The document discusses health inequalities in Hong Kong from a social determinants perspective. It finds that 30-55% of health differences within and across countries are due to social factors like education and income levels. In Hong Kong, life expectancy is the highest globally at 83.2 years for males and 87.9 years for females, but there are also high income inequalities. Health outcomes are unevenly distributed according to socioeconomic position, with those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experiencing less access to healthcare and worse health over time. Frailty among older adults is also a major public health challenge, affecting over 50% of those aged 65+, but can be treated through comprehensive geriatric interventions.
The document discusses aging and its importance to public health in India. It notes that the elderly population in India is growing rapidly and is projected to reach 179 million by 2031 and 301 million by 2051. Traditionally, older Indians have lived with family members who provide care and support, but this is changing as adult children migrate for work and India transitions to a more nuclear family structure. The National Program for Health Care of the Elderly aims to improve access to health services for seniors, but does not adequately address home-based elder care within families.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Financial Burden of Health Services for People with HIV/AIDS in IndiaAr Ahad
This document summarizes a study on the financial burden of HIV/AIDS healthcare costs in India. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) accessing free antiretroviral therapy on the impacts to their households. Key findings included that the long-term costs of HIV care present a significant financial burden. Lower income and increased medical expenses negatively impacted HIV households' asset and savings positions compared to non-HIV households. The major difference was medical expenses for HIV households were around four times higher than for non-HIV households per person per month.
This document provides information about a course on care for the older adult. It discusses the course units which include lectures, clinical rotations, prerequisites, and contact dates. It also outlines 4 modules that will be covered in the course: individual vs aging population; economic implications of population aging; the epidemiologic transition and health implications of aging; and the profile of older Filipinos. The modules will define key concepts, describe demographic trends, and discuss the social, economic, and health impacts of an aging population in the Philippines.
Health related quality of life and multimorbidity in community-dwellingAlfredo Alday
Introduction
Multimorbidity is more common in the elderly population and negatively affects health-related quality of life (QoL). The aims of the study were to report the QoL of users of the Basque telecare public service (BTPS) and to establish its relationship with multimorbidity.
Methods
The EuroQol questionnaire was administered to 1125 users of the service. Their sociodemographic and healthcare characteristics were obtained from BTPS databases and the Basque healthcare service. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the overall questionnaire index to determine the effect of chronic diseases and sociodemographic. Moreover, the effects of the different diseases on specific dimensions of the test were explored by logistic regression.
Results
Of the users interviewed, 82% were women, 88% ≥75 years and 66% lived alone. The average of chronic pathologies was higher among men (5.3 vs. 4.6), for the lower age range and among those not living alone (P < 0.001).>< 0.001).
Conclusions
This study reveals that for the population covered by BTPS the impact of chronic pathologies, multimorbidity and their social context affects QoL very diversely. These diverse social and healthcare needs of community-dwelling elders allow the development and implementation of personalised services, such as telecare that facilitate them to remain at home.
3Understanding ageing in developing and transitional societies, Gloria LangatThe Impact Initiative
The document summarizes research conducted by the Centre for Research on Ageing at the University of Southampton on understanding aging in developing societies. It describes three projects funded by ESRC-DFID that examined issues facing older people in Central Asia, Kenya, and impact of social pensions. The research used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods including secondary data analysis and interviews. Key findings included the role of family support, impact of migration, and importance of social networks and pensions in promoting well-being and resilience among older populations.
The document discusses aging and its importance to public health in India. It notes that the elderly population in India is growing rapidly and is projected to reach 179 million by 2031 and 301 million by 2051. Traditionally, older Indians have lived with family members who provide care and support, but this is changing as adult children migrate for work and India transitions to a more nuclear family structure. The National Program for Health Care of the Elderly aims to improve access to health services for seniors, but does not adequately address home-based elder care within families.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Financial Burden of Health Services for People with HIV/AIDS in IndiaAr Ahad
This document summarizes a study on the financial burden of HIV/AIDS healthcare costs in India. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) accessing free antiretroviral therapy on the impacts to their households. Key findings included that the long-term costs of HIV care present a significant financial burden. Lower income and increased medical expenses negatively impacted HIV households' asset and savings positions compared to non-HIV households. The major difference was medical expenses for HIV households were around four times higher than for non-HIV households per person per month.
This document provides information about a course on care for the older adult. It discusses the course units which include lectures, clinical rotations, prerequisites, and contact dates. It also outlines 4 modules that will be covered in the course: individual vs aging population; economic implications of population aging; the epidemiologic transition and health implications of aging; and the profile of older Filipinos. The modules will define key concepts, describe demographic trends, and discuss the social, economic, and health impacts of an aging population in the Philippines.
Health related quality of life and multimorbidity in community-dwellingAlfredo Alday
Introduction
Multimorbidity is more common in the elderly population and negatively affects health-related quality of life (QoL). The aims of the study were to report the QoL of users of the Basque telecare public service (BTPS) and to establish its relationship with multimorbidity.
Methods
The EuroQol questionnaire was administered to 1125 users of the service. Their sociodemographic and healthcare characteristics were obtained from BTPS databases and the Basque healthcare service. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the overall questionnaire index to determine the effect of chronic diseases and sociodemographic. Moreover, the effects of the different diseases on specific dimensions of the test were explored by logistic regression.
Results
Of the users interviewed, 82% were women, 88% ≥75 years and 66% lived alone. The average of chronic pathologies was higher among men (5.3 vs. 4.6), for the lower age range and among those not living alone (P < 0.001).>< 0.001).
Conclusions
This study reveals that for the population covered by BTPS the impact of chronic pathologies, multimorbidity and their social context affects QoL very diversely. These diverse social and healthcare needs of community-dwelling elders allow the development and implementation of personalised services, such as telecare that facilitate them to remain at home.
3Understanding ageing in developing and transitional societies, Gloria LangatThe Impact Initiative
The document summarizes research conducted by the Centre for Research on Ageing at the University of Southampton on understanding aging in developing societies. It describes three projects funded by ESRC-DFID that examined issues facing older people in Central Asia, Kenya, and impact of social pensions. The research used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods including secondary data analysis and interviews. Key findings included the role of family support, impact of migration, and importance of social networks and pensions in promoting well-being and resilience among older populations.
Paper 3 healthcare status in chittagong city revised 28 janMohammad Haider
The document discusses the healthcare status and challenges faced by urban poor populations in Chittagong City, Bangladesh. It finds that overall healthcare access is moderate to very poor, especially in Sandwip Colony, due to a lack of public healthcare services and facilities like community hospitals and clinics. Establishing more accessible community healthcare facilities that provide free treatment and specialist doctors could help address issues around maternal, child, and general healthcare access for the urban poor. Further policy reforms and structural improvements are still needed to strengthen urban poor populations' access to essential healthcare services in Chittagong City.
The Role of Social Protection in Addressing Negative Coping Strategies: Focus...The Transfer Project
“What is the role of social protection in addressing and reducing negative coping strategies with a focus on HIV?.” EPRI DIASPS Global Webinar on HIV-Sensitive and epi-Smart Social Protection: Leaving no one behind. Convened by Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI) for course on “Designing and Implementing Adaptive Social Protection Systems.” March 24, 2022.
The defence of teaching philosophy as the noble discipline to the teachersAkashSharma618775
As students of philosophy there has always been a wonder about what the work of philosophers is and
what do they teach their students. The wonder of this nature becomes manifest when one has to become one of the
philosophers himself. Having heard it as a saying that “to err is human”, it then becomes inevitable to wonder
humans are really what they perceive themselves as or something else. One of the crucial things to note is that if
humans get deceived in the perception of themselves then all what they engage in will not be authentically of
service to humanity. This speaks to the issue of the way in which human interactions are guided by their will or, if
true, something in a form of a supernatural being outside themselves. Exploring such mindboggling issues around
human existence might guide a philosopher of education to understand what really makes a person be, and at what
point do philosophical teachings make guided students. In most cases students want to receive fair and just
education. But without teachings of critical thinking that philosophers of education emphasize, teachers will
always delve into matters of morality and forget the thought aspect that forms the basis of teaching itself. Although
morality in any form of education is paramount, but it is most important to at least know the fundamental
underpinnings of that morality. When teachers do not study philosophy their understanding of the applied
curriculum remains shallow and proper application of it might be hindered. Without saying that morality
education and curriculum knowledge is non-profiting, the argument here is that it is always most beneficial to
know the foundations of those things from their philosophical beginnings. It is in that backdrop that usage of
analytic theoretical framework will be employed in this paper to explore errors and other accurate uncertainties
that make life and its experiences almost certain
SDH and Basic Measurments in Epid.22 (1).pdfRiyadu
Social determinants of health are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. These factors include the physical environment, social and economic conditions, and health behaviors. They account for a significant degree of variability in how long and how well people live. Key social determinants include access to healthcare, income/socioeconomic status, education, physical environment, social support systems, employment status, and community safety. Addressing social determinants through multisectoral policies and interventions can help reduce health inequalities within and between countries.
Public Attitudes toward Income Redistribution in Hong Kong April 2023.pptxstellayinying
The drivers of public support for redistributive policy have stimulated academic debate around the world. The majority of studies use cross-country surveys conducted in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries to contribute to the debate on whether self-interest or social values have more influence on public attitudes towards redistribution. Drawing on a phone survey conducted in 2013, this study advances the discussion by investigating public attitudes towards redistribution and social policy changes against the backdrop of buoyant government revenues in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong welfare model, best seen as a parallel to the liberal welfare state, is selective and residual. Contrary to the usual assumption, the social values hypothesis, viewing poverty as societal problems instead of individual reasons, has been supported in the Hong Kong context. It lends support to greater redistribution in a residual welfare state. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
A keynote talk I gave at the Opening Doors Annual Conference on the challenges and opportunities for the future for tackling issues affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans older people in England.
Looking Forward, Looking Back - presentation on Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual ...Dr Justin Varney
A presentation in June 2018 at the Opening Doors Conference. The presentation covers some of the issues and challenges for older LGBT people and some of the opportunities looking to the future.
An additional year of schooling is associated with a 0.107 higher probability of not having a chronic illness for adults in Mongolia. For males it's 0.114 and for females it's 0.100. A mother's additional year of schooling increases the probability her child does not have health complaints by 0.031. However, a father's schooling has no impact on a child's health. While education is linked to better health outcomes, the causal mechanisms are still being investigated.
Barry Fong, Principal Social Policy Analyst at the Greater London Authority (GLA) will take us through the Survey of Londoners 2021-22. Conducted at the end of 2021, so just before the full effects of the cost-of-living crisis began to set in, it was commissioned to provide vital evidence on key social outcomes for Londoners, following the onset of COVID-19 and associated restrictions.
A similar survey was conducted in 2018-19, so this survey would show how things had changed in the capital since then.
Barry will go through some of the key findings from the survey before handing over to Michael Cheetham and Ellen Bloomer from the North East London Integrated Care Board, who collaborated with local authority partners to fund a sample boost for the survey within North East London. They will explain how they used the data, including the analyses, the results and how this impacted strategy and practice.
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, 2016: Emerging market populations have never been younger and may never be larger.
Over one billion young people (aged between 10 and 24) live in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and smaller emerging markets. India has over 700 million and China more than 500 million people under 30. This offers huge potential to harness their energy and creativity by engaging them in productive activities.
Participants in the symposium on Young People and the Future of Emerging Markets concluded that governments’ failure to understand the mind sets of young people, master intergenerational communications and take measures to preserve the planet for future generations is extremely short sighted.
The Emerging Markets Symposium brought together over 50 international experts and graduate students from 20 emerging market and high income countries. Hosted by Green Templeton College on 7-10 January, the symposium was designed to ensure its conclusions were grounded in the insights and priorities of young people.
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfFULYAENAYAVCI
1) Using data from 57 countries, the study classified individuals into three categories of ageist attitudes - low, moderate, and high. 44% of individuals were classified as having low ageist attitudes, 32% moderate, and 24% high.
2) Individuals in low- and middle-income countries were more likely to have high ageist attitudes, while individuals in high-income countries were more likely to have low ageist attitudes.
3) The study also classified countries into three categories based on aggregated individual responses - highly ageist, moderately ageist, and minimally ageist. 34 of the 57 countries were classified as moderately or highly ageist.
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
Abstract—Obesity is the major global nutrition concern. Modernisation and urbanisation have led to changes in dietary and lifestyle factors which are contributing to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Objective: To find out various life style risk factors for obesity among school children of affluent families aged 10-18 years in Jaipur city.
Methods: A cross-sectional study in ten randomly selected schools of Jaipur city with tuition fee > 18000 ₹/year was conducted from July 2012 to April 2013. 1610 students of class V to XII were included and their detailed life style history with anthropometric measurements was recorded after their informed written consent. Indian Academy of Pediatrics' growth Monitoring Guidelines for children from birth to 18 years was followed for defining and classifying obesity.
Result: 364 (22.61%) participants were found obese/overweight. Watching television during meals, frequency of main meals outside home per month, frequency of snacks outside home per week and duration of television/ computer watching per day were found significant predictors of overweight/ obesity on binary multivariate logistic regression method.
Conclusion: The present study highlights childhood overweight/obesity is an emerging health problem (22.61%) and lifestyle factors are important risk for it.
This document discusses Martha Tovar's analysis of the treatment of social transfers in kind in Mexico's household sector. It summarizes her steps in allocating national accounts totals for social transfers in kind (STiK), like education and healthcare services, to household income quintiles using microdata. STiK averages 5.4% of Mexico's GDP annually from 2003-2012. Tovar matches household survey data on education participation and healthcare use to administrative records to distribute STiK for each service across quintiles. Her analysis finds higher STiK per capita for education and healthcare goes to higher income households.
This document discusses public health concerns of the elderly population in Nepal. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and gerontology. It then provides an overview of health problems commonly experienced by elderly populations, including problems related to the aging process, long-term illnesses, and psychological/social issues. Statistics on Nepal's elderly population are presented, showing it is growing rapidly. The document also discusses policies and programs in place in Nepal to support elderly citizens and identifies ongoing challenges and areas for improvement in healthcare for this population.
WEBINAR: Aspirations, trust, and poverty reductionIFPRI-PIM
What are aspirations, why do they matter, and how are they formed? How can they be affected by development interventions, or by negative shocks—which the poor frequently face? And how are aspirations and trust in government linked? What can policymakers do to blunt the negative psychological effects of poverty and shocks, and to more broadly bolster aspirations and trust? In this PIM webinar on December 19, 2018 Dr. Katrina Kosec (IFPRI) shared recent novel findings with examples from case studies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
More: http://bit.ly/AspirationsWebinar
Paper 3 healthcare status in chittagong city revised 28 janMohammad Haider
The document discusses the healthcare status and challenges faced by urban poor populations in Chittagong City, Bangladesh. It finds that overall healthcare access is moderate to very poor, especially in Sandwip Colony, due to a lack of public healthcare services and facilities like community hospitals and clinics. Establishing more accessible community healthcare facilities that provide free treatment and specialist doctors could help address issues around maternal, child, and general healthcare access for the urban poor. Further policy reforms and structural improvements are still needed to strengthen urban poor populations' access to essential healthcare services in Chittagong City.
The Role of Social Protection in Addressing Negative Coping Strategies: Focus...The Transfer Project
“What is the role of social protection in addressing and reducing negative coping strategies with a focus on HIV?.” EPRI DIASPS Global Webinar on HIV-Sensitive and epi-Smart Social Protection: Leaving no one behind. Convened by Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI) for course on “Designing and Implementing Adaptive Social Protection Systems.” March 24, 2022.
The defence of teaching philosophy as the noble discipline to the teachersAkashSharma618775
As students of philosophy there has always been a wonder about what the work of philosophers is and
what do they teach their students. The wonder of this nature becomes manifest when one has to become one of the
philosophers himself. Having heard it as a saying that “to err is human”, it then becomes inevitable to wonder
humans are really what they perceive themselves as or something else. One of the crucial things to note is that if
humans get deceived in the perception of themselves then all what they engage in will not be authentically of
service to humanity. This speaks to the issue of the way in which human interactions are guided by their will or, if
true, something in a form of a supernatural being outside themselves. Exploring such mindboggling issues around
human existence might guide a philosopher of education to understand what really makes a person be, and at what
point do philosophical teachings make guided students. In most cases students want to receive fair and just
education. But without teachings of critical thinking that philosophers of education emphasize, teachers will
always delve into matters of morality and forget the thought aspect that forms the basis of teaching itself. Although
morality in any form of education is paramount, but it is most important to at least know the fundamental
underpinnings of that morality. When teachers do not study philosophy their understanding of the applied
curriculum remains shallow and proper application of it might be hindered. Without saying that morality
education and curriculum knowledge is non-profiting, the argument here is that it is always most beneficial to
know the foundations of those things from their philosophical beginnings. It is in that backdrop that usage of
analytic theoretical framework will be employed in this paper to explore errors and other accurate uncertainties
that make life and its experiences almost certain
SDH and Basic Measurments in Epid.22 (1).pdfRiyadu
Social determinants of health are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. These factors include the physical environment, social and economic conditions, and health behaviors. They account for a significant degree of variability in how long and how well people live. Key social determinants include access to healthcare, income/socioeconomic status, education, physical environment, social support systems, employment status, and community safety. Addressing social determinants through multisectoral policies and interventions can help reduce health inequalities within and between countries.
Public Attitudes toward Income Redistribution in Hong Kong April 2023.pptxstellayinying
The drivers of public support for redistributive policy have stimulated academic debate around the world. The majority of studies use cross-country surveys conducted in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries to contribute to the debate on whether self-interest or social values have more influence on public attitudes towards redistribution. Drawing on a phone survey conducted in 2013, this study advances the discussion by investigating public attitudes towards redistribution and social policy changes against the backdrop of buoyant government revenues in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong welfare model, best seen as a parallel to the liberal welfare state, is selective and residual. Contrary to the usual assumption, the social values hypothesis, viewing poverty as societal problems instead of individual reasons, has been supported in the Hong Kong context. It lends support to greater redistribution in a residual welfare state. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
A keynote talk I gave at the Opening Doors Annual Conference on the challenges and opportunities for the future for tackling issues affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans older people in England.
Looking Forward, Looking Back - presentation on Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual ...Dr Justin Varney
A presentation in June 2018 at the Opening Doors Conference. The presentation covers some of the issues and challenges for older LGBT people and some of the opportunities looking to the future.
An additional year of schooling is associated with a 0.107 higher probability of not having a chronic illness for adults in Mongolia. For males it's 0.114 and for females it's 0.100. A mother's additional year of schooling increases the probability her child does not have health complaints by 0.031. However, a father's schooling has no impact on a child's health. While education is linked to better health outcomes, the causal mechanisms are still being investigated.
Barry Fong, Principal Social Policy Analyst at the Greater London Authority (GLA) will take us through the Survey of Londoners 2021-22. Conducted at the end of 2021, so just before the full effects of the cost-of-living crisis began to set in, it was commissioned to provide vital evidence on key social outcomes for Londoners, following the onset of COVID-19 and associated restrictions.
A similar survey was conducted in 2018-19, so this survey would show how things had changed in the capital since then.
Barry will go through some of the key findings from the survey before handing over to Michael Cheetham and Ellen Bloomer from the North East London Integrated Care Board, who collaborated with local authority partners to fund a sample boost for the survey within North East London. They will explain how they used the data, including the analyses, the results and how this impacted strategy and practice.
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, 2016: Emerging market populations have never been younger and may never be larger.
Over one billion young people (aged between 10 and 24) live in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and smaller emerging markets. India has over 700 million and China more than 500 million people under 30. This offers huge potential to harness their energy and creativity by engaging them in productive activities.
Participants in the symposium on Young People and the Future of Emerging Markets concluded that governments’ failure to understand the mind sets of young people, master intergenerational communications and take measures to preserve the planet for future generations is extremely short sighted.
The Emerging Markets Symposium brought together over 50 international experts and graduate students from 20 emerging market and high income countries. Hosted by Green Templeton College on 7-10 January, the symposium was designed to ensure its conclusions were grounded in the insights and priorities of young people.
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfFULYAENAYAVCI
1) Using data from 57 countries, the study classified individuals into three categories of ageist attitudes - low, moderate, and high. 44% of individuals were classified as having low ageist attitudes, 32% moderate, and 24% high.
2) Individuals in low- and middle-income countries were more likely to have high ageist attitudes, while individuals in high-income countries were more likely to have low ageist attitudes.
3) The study also classified countries into three categories based on aggregated individual responses - highly ageist, moderately ageist, and minimally ageist. 34 of the 57 countries were classified as moderately or highly ageist.
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
Abstract—Obesity is the major global nutrition concern. Modernisation and urbanisation have led to changes in dietary and lifestyle factors which are contributing to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Objective: To find out various life style risk factors for obesity among school children of affluent families aged 10-18 years in Jaipur city.
Methods: A cross-sectional study in ten randomly selected schools of Jaipur city with tuition fee > 18000 ₹/year was conducted from July 2012 to April 2013. 1610 students of class V to XII were included and their detailed life style history with anthropometric measurements was recorded after their informed written consent. Indian Academy of Pediatrics' growth Monitoring Guidelines for children from birth to 18 years was followed for defining and classifying obesity.
Result: 364 (22.61%) participants were found obese/overweight. Watching television during meals, frequency of main meals outside home per month, frequency of snacks outside home per week and duration of television/ computer watching per day were found significant predictors of overweight/ obesity on binary multivariate logistic regression method.
Conclusion: The present study highlights childhood overweight/obesity is an emerging health problem (22.61%) and lifestyle factors are important risk for it.
This document discusses Martha Tovar's analysis of the treatment of social transfers in kind in Mexico's household sector. It summarizes her steps in allocating national accounts totals for social transfers in kind (STiK), like education and healthcare services, to household income quintiles using microdata. STiK averages 5.4% of Mexico's GDP annually from 2003-2012. Tovar matches household survey data on education participation and healthcare use to administrative records to distribute STiK for each service across quintiles. Her analysis finds higher STiK per capita for education and healthcare goes to higher income households.
This document discusses public health concerns of the elderly population in Nepal. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and gerontology. It then provides an overview of health problems commonly experienced by elderly populations, including problems related to the aging process, long-term illnesses, and psychological/social issues. Statistics on Nepal's elderly population are presented, showing it is growing rapidly. The document also discusses policies and programs in place in Nepal to support elderly citizens and identifies ongoing challenges and areas for improvement in healthcare for this population.
WEBINAR: Aspirations, trust, and poverty reductionIFPRI-PIM
What are aspirations, why do they matter, and how are they formed? How can they be affected by development interventions, or by negative shocks—which the poor frequently face? And how are aspirations and trust in government linked? What can policymakers do to blunt the negative psychological effects of poverty and shocks, and to more broadly bolster aspirations and trust? In this PIM webinar on December 19, 2018 Dr. Katrina Kosec (IFPRI) shared recent novel findings with examples from case studies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
More: http://bit.ly/AspirationsWebinar
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
Guest Lecutre Note
1. Health Determinants and Inequalities
Richard Lee
Institute of Ageing and Institute of Health Equity
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
2. Outline
• Is health a matter of choice of individual lifestyle only?
• Why is there health inequalities in Hong Kong?
• For ageing society in Hong Kong, what is the situation of
older people?
3. “Why treat people and send them back to the
conditions that made them sick?”
5. According to the World Health
Organization, 30-55% of the differences
in health outcomes within and across
countries are down to a collective of
wider social factors
5
6. Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. 1991. Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health.
Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Futures Studies.
6
12. The context of Hong Kong
• Longest life expectancy
• 83.2 years (males) and 87.9 years (females) in 2021
• Rapidly ageing society with increasing dependency ratio
• Highest income inequality
• Gini coefficients (0.539 (pre-intervention); 0.473 (post-intervention))
• Public-private dual-track healthcare system
• Primary care largely provided by the private sector
16. Life Course approach on Health Inequality
Source: Marmot M, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Boyce T, McNeish D, Grady M (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review. s.l. : Institute of Health Equity.
17. Inequalities in Early Childhood Development
Source: Ip P, Rao N, Bacon-Shone J et al (2016) Socioeconomic gradients in school readiness of Chinese preschool children: The mediating role of family processes
and kindergarten quality.
Association between SES and school readiness in children aged 5–6 years, Early Development
Instrument scores in five developmental domains, Hong Kong, 2016
The Early Development
Instrument (EDI) assesses
children’s readiness for
school through teacher
ratings of five
developmental domains:
• physical health and
wellbeing
• social competence
• emotional maturity
• language and cognitive
development
• communication and
general knowledge
18. Inequalities in Educational Attainment
Source: OECDiLibrary (2018). PISA Results. Volume II: Where All Students Can Succeed. Annex B1. Results for countries and economies
Mean performance in reading, by socioeconomic status (ESCS), Hong Kong and selected countries, 2018
• ESCS: comprises students’ reports
on parental occupation, highest
level of parental education, an
index of home possessions
related to family wealth, home
educational resources, and
possessions related to ‘classical’
culture in the family home.
• students with high ESCS
outperformed low ESCS peers by
59 points in reading, indicating
clear inequalities in educational
attainment
• Analysis of previous PISA cycles
suggested certain degree of
socioeconomic and academic
segregation in Hong Kong
• During 2002–2012, social
segregation (based on the
student’s SEP) was higher in HK’s
schools than in Macau, Taiwan
and Shanghai, which could be
related to the policies of Direct
Subsidy Scheme and English as
Medium of Instruction.
19. Inequalities in Self-rated Health of Students
Source: Hong Kong survey results of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2020 Main Study, Hong Kong Centre for International Student Assessment
Self-rated health of students, Hong Kong and Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey,
average of 45 countries, 2020
• Only about 18 percent of students
were very satisfied with their
current life, a much lower figure
than the HBSC average
percentage of 36 percent.
• Hong Kong students’ life
satisfaction and self-rated health
decreased with age among the
surveyed adolescents (who were
aged 11, 13 and 15), while
physical and psychological
symptoms of ill-health increased.
• The higher the family’s SES, the
higher the student’s life
satisfaction and self-rated health
20. Inequalities in Income, Education and Occupation
Source: C&SD
Median hourly wages by educational attainment, Hong Kong, 2009-21
• Difference in earnings between
workers with tertiary education
and those with only primary level
education remained largely
constant over this period, with
the former earning around twice
as much as the latter
• The earnings ratio by education
between the highest and lowest
earners was highest in the years
immediately after the global
financial crisis, reaching a
threefold difference between
both groups in 2010
21. Inequalities in Income, Education and Occupation
Source: C&SD
Unemployment rate by previous occupation
• Vulnerability to unemployment is
unevenly distributed among
different occupational groups
• Craft and related workers are the
most vulnerable in times of crisis
• During COVID, low-skilled service
and sales workers experienced a
big rise in unemployment, in
particular in retail,
accommodation and food services
and construction industry
22. Source: C&SD
Percent of workers working 40 and over and workers in Low Paying Sectors (LPS), by hours worked
• LPS comprise: i) retail, ii) food and
beverage services, iii) estate
management, security and
cleaning services and iv)
miscellaneous activities (e.g.,
elderly homes, local courier
services, food processing and
production)
• Workers in LPS are more exposed
to long working hours than
workers in general
• In 2021, 80% of LPS sector
workers worked 40 hours a week
or more (75% for all workers) ,
17.6% working 60 hours+ (7%)
and 4.9% working 72+ hours
Inequalities in Income, Education and Occupation
23. Inequalities and impact on wellbeing of older people
Source: Primary Healthcare Blueprint. Health Bureau
• People from lower
socioeconomic position
experience less access and
worse care over time than
those from more privileged
backgrounds, although they
experience a higher burden of
multimorbidity
• It will widen the already
existing inequalities in people
living with chronic diseases
24. Psychosocial well-being of older people
Results based on four cross-sectional population-wide surveys
on older people aged 60+ in Hong Kong from 2017 to 2020:-
❖ Regression analyses suggested:
❖ Increases in psychological distress from 2017 to
2020
❖ Decreases in life satisfaction from 2017 to 2020
❖ Unclear changes in loneliness (p = .235)
❖ Moderation analyses suggested that across the years,
more prominent increases in psychological distress
among those with higher education attainment (p for
interaction = .048)
❖ Tertiary education vs no formal education: +22%
❖ Senior secondary vs no formal education: +23%
25. Source: Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Suicide rate and rate ratio by area quantiles
Source: Hsu C-Y, Chang S-S, Lee EST (2015) Geography of suicide in Hong Kong: Spatial
patterning, and socioeconomic correlates and inequalities. Social Science & Medicine
(130):190-203
Rate ratios measure the relative likelihood of suicide for different income levels compared
to quintile 1 ( the least deprived quintile). The higher the rate, the higher the likelihood of
suicide.
Area quintiles are based on a deprivation index based on 14 socioeconomic characteristics
of 1639 large street blocks (LSB) in Hong Kong using data from 2006 Census
Inequalities and impact on wellbeing of older people
27. Who will more likely be your clients?
• There are inequalities of different social groups using
healthcare services, e.g., ethnicity, gender, patients on
certain diseases
• However, older adults are major users of public hospital
services.
28. 2
• Average annual increase
rate of the population
aged 65 and over – 4.0%
from 2021 to 2030
• Population aged 65 +
increase from 1.5 million
(20% of total
population) in 2021 to
2.52 million (31%) in
2039
• Proportion of old-old
(aged 80 and over)
increase from 0.4 million
(5%) in 2021 to 0.93
million (11.5%) in 2039
Features of Ageing Population in Hong Kong
29. Who will more likely be your clients?
• Older adults aged 65+ account for 62% of general outpatients
attendance, 56% of specialist outpatients attendance, 50% of
patient bed days, and 89% of community nursing service.
• However, we should also note that part of the driver of the use of
hospital in patient services is proximity to death rather than age per
se.
Yeoh, E. K., & Lai, H. Y. A. (2016). An Investment for the Celebration of Aging. Our Hong Kong Foundation Report.
Woo, J., Goggins, W., Zhang, X., Griffiths, S., & Wong, V. (2010). Aging and utilization of hospital services in Hong Kong: retrospective cohort
study. Int J Public Health, 55(3), 201-207
30. Who will more likely be your clients?
Average number of A&E visits during the last year of life, by CSSA status (2004-2014)
With increase in life expectancy to
90 years, the number of people in
hospital around 80+ years old will
also increase.
There is no inequality in access to
hospital services since these are
free for those who are receiving
CSSA. In fact those who are on CSSA
use services slightly more
frequently.
Chung, R. Y., Lai, D. C. K., Hui, A. Y., Chau, P. Y., Wong, E. L., Yeoh, E. K., & Woo, J. (2021). Healthcare inequalities in emergency visits and
hospitalisation at the end of life: a study of 395 019 public hospital records. BMJ Support Palliat Care.
32. Apart from disease, what else?
Chewing difficulties
Poor hearing
Poor vision
Frailty
Sarcopenia
Memory complaints
Poor self-rated health
No meaning in life
Problems with IADL
Problems with finance
Polypharmacy
Incontinence
34. Fried L, et al. J Gerontol Medical Sciences 2001;56A(3):M146-M156
Kelaiditi E, et al. J Nutr Health Aging 2013;17(9):726-34
What is frailty?
• Clinically recognized state of increased vulnerability
• Results from ageing associated with a decline in the body’s
physical and psychological reserves
• Subdivided into physical and cognitive frailty
• Sarcopenia
• Cognitive impairment (dementia / mild cognitive impairment)
35. How is frailty distributed in HK?
•One study of 816 people aged 65 or over living in the
community in Hong Kong found that:
•prevalence of frailty: 52.4%
•prevalence of pre-frailty: 12.5%
•Prevalence of frailty increased with age
•5.1% for those aged 65–69 years
•16.8% for those 75 and over
•higher for women than men (13.9% vs 4.2%)
36. People will live longer but could
be more dependent
Source:
Yu et al. Age and Ageing 2018; 47(2): 254-261
37. Is frailty treatable?
• Yes!
• Frailty is not an inevitable part of ageing
• Physical frailty (sarcopenia) is reversible
Recognition of
Frailty
(Screening)
辨認衰老狀況
(篩查)
Comprehensive
Geriatric
Assessment
全面性
老年健康評估
Individualized
care and
training /
intervention
個人化的介入治療
、訓練及護理服務
Yu R et al. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14(suppl1):15-28
Lee J et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15(4):281-6
What can we do?