characteristic of humanity that are learned and transmitted between generations, while society is a group of people who live and work together. It then examines the nature and evolution of culture, highlighting key influences like social interaction, the body, other people, and the material world. Unique human abilities like thought, tool usage, language, and family structures are also defined.
This document defines culture and society and discusses several key aspects of culture from a social systems perspective. It states that culture consists of the qualities characteristic of humanity that are learned and transmitted between generations, while society is a group of people who live and work together. The document then examines the nature and evolution of culture, highlighting key influences like social interaction, the human body, other people, and the material world. It also explores several universal human aspects reinforced by culture, like language, family, tools, social roles and organizations, child rearing practices, and attempts to explain the world.
Culture is a group phenomenon.
Cultures evolve from the interaction of a person with others, and a person’s belief or behavior becomes part of the culture when it is externalized and objectified.
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
Nature of Culture
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
The Family as Human Universal
This document defines culture and society and explores several key aspects of culture from a social systems perspective. It discusses how culture evolves through the interaction of individuals with others and their environment. Key aspects of culture discussed include language, social organizations and roles, child rearing, tools, religion/explanation of the world, and caring social relations. Culture is viewed as a complex whole that is transmitted between generations and allows societies to function.
The document discusses the concept of culture, defining it as the cumulative knowledge, experiences, beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people. It outlines several theories related to culture, including cultural determinism and cultural relativism. It also discusses how culture manifests itself at different levels of depth from superficial symbols to deeper values. Finally, it notes there are multiple layers of culture that can exist for an individual, including national, regional, gender, generational, social class, and corporate levels.
1) The document compares perceptions of intelligence between Western and Eastern cultures.
2) Western cultures view intelligence as an individual trait focused on rational thinking, while Eastern cultures see it as wisdom and ability to benefit society.
3) Cultural factors like traditions, beliefs, and values influence how each culture defines and measures intelligence. Western cultures use IQ tests while Eastern cultures assess positive social impact.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological lens. It then examines how anthropology views the self as both a biological and cultural entity shaped by one's environment and experiences. The document explores different cultural influences on the formation of self-concept and identities. It analyzes the concepts of material and non-material culture and how they shape perceptions and behaviors. Finally, it discusses two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and how culture influences our body image and sense of self.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological view. It then examines how anthropology sees the self as culturally constructed rather than innate. The document explores different dimensions of culture, including material and non-material aspects, and how culture shapes various aspects of the self like memories and body image. It analyzes two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and discusses how culture is a broad concept that illuminates ways of life and forms our identities.
This document discusses intercultural communication and its importance in education. It begins by defining intercultural communication as communication between people with different cultural backgrounds that occurs in various contexts like business, the military, and education. There is a need to understand cultural similarities and differences to communicate effectively. The document then explores elements of intercultural communication like perceptions, verbal and nonverbal processes, and contextual factors. It also examines reasons for studying intercultural communication, such as increasing self-awareness, dealing with demographic changes, and achieving peace. Finally, it discusses how intercultural communication skills are important for education as schools become more culturally diverse. Effective communication is needed for knowledge transfer, and teachers must be sensitive to interc
Culture is a universal aspect of human life that is learned, shared, and transmitted through language. It includes the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, and habits of a society. Culture is a set of common beliefs and values shared by a group that shapes how they perceive, think, communicate, and evaluate. While cultural patterns change over time, language and culture are closely related. Promoting cultural competence in the classroom and strengthening home-school connections for English learners can help recognize the interrelationship between language and culture.
Culture is a universal aspect of human life that is learned, shared, and transmitted through language. It includes the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, and habits of a society. Culture is a set of common beliefs and values shared by a group that shapes how they perceive, think, communicate, and evaluate. While cultural patterns change over time, language and culture are closely related. Promoting cultural competence in the classroom and strengthening home-school connections for English learners can help recognize the interrelationship between language and culture.
Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
“Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: a Path Forward”, 18 June 2024
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The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
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H0361057063
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 3 || Issue 6 || June. 2014 || PP. 57-63
www.ijbmi.org 57 | Page
The relationship between cultural intelligence with the individual
performance of staff (case study: ministry of social welfare and
security)
Mohammad Afkaneh
PhD student in public administration, Human resource, Allameh Tabatabai University.
Abdoreza Beyginia
Assistant Professor of Public Policy-Making, Faculty of Humanity, Shahed University.
ABSTRACT: Today's work environment needs to people that are familiar with different cultures and
communicate well with other people with heterogeneous cultures. Cultural intelligence represents the ability of
a person to adapt with values, costumes and traditions which are different with those previous and working in a
different cultural environment. Nowadays organizations are trying to adopt methods to increase the individual
performance of their staff. On the other hand the ability to adapt permanently with people with different cultures
and to perform intercultural communications improves individual performance. This research studies the
relationship between cultural intelligence with individual performance of the staff. Three-factor cultural
intelligence is applied on Thomas's theory for the first time and Ang and Earley consider individual
performance of the staff as a unified concept. This research is descriptive-survey. For testing the general and
special hypotheses of this research we use Pierson correlational test that while it confirmed the correlation
between cultural intelligence and subjective performance of the staff and the existence of this correlation
between individual components of cultural intelligence and individual performance of the staff, it made possible
the measurement of the intensity of this correlation. We used the Friedman test for leveling cultural intelligence
elements that was resulted into priority of mindfulness, behavioral ability and cultural knowledge. For
measuring the plausibility of variations in the corpus of two-level test or ratio test was applied that shows the
plausibility of cultural intelligence, mindfulness, behavioral ability and individual performance but it didn't
confirmed the plausibility of cultural knowledge.
KEYWORDS: Cultural intelligence, Individual performance, Mindfulness
I. INTRODUCTION
Among the expertise needed in the current century, the continual ability to adapt with different people
with different cultures and the ability to manage the intercultural communications is very important. The
universal workplace needs the people which are familiar with different cultures and can communicate well with
other cultures. The new world is complex, potent, and with ever-increasing knowledge. Markets, products, and
universal corporations are heterogeneous and multicultural. The non- linear, non-confidential and turmoil world
has changed into steady, confidential and linear. For this purpose people need cultural intelligence. The ability
of person to adapt with the values, customs and different traditions and wording in a different cultural workplace
represents cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence is a potential source for competitive advantage.
Expressing problem
The increase of interaction interactions and transactions and heterogeneity of labor force have attracted
the attention of many entrepreneur managers to the capabilities of this potent and complex world. Among these
capabilities cultural intelligence is a tool for confrontation with multicultural occasions. In today's environments
the milieu of the organizations has become complex and potent. In this complex and potent milieu the
organizations need to take the advantage of intercultural categories. Review of the literature indicates that
culture has a great effect on behavior in many organization environments and it is deserved to become explained
in organizational behavior. The first step in responding to the challenges and requirements of the culture is to
apprehend it conceptually and practically.
Although the cultural intelligence in many studies has been related to the interaction with alien
cultures, it has the capability to be generalized into ethnic minor cultures inside national cultures. Therefore
local managers can use this factor in everyday interactions. On the other hand it is important to explain the
effect of these factors on individual's performance and the way to manage them. Discussing about the
2. The relationship between cultural intelligence with the…
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processing of mind up to individual performance for showing reaction in different cultural environments and the
speed of these reactions are the elements of cultural intelligence and is considered one of the noble objectives of
managers.
Function means the set of activities adopted beforehand by staff in order to gain their goals. As the
performance is disposed to knowledge, expertise, ability and motivation, and considering that cultural
intelligence is one of the main capabilities in many organizations, the researcher shows interest to examine the
relationship between cultural intelligence and individual performance.
How is the relationship between cultural intelligence with individual performance of ministry of security and
welfare staff?"
Theoretical basics
The word culture is used in a wide range of social sciences (e.g. demography, sociology and
psychology) hand has different meanings in various fields. Many of the writers agree that culture is a complex
world and we can hardly define it. According to Lu et al (2001), culture describes language, thinking habits,
social and personal relation patterns and religious ideas and it is transferred into other generations by behavioral
and normative directions (3).Culture is related to coherent patterns of human behavior includes language,
thoughts, relations, activities, customs, ideas and values of social groups which is transferred from generations.
Intelligence
The overall perspective of intelligence considers it as biological, motivational and behavioral traits of
individuals. The biological perspective presupposes that intelligence is determined by biological and inheritance
processes. Psychological point of view presupposes that intelligence is located in cognitive or motivational
milieu. Motivational theories of intelligence believe in the motivation of the individual to apprehend intelligence
definitions. Finally the point of view of the behavioral theorists is that intelligence is embedded in behavior or
appeared in mental performances that bring about behavior (12).The cultural intelligence has been pointed out
among many international human resource managers: why some people sometimes are without any social skills
in their culture while they are easily adapted with new cultures and other people aren't this, although they have
high interpersonal skills in their culture. Earley and Ang (2003) presented cultural intelligence as a personal
multidimensional and promising trait in response to the need for understanding personal differences in cultural
versatility.Cultural intelligence has many complementing concepts (6). Offerman and Phan (2002) defined
cultural intelligence as an "intelligence environment" or the ability to work effectively in a different
environment with non-similar customs, values and traditions. The cultural intelligence is the ability of a person
to work effectively in an occasions with different culture. Also cultural intelligence provides attitudes about the
capabilities of a person which are different culturally (11).
The concept of cultural intelligence is used by two methods for organizations which are previously
comparable with the word culture. As culture may implicate organizational or national culture, the concept of
cultural intelligence includes familiarity with cultural differences among organizations and also knowing
cultural differences on the basis of national, geographical and ethnic perspectives (8). On the basis of this,
Earley and Mosakowahshi (2005) presented two kinds of cultural intelligence as following:
A. organizational cultural intelligence for corporations
B. ethnic and geographical cultural intelligence for knowing culture of a country
Therefore cultural intelligence includes: 1Familiarity with different behaviors which may have concepts and
themes for various cultures 2.Using appropriate cultural knowledge in time of interaction with other people
3.Ability to move between various cultures.
In this research cultural intelligence has been used for culture differences from ethnic, geographical and national
perspective.
The elements of cultural intelligence
According to Thomas, cultural intelligence has three elements: knowledge, mindfulness and behavioral ability.
1-cultural knowledge: apprehending basic principles of cultural interactions. The first requirement of cultural
intelligence is to know basic principles of intercultural reactions i.e. what's the meaning of culture, how it
changes, how it affects behavior? This definition is compatible partially with explicit knowledge that Earley has
brought about it in processing aspects of CQ that includes contents and process of knowledge.
3. The relationship between cultural intelligence with the…
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Figure 1- dimensions of cultural intelligence from the point of the view of Thomas and Inkson
2- Mindfulness: this word originated from Buddhism and entered by Langer to literature and psychology, and
recently it has been used in intercultural communications (13). mindfulness is the connective line between
knowledge, action and the concept of cultural intelligence is a new one. mindfulness is an extended awareness
and improved mind which is used practically (5).
3. Behavioral ability: it's a main element that indicates the cultural intelligence is an important idea for creating
suitable behaviors is a new cultural position which is based on knowledge and mindfulness. Persons who have
cultural intelligence can compete in a larger cultural arena. This ability of choosing suitable behavior includes
behavior list, intercultural occasions or a behavior out of this arena.
Individual performance
There different definitions for performance and the common thing is the way to do the responsibilities.
In some definitions, the human force performances have been called productivity but it should be noted that
performance in simple form is the collection of occupational behaviors of people. Also we can define the
performance as the set of actions performed by staff for gaining the predetermined objectives of the originations
and includes different indexes like occupational satisfaction, pliability, ability, motivation, effectiveness and
like that (5).
Research hypotheses
The hypotheses of this research have been arranged in one general hypothesis and three special hypotheses:
General hypothesis: there is a relationship between cultural intelligence and individual performance
Special hypotheses:
1-There is relation between cultural knowledge and individual performance of staff.
2-There is relation between mindfulness and individual performance of staff.
3--There is relation between behavioral ability individual performances of staff.
II. METHODOLOGY
The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. It's descriptive as it indicates a picture of the
current position and describes it regularly and clearly. It is analytical as it collects desired data by sampling from
community for discussing distribution traits. The relation between independent variation (cultural intelligence)
and dependant variation (individual performance) discussed which correlation was. The case study of this
research is all of the staff in social security and Welfare Corporation in city of Tehran that according to the
statistics the number of them was 235 in time of research. The sample of this study was calculated using
sampling formula in limited community that we got 125 participants. 150 questionnaire was distributed among
4. The relationship between cultural intelligence with the…
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staff on the possibility that some of the staff may not fill in them that after the examination 129 questionnaire
was given back, 126 ones were usable and analytical.
The device of measuring variations in this study is questionnaire. The structure of the questionnaire
includes three parts part one is related to demography, the first 20 questions are related to cultural intelligence
and the second 20 questions are related to individual performance of the staff. Distribution of questions is based
on research variations have been presented in table 1.
Table1. Distribution of the questions based on the variations
Method of analyzing data
For analyzing data and research tests we used parametric test. Also descriptive data were collected that
their summery has presented I table 2. In this section we infer and analyze data with SPSS software and the
results of the test, component leveling, normality measuring and desirability were presented. Also the results of
the research were compared with other researches.
Table2 the results of general descriptive statistics for the components of the research
Discussing the results of Kolmogorov - Smirnov test
On the basis of the results of this test, all of the research variations are normal and we used average test
of a statistic population for discussing research variation position. These results are similar to research of
Kazemi (1387) as in that all of the variations have reported.
Discussing the results of Pearson correlation test
According to the results of this test, there is relation between cultural intelligence and individual
performance and also between the dimensions of cultural intelligence and individual performance of the staff in
the social security and welfare corporation. As in the present paper the there-factor model of Thomas has been
used for the first time, therefore we cannot easily compare the cultural intelligence elements with similar
researches. Therefore in Kazemi's research (1387) there was a relation between cultural intelligence and social
staff performance and also between the dimensions of cultural intelligence and individual performance of the
staff in the Alalamieh Corporation. In the research of Tie, Tampler and Chan Darsker (2006) the relation
between motivate cultural intelligence and three kinds of adaptibity has been noted. In another research by
Moody the relation between cultural intelligence factors and five traits of test was noted and approved. The
research of Ang et al the relation between cultural intelligence, its measurement and effect on cultural decision
making, cultural adaptability, and occupational performance was approved and it was observed that cognitive
cultural intelligence has a positive and meaningful relation with occupational performance. In the present paper
also it was noted that there is meaningful and positive relation between cultural intelligence and its components
with individual performance of the staff.
5. The relationship between cultural intelligence with the…
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Figure2. The conceptual and correlation model
Discussing the results of ratio or two-dimensional test (the average of a statistical sample)
This test has been used for examining the position of the research variations and the following results
have been obtained: cultural intelligence, mindfulness, behavioral ability and individual performance of the staff
of security and welfare ministry are in desirable conditions but they aren't so from the cultural knowledge
perspective. About the relation between cultural knowledge and individual performance two main variations of
the research there is harmony between the results of the present paper and Kazemi's research (1387).
Discussing the results of Friedman test
The Friedman test was used for leveling of cultural intelligence dimensions. The results of this test
show that the priority of the cultural intelligence is as following: mindfulness, behavioral ability, cultural
knowledge. In Kazemi's research (1387) this leveling is as following: motivate cultural intelligence,
transcognitive cultural intelligence, behavioral cultural intelligence, cognitive cultural intelligence. Having less
amount of information about cultures has brought the cultural intelligence to the lowest levels we can improve
these factors by training.
Table 3 the results of Friedman test leveling
Priority Average score Cultural intelligence elements
1 46/2 mindfulness
2 23/2 Behavioral ability
3 31/1 Cultural intelligence
The results of the ANOVA and T test for variance analysis
In this test some additional data have been collected using descriptive data statistics. There weren't
such tests in the prior researches. The Cultural intelligence of men and women was considered by variance
analysis test. The results indicated that there weren't any difference between Cultural intelligence of men and
women. Also there weren't any difference between men and women from individual performance perspective.
The Cultural intelligence variation was same among people with different educations and it was expected that
their cultural knowledge improves by increasing their cultural knowledge. But the test showed that there was no
difference from Cultural intelligence perspective among different levels of education. The researcher expected
that by increasing education level, the individual performance should be different but the results showed that the
average individual performance wasn't different.
Table 4: The results of the ANOVA AND T test for variance analysis
Test result sig F Hypothesis
Hypothesis
approved
963/0 002/0 The average of cultural intelligence is the same among men and women.
Hypothesis
approved
938/0 006/0 The average of individual performance is the same among men and women.
Hypothesis
approved
646/0 624/0 The average of cultural intelligence is the same among different educational levels
Hypothesis
approved
661/0 603/0 The average of cultural intelligence is the same among different work experiences
Hypothesis
approved
059/0 342/2 The average of individual performance is the same among different educational
levels
Hypothesis
approved
281/0 281/1 The average of individual performance is the same among different educational
levels.
6. The relationship between cultural intelligence with the…
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III. CONCLUSION
The cultural intelligence as new concept in the field of management has come to fore in the recent
decade and has attracted the attention of corporation managers. The complexity of occupational environments
for organizations with respect to the multi-cultural milieus has been risky whether in internal field (mini
cultures) and external fields that requires organization builders' strategy. Study and planning in the intercultural
environments seems essential today. On the other hand because of the necessity and importance of the sources
in the twentieth century, it is inevitable for the organizations to tend to more productivity. Managers try to
design newer methods for increasing organization performance. Therefore it is necessary to consider
intercultural elements in planning for increasing performance. Four factorial theories of Ang and earley in
psychology were applied in this research as it is more practical for researchers. The relation between cultural
intelligence and individual performance of the staff, with the approval the relation, intensity measurement of this
relation, leveling the cultural intelligence elements and measuring the desirabity of these elements in
organizations were studied. The meaningful and positive relationship between cultural intelligence and
individual performance of staff was approved. In leveling the elements of the cultural intelligence we got this
order: mindfulness, behavioral ability and cultural knowledge. The cultural intelligence, mindfulness, behavioral
ability and individual performance were in desirable position but there were research suggestions:
The suggestions based on three hypothesis
As there is meaningful and positive relation between cultural intelligence and individual performance
of the staff and cultural knowledge isn't in a desirable position, we should present strategies for its improvement.
As knowledge is acquisitive, we can improve the knowledge of the staff by short-term or long-term training
periods. In short term periods the skills of special culture are considered and in long term trainings we can focus
on general skills in order that they can overcome intercultural problems. Theses trainings can be studies of other
cultures, language learning, counseling, case studies, reviewing cultural scenarios and offer suitable strategies.
Coalescence of cultural knowledge with organizational trends with learning clubs enables people to interact
with people from other cultures some od these strategies are:
[1] Holding self-knowing tests and measuring rate of culture with respect to your own country
[2] Presenting classes and self-knowing spans and knowing native country and other mini cultures
[3] Participating staff in conferences and country and international seminars.
[4] Making available Medias such as internet etc.
[5] Holding tours for staff in order to become familiar with other mini cultures and bringing about interactive
environment.
[6] Creating a space for interacting experience of people from cultural interactions.
[7] Preparing intra corporation publications on the basis of the required data of staff.
On the basis of the Pierson test, there is meaningful relation between mindfulness and individual
performance. Mindfulness has the highest score among the elements of Friedman test. However we can
improve this element to increase cultural intelligence by designing managerial games effecting on mind. For
example we let a person in a room and let him leave the room after minutes and then we change the decoration a
little and then ask him to detect the change. We can play this game with rewards.
There is meaningful and positive relation between behavioral ability and individual performance of the
staff and the intensity of this relation is. /537 according to Pierson coefficient that indicates the highest
correlational relation among other components. We can use simulated occasions for increasing behavioral
cultural intelligence of people so they encounter with different opportunities and show suitable behaviors. We
can motivate them by presenting external factors (like competition and encouragement). If they believe that
these behaviors with be to their advantage in the future, they will be motived and try them. So designers should
focus on advantages of learning from different cultures.
Suggestions for the results of main hypothesis
As there is meaningful and positive relation between cultural intelligence and individual performance
with amount of /537 Pierson coefficients, we can present strategies for improving staff cultural intelligence and
raising their individual performance:
[1] Continuous interaction in country and international level for becoming familiar with other cultures and mini
cultures
[2] Activities in occupational tasks and teamwork
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[3] Teaching professionals for training staff about new and daily maters
[4] Including the cultural intelligence score in assessing staff performance an important variation
Presenting suggestions for future research
[1] It is suggested other researches study "the relation of cultural intelligence with other variations like staff
personality and customer satisfaction
[2] It is suggested that other researches are performed about the relation of cultural intelligence with
performance in organizations performing in international level.
[3] Performing similar researches in international multicultural corporations
[4] Examining the effective factors on creating and improving cultural intelligence.
[5] It is suggested that other researches are performed about the relation of cultural intelligence with gender,
educational level, occupational experience d other apparent traits comparatively in other corporations.
[6] It is suggested that researches are performed about study of level of cultural intelligence among different
occupational nations with different nationalities.
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