One of the very Intresting presentation which I liked most. Story of this presentation goes like this. Aditya and Nachiket conducted a Science Camp (Vigyan Shibir) at Jnana Prabodhini Prashala, Pune in May 2008. I was asked to make those school children aware of scientific methadology, and rational behind experimentation. I then took example of Great Scientist Niko Tinbergen with his experiments and taking those examples we discussed the importance of 'Controls' and 'Sample Size'. The presentation was more of interactive than detailed informative and lukily students liked a lot.

2. Lets Try to Set Up an experiment to find out its Answer Any Ideas?..............

3. Here is one observation that might help you solving this problem The babies peck at red spot, of their parent’s bill which induces them to regurgitate food for them.

4. Is that answer? NO ……. The question still remains unanswered…….. Rather a new question arises?

5. Now we need to discover whether naïve gull chicks are born with built in preference for long yellow things with yellow spots? Lets put on some wild guesses ……………………..

6. Guesses

7. What Niko Tinbergen Did? Who is this man?.................. He is the scientist who answered this question Not only answered this question but also told us how to solve similar behavioral problems What he did was he planned a brilliant but very simple experiment , Lets see what he did.

8. He offered young chicks a range of DUMMY cardboard gulls head varying in bill spot and color. For each combination , he measured the preferences of baby chicks by counting their pecks in standard time.

9. Wow, then what were results? ........................Conclusion? Then what we have to learn from this? It’s the method he used…… And the pitfalls that u must avoid to get correct results

10. These turn out to be very general Principles which we can apply every where How many chicks should be tested? 1 or 2 or 3…… Off- course more than one…. But why? It could be that some chicks are red biased, Others are blue biased, Or with no tendency in general to share any favorite color.

11. Then how many we should Test? Is Two enough? Or Three will do? Lets see, try some statistics For 2 chicks , There 50% of chance that first chick chooses red spot, And also 50% chance of 2 nd chick choosing red spot randomly. (Even if they r colorblind) This means that 50% chances of both chicks will agree ….. Then 3 chicks? No, similarly there is 25% chance of unanimous verdict (Just by chance)

12. How about 12 Chicks? Now you’re talking . If they r independently offered a choice between two alternatives, The odds that they will reach same verdict by chance will quite low, Only one in 1024

13. Now we have to decide how to test the chicks? Test them as group? Or Individual? Suppose , We tool group of 12 chicks and give them options of pecking red or blue spots, and measured the pecks and (fortunately)? Results were 532 pecks at Red and 0 pecks at blue…. Dose that show that have strong tendency of pecking Red?

14. Absolutely NOT They could have tendency to imitate themselves. As domestic chickens do… The 12 chicks together are strictly equivalent to a single chick, and their summed pecks , however numerous, resembles only one peck by one chick. So all chicks should be tested INDEPENDENTLY

15. Lets try one more question? How do Adult Gulls know that this is egg and is SUPPOSED to be incubated?

16. Tinbergen's four questions He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were: Proximate mechanisms: 1. Causation (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning ? How do behaviour and psyche "function" on the molecular, physiological, neuro-ethological, cognitive and social level, and what do the relations between the levels look like? (compare: Nicolai Hartmann : "The laws about the levels of complexity") 2. Development ( Ontogeny ): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown? Which developmental steps (the ontogenesis follows an "inner plan") and which environmental factors play when / which role? (compare: Recapitulation theory ) Ultimate mechanisms: 3. Evolution ( Phylogeny ): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species , and how might it have arisen through the process of phylogeny? Why did structural associations (behaviour can be seen as a "time space structure") evolve in this manner and not otherwise?* 4. Function ( Adaptation ): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?