This report summarizes the author's 4-week internship at the Geological Survey Department in Accra, Ghana. The internship exposed them to several divisions within the department, including the Ceramics and Clay Mineralogy Division, X-Ray Fluorescent Laboratory, Museum, Mineral Laboratory, and Geophysics Division. In the Ceramics Division, the author learned how clays are classified and tested, including through brick and modulus of rapture tests. The X-Ray Fluorescent Laboratory determines the composition of elements in rock samples. The Museum houses exhibits on Ghana's geological history and economic resources.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It works by passing a mixture through a stationary phase that separates out the different molecules. There are several types of chromatography including liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and paper chromatography. Chromatography can be used in forensic science to analyze inks, dyes, drugs, and other chemical substances. It allows unknown samples to be identified by comparing how their components separate to known standards. Hands-on student experiments are described using paper chromatography to separate markers and identify mystery ink samples.
assignment on thin layer chromatography Faruk Hossen
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a common form of liquid chromatography that uses a thin layer of adsorbent material, like silica gel, coated onto a flat surface. To perform TLC, a sample is applied to the plate and then placed into a developing chamber containing a mobile phase solvent. As the solvent moves up the plate, it carries the different components of the sample at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, separating them into individual spots. The separated components can then be analyzed and identified based on their retention factor values and visualization methods like ultraviolet light. TLC is widely used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis
Column chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of chemical compounds based on how they interact with a stationary and mobile phase. The stationary phase is typically a solid adsorbent packed into a glass column, while the mobile phase is a liquid that passes through the column. Compounds separate as they move through the column at different rates depending on their relative affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. Fractions are collected as compounds elute from the column and can be analyzed by thin layer chromatography to identify the purified compounds. Column chromatography is useful for preparative separations and purification of synthetic or natural products.
Column chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures. It uses a column packed with a stationary phase, which can be a solid or liquid. The mixture is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed through the column. Components are separated based on their differing interactions with the stationary phase. Selection of the proper stationary and mobile phases is important for successful separation. Column chromatography is useful for purifying compounds and isolating metabolites.
1. Thin layer chromatography is a simple and inexpensive technique used to separate mixtures and test purity by partitioning components between a stationary and mobile phase.
2. In TLC, a mixture is spotted on a plate coated with adsorbent like silica gel and developed with a mobile phase. Components separate based on differing interactions with the phases, with more strongly adsorbed components traveling slower.
3. A case study describes extracting ranitidine from autopsy samples and identifying it using TLC, with methanol-ammonia as the mobile phase and a visualizing reagent. The ranitidine Rf value matched standards, confirming the drug was administered.
assignment on thin layer chromatography Faruk Hossen
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures and identify compounds. It involves applying a sample to a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated on a plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a mobile phase liquid. Each component in the sample travels differently through the stationary phase based on how strongly it interacts with the adsorbent material and mobile phase. The distance each compound travels allows it to be identified or quantified using its retention factor. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive analytical technique used in research, purity testing, and separation of organic compounds.
Gel chromatography, also known as gel permeation chromatography or size exclusion chromatography, separates molecules based on their size. It uses columns packed with porous beads that allow small molecules to enter the pores while excluding larger ones, resulting in smaller molecules traveling slower through the column. It is commonly used to determine the molecular weight distributions of polymers.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into their individual components. It was first discovered in 1906 by Russian biologist Mikhail Tswett and involves passing a mixture through a chromatography column containing a stationary phase. The document discusses various applications of chromatography including using it in the pharmaceutical industry to analyze drug compositions, in hospitals to detect substances in blood, and in environmental testing to identify pollutants. Column chromatography specifically can be used for analytical purposes like separating isomers and diastereomers or purifying compounds for use in manufacturing.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It works by passing a mixture through a stationary phase that separates out the different molecules. There are several types of chromatography including liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and paper chromatography. Chromatography can be used in forensic science to analyze inks, dyes, drugs, and other chemical substances. It allows unknown samples to be identified by comparing how their components separate to known standards. Hands-on student experiments are described using paper chromatography to separate markers and identify mystery ink samples.
assignment on thin layer chromatography Faruk Hossen
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a common form of liquid chromatography that uses a thin layer of adsorbent material, like silica gel, coated onto a flat surface. To perform TLC, a sample is applied to the plate and then placed into a developing chamber containing a mobile phase solvent. As the solvent moves up the plate, it carries the different components of the sample at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, separating them into individual spots. The separated components can then be analyzed and identified based on their retention factor values and visualization methods like ultraviolet light. TLC is widely used in applications like pharmaceutical analysis
Column chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of chemical compounds based on how they interact with a stationary and mobile phase. The stationary phase is typically a solid adsorbent packed into a glass column, while the mobile phase is a liquid that passes through the column. Compounds separate as they move through the column at different rates depending on their relative affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. Fractions are collected as compounds elute from the column and can be analyzed by thin layer chromatography to identify the purified compounds. Column chromatography is useful for preparative separations and purification of synthetic or natural products.
Column chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures. It uses a column packed with a stationary phase, which can be a solid or liquid. The mixture is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed through the column. Components are separated based on their differing interactions with the stationary phase. Selection of the proper stationary and mobile phases is important for successful separation. Column chromatography is useful for purifying compounds and isolating metabolites.
1. Thin layer chromatography is a simple and inexpensive technique used to separate mixtures and test purity by partitioning components between a stationary and mobile phase.
2. In TLC, a mixture is spotted on a plate coated with adsorbent like silica gel and developed with a mobile phase. Components separate based on differing interactions with the phases, with more strongly adsorbed components traveling slower.
3. A case study describes extracting ranitidine from autopsy samples and identifying it using TLC, with methanol-ammonia as the mobile phase and a visualizing reagent. The ranitidine Rf value matched standards, confirming the drug was administered.
assignment on thin layer chromatography Faruk Hossen
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures and identify compounds. It involves applying a sample to a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated on a plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a mobile phase liquid. Each component in the sample travels differently through the stationary phase based on how strongly it interacts with the adsorbent material and mobile phase. The distance each compound travels allows it to be identified or quantified using its retention factor. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive analytical technique used in research, purity testing, and separation of organic compounds.
Gel chromatography, also known as gel permeation chromatography or size exclusion chromatography, separates molecules based on their size. It uses columns packed with porous beads that allow small molecules to enter the pores while excluding larger ones, resulting in smaller molecules traveling slower through the column. It is commonly used to determine the molecular weight distributions of polymers.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into their individual components. It was first discovered in 1906 by Russian biologist Mikhail Tswett and involves passing a mixture through a chromatography column containing a stationary phase. The document discusses various applications of chromatography including using it in the pharmaceutical industry to analyze drug compositions, in hospitals to detect substances in blood, and in environmental testing to identify pollutants. Column chromatography specifically can be used for analytical purposes like separating isomers and diastereomers or purifying compounds for use in manufacturing.
introduction, history, principle, experimental techniques, evaluation on chromatogram, adv. & dis-adv., common problems, comparision, applications and analysis of drugs through TLC(2000-2017)
This document discusses the properties and classification of dental impression materials. It focuses on alginate impression materials as an example. Alginate materials are supplied as powders that are mixed with water to form an aqueous sol. Calcium ions from gypsum cross-link the alginate chains to form a gel during setting. Sodium phosphate is added to extend the setting time by reacting with calcium ions. For accurate impressions, materials should have low viscosity when inserted and minimal thermal and dimensional contraction during and after setting. The impression must also retain adequate elasticity and rigidity for removal from the mouth. Alginates have poor dimensional stability due to syneresis and water absorption over time so casts should be made as soon as
This document summarizes an experiment using paper chromatography to analyze ink samples from four pens (A, B, C, D) and compare them to a sample from a ransom note to determine which pen was used. Paper chromatography works by separating the components in a mixture based on how strongly they interact with the stationary phase (paper) versus the mobile phase (water). Components that interact more strongly with water will travel farther up the paper. By comparing the ink patterns from the pens to the sample from the note, the pen used can be identified.
1. This document describes an experiment to test mud weight and density. The aim is to understand how to use a mud balance apparatus and how density changes when barite is added to water.
2. The procedure involves calibrating the mud balance with water, mixing bentonite mud, measuring its density, adding barite, and remeasuring density. Calculations are shown for determining mud component volumes and weights.
3. Results found the initial bentonite mud density was incorrect due to poor mixing. Adding barite increased density as expected to control hydrostatic pressure and prevent fluid influx from formations. Limitations like dirty equipment and inexperienced users could impact results.
Impression materials for complete denture/certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. The experiment aimed to prepare a mud with a known density and then increase its density by adding barite. Barite has a high specific gravity of 4.2, which allows mud density to be increased up to 21 pounds per gallon.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to form a mud, then weighing and adding barite while stirring. The mud balance measured the initial and final mud densities.
3. Barite is the most common weighting agent due to its ability to significantly increase mud density up to 21 ppg, control formation pressures, and stability. It is also inert, readily available, and not classified as hazardous.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on how compounds partition between a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase solvent. Compounds separate based on their affinity for the stationary or mobile phase, appearing as spots on the plate. TLC allows for rapid separation and identification of compounds in a mixture through visualization and calculation of Rf values.
Adsorption chromatography is an older chromatography technique that uses a solid stationary phase and either a liquid or gaseous mobile phase. The mixture separates as compounds adsorb to the porous adsorbent at different rates while passing through. Common adsorbents include silica gels and cellulose. The stationary phase is the adsorbent and the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas. Separation occurs through differential interaction of compounds with the adsorbent.
Quality control for rubber closures & secondary materialkavita bahmani
This document outlines various tests that are conducted on rubber closures and secondary packaging materials like paper and board. It describes the preparation of a solution for rubber closures and then lists different tests like sterility testing, fragmentation testing, self-seal ability, pH testing, light absorption testing, and residue on evaporation. It also provides an overview of 20 different tests that are performed on secondary packaging materials to analyze properties like moisture content, density, tensile strength, tear strength, puncture resistance, stiffness, water absorbency, rub resistance, pH, roughness, brightness, wet burst strength, and more.
Kenyatta university biochem 1 st pract report.Lando Elvis
1. The student performed an experiment using paper chromatography to separate and identify amino acids. Filter paper with spots of unknown amino acid mixtures and known amino acids (aspartic acid, leucine, lysine) was developed in a solvent solution.
2. After development, the paper was sprayed with ninhydrin to reveal purple spots. The distances traveled by each spot and the solvent front were measured to calculate Rf values.
3. By comparing Rf values and spot colors, the unknowns were identified as aspartic acid and leucine. The experiment demonstrated the use of paper chromatography to separate and identify amino acids.
This document discusses how organizations can scale agile practices for innovation and growth. It presents challenges that can threaten innovation when scaling such as component teams. Feature teams are presented as an alternative to component teams to help address these challenges. The document also discusses establishing one product backlog and product owner to coordinate feature teams working on a single product, as well as leadership taking responsibility for addressing organizational impediments.
The Manta Mae is a Phinisi boat style launched in 2014 that captures the spirit of Indonesia. It has an all-wooden hull and interior decorated using natural materials found on Indonesian beaches, like coral sand, shells and fossil woods. The boat has three air-conditioned en-suite cabins that sleep up to 8 guests, as well as a large main deck for sunbathing and dining and an upper deck for relaxing. Its main destinations are Komodo National Park and Raja Ampat for diving, snorkeling and other activities.
Este documento trata sobre el derecho agrario en Venezuela. Explica que el derecho agrario regula los problemas de tenencia de la tierra y la propiedad de la tierra, así como la actividad agraria que se realiza en ella. Luego describe las fuentes del derecho agrario como la costumbre, la norma, la ley y la jurisprudencia. También define conceptos clave como sujetos del derecho agrario y artículos constitucionales relacionados con la distribución del poder.
Este documento contiene definiciones de varios términos relacionados con valores como carácter, éxito, prudencia, virtud, objetivo, proyecto vital, estrategia, táctica, vocación, vocación sacerdotal, ser auténtico, sentido del humor, temperamento, autoafirmarse, educación, resiliencia y frustración. También incluye la historia de superación personal de una mujer llamada Adriana Macías que nació sin brazos.
Este documento presenta el marco conceptual para un análisis del puerto y la ciudad de Buenaventura desde perspectivas económica y social. Explica que Colombia es un estado social de derecho obligado a proponer políticas públicas para el bienestar general de acuerdo a la Constitución. Analizará el rol de las mujeres en programas del gobierno distrital para grupos vulnerables en Buenaventura.
El documento presenta los productos académicos de un diplomado en gestión de los aprendizajes. Incluye un informe sobre las características de la educación regional que describe aspectos positivos y negativos de estudiantes, docentes, currículo, entre otros. También presenta un problema detectado en la dimensión pedagógica-didáctica sobre el escaso manejo de las rutas de aprendizaje y sus causas y consecuencias. Por último, muestra un organigrama sobre factores que influyen en el proceso de cambio de una instit
El documento proporciona una breve historia del desarrollo de los dispositivos y sistemas de cómputo desde la antigüedad hasta el año 2003. Se mencionan inventos clave como el ábaco, la máquina calculadora de Pascal y la máquina analítica de Babbage. También se describen los primeros computadores programables como el Z3 y Colossus, y los primeros computadores electrónicos como el ENIAC y la arquitectura de Von Neumann. El documento luego resume brevemente avances importantes en hardware, sistemas operativos
Este documento resume los conceptos clave de la semiótica en la arquitectura. Explica que la semiótica estudia el significado de los signos como las formas, materiales y colores utilizados en los diseños arquitectónicos. Los arquitectos eligen estos elementos para transmitir un carácter y significado a sus estructuras. La arquitectura debe crear equilibrio entre los espacios y transmitir sentimientos a los usuarios a través de su diseño. El significado de una obra arquitectónica depende no solo de su función, sino también
introduction, history, principle, experimental techniques, evaluation on chromatogram, adv. & dis-adv., common problems, comparision, applications and analysis of drugs through TLC(2000-2017)
This document discusses the properties and classification of dental impression materials. It focuses on alginate impression materials as an example. Alginate materials are supplied as powders that are mixed with water to form an aqueous sol. Calcium ions from gypsum cross-link the alginate chains to form a gel during setting. Sodium phosphate is added to extend the setting time by reacting with calcium ions. For accurate impressions, materials should have low viscosity when inserted and minimal thermal and dimensional contraction during and after setting. The impression must also retain adequate elasticity and rigidity for removal from the mouth. Alginates have poor dimensional stability due to syneresis and water absorption over time so casts should be made as soon as
This document summarizes an experiment using paper chromatography to analyze ink samples from four pens (A, B, C, D) and compare them to a sample from a ransom note to determine which pen was used. Paper chromatography works by separating the components in a mixture based on how strongly they interact with the stationary phase (paper) versus the mobile phase (water). Components that interact more strongly with water will travel farther up the paper. By comparing the ink patterns from the pens to the sample from the note, the pen used can be identified.
1. This document describes an experiment to test mud weight and density. The aim is to understand how to use a mud balance apparatus and how density changes when barite is added to water.
2. The procedure involves calibrating the mud balance with water, mixing bentonite mud, measuring its density, adding barite, and remeasuring density. Calculations are shown for determining mud component volumes and weights.
3. Results found the initial bentonite mud density was incorrect due to poor mixing. Adding barite increased density as expected to control hydrostatic pressure and prevent fluid influx from formations. Limitations like dirty equipment and inexperienced users could impact results.
Impression materials for complete denture/certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. The experiment aimed to prepare a mud with a known density and then increase its density by adding barite. Barite has a high specific gravity of 4.2, which allows mud density to be increased up to 21 pounds per gallon.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to form a mud, then weighing and adding barite while stirring. The mud balance measured the initial and final mud densities.
3. Barite is the most common weighting agent due to its ability to significantly increase mud density up to 21 ppg, control formation pressures, and stability. It is also inert, readily available, and not classified as hazardous.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate mixtures based on how compounds partition between a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase solvent. Compounds separate based on their affinity for the stationary or mobile phase, appearing as spots on the plate. TLC allows for rapid separation and identification of compounds in a mixture through visualization and calculation of Rf values.
Adsorption chromatography is an older chromatography technique that uses a solid stationary phase and either a liquid or gaseous mobile phase. The mixture separates as compounds adsorb to the porous adsorbent at different rates while passing through. Common adsorbents include silica gels and cellulose. The stationary phase is the adsorbent and the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas. Separation occurs through differential interaction of compounds with the adsorbent.
Quality control for rubber closures & secondary materialkavita bahmani
This document outlines various tests that are conducted on rubber closures and secondary packaging materials like paper and board. It describes the preparation of a solution for rubber closures and then lists different tests like sterility testing, fragmentation testing, self-seal ability, pH testing, light absorption testing, and residue on evaporation. It also provides an overview of 20 different tests that are performed on secondary packaging materials to analyze properties like moisture content, density, tensile strength, tear strength, puncture resistance, stiffness, water absorbency, rub resistance, pH, roughness, brightness, wet burst strength, and more.
Kenyatta university biochem 1 st pract report.Lando Elvis
1. The student performed an experiment using paper chromatography to separate and identify amino acids. Filter paper with spots of unknown amino acid mixtures and known amino acids (aspartic acid, leucine, lysine) was developed in a solvent solution.
2. After development, the paper was sprayed with ninhydrin to reveal purple spots. The distances traveled by each spot and the solvent front were measured to calculate Rf values.
3. By comparing Rf values and spot colors, the unknowns were identified as aspartic acid and leucine. The experiment demonstrated the use of paper chromatography to separate and identify amino acids.
This document discusses how organizations can scale agile practices for innovation and growth. It presents challenges that can threaten innovation when scaling such as component teams. Feature teams are presented as an alternative to component teams to help address these challenges. The document also discusses establishing one product backlog and product owner to coordinate feature teams working on a single product, as well as leadership taking responsibility for addressing organizational impediments.
The Manta Mae is a Phinisi boat style launched in 2014 that captures the spirit of Indonesia. It has an all-wooden hull and interior decorated using natural materials found on Indonesian beaches, like coral sand, shells and fossil woods. The boat has three air-conditioned en-suite cabins that sleep up to 8 guests, as well as a large main deck for sunbathing and dining and an upper deck for relaxing. Its main destinations are Komodo National Park and Raja Ampat for diving, snorkeling and other activities.
Este documento trata sobre el derecho agrario en Venezuela. Explica que el derecho agrario regula los problemas de tenencia de la tierra y la propiedad de la tierra, así como la actividad agraria que se realiza en ella. Luego describe las fuentes del derecho agrario como la costumbre, la norma, la ley y la jurisprudencia. También define conceptos clave como sujetos del derecho agrario y artículos constitucionales relacionados con la distribución del poder.
Este documento contiene definiciones de varios términos relacionados con valores como carácter, éxito, prudencia, virtud, objetivo, proyecto vital, estrategia, táctica, vocación, vocación sacerdotal, ser auténtico, sentido del humor, temperamento, autoafirmarse, educación, resiliencia y frustración. También incluye la historia de superación personal de una mujer llamada Adriana Macías que nació sin brazos.
Este documento presenta el marco conceptual para un análisis del puerto y la ciudad de Buenaventura desde perspectivas económica y social. Explica que Colombia es un estado social de derecho obligado a proponer políticas públicas para el bienestar general de acuerdo a la Constitución. Analizará el rol de las mujeres en programas del gobierno distrital para grupos vulnerables en Buenaventura.
El documento presenta los productos académicos de un diplomado en gestión de los aprendizajes. Incluye un informe sobre las características de la educación regional que describe aspectos positivos y negativos de estudiantes, docentes, currículo, entre otros. También presenta un problema detectado en la dimensión pedagógica-didáctica sobre el escaso manejo de las rutas de aprendizaje y sus causas y consecuencias. Por último, muestra un organigrama sobre factores que influyen en el proceso de cambio de una instit
El documento proporciona una breve historia del desarrollo de los dispositivos y sistemas de cómputo desde la antigüedad hasta el año 2003. Se mencionan inventos clave como el ábaco, la máquina calculadora de Pascal y la máquina analítica de Babbage. También se describen los primeros computadores programables como el Z3 y Colossus, y los primeros computadores electrónicos como el ENIAC y la arquitectura de Von Neumann. El documento luego resume brevemente avances importantes en hardware, sistemas operativos
Este documento resume los conceptos clave de la semiótica en la arquitectura. Explica que la semiótica estudia el significado de los signos como las formas, materiales y colores utilizados en los diseños arquitectónicos. Los arquitectos eligen estos elementos para transmitir un carácter y significado a sus estructuras. La arquitectura debe crear equilibrio entre los espacios y transmitir sentimientos a los usuarios a través de su diseño. El significado de una obra arquitectónica depende no solo de su función, sino también
Los guantes de fútbol son ahora importantes para proteger las manos de los jugadores en varias posiciones, ya que el juego es más rápido y físico que antes. Al principio, solo los receptores y running backs usaban guantes, pero ahora casi todas las posiciones los usan. Los guantes vienen en diferentes diseños para adaptarse a las necesidades de cada posición, como guantes sin dedos para linieros o superficies pegajosas para mejorar el agarre.
Este documento presenta información sobre el rol de auxiliar docente de salud mental. Explica que estos auxiliares llenan el hueco entre la teoría y la práctica de los servicios de salud mental en la comunidad. También discute mitos comunes sobre la salud mental y ofrece ejemplos de cómo los auxiliares docentes pueden ayudar a personas que buscan servicios de salud mental.
Connected with Your Systems. Connected with Your Suppliers. Vendorin Connect integrates seamlessly with most financial systems, requires no investment in hardware or software, leverages your existing bank relationships, and provides a direct connection to hundreds of thousands of electronically enabled suppliers who are ready to begin accepting electronic payments from your organization. The result is a quick and easy implementation and the immediate conversion from checks to electronic payments.
Kharkov is the second largest city in Ukraine and the administrative center of the Kharkiv region. Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky is the main park in Kharkov. City Garden Shevchenko is also located in Kharkov.
The document summarizes research on manufacturing ultra-light ceramsite from slate waste in Shangri-la, China. Key findings include:
1) Through orthogonal experimentation, the optimal production parameters were determined as preheating at 300°C for 25 minutes and sintering at 1230°C for 20 minutes.
2) Analysis showed sintering temperature had the greatest influence on physical properties of the ceramsite, followed by sintering time, preheating temperature, and preheating time.
3) The optimal ceramsite had a bulk density of 729 kg/m3, water absorption of 5.1%, and expansion ratio of 50%, meeting standards for ultra-light cerams
Effect of Fired Clay on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Un- plastic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document provides information on the ceramic industry in Egypt. Some key points:
- Ceramics make up 7% of Egyptian industrial production and include items made of clay and silicates.
- Raw materials for ceramics include sand, feldspar, clay, and other minerals. Testing of raw materials includes chemical analysis by XRF and thermal analysis by dilatometry and TG-DTA.
- The production process for ceramic tiles includes batching, grinding, spraying, pressing, drying, firing, and sorting. Finished tiles undergo tests for properties like dimensions, strength, and abrasion resistance.
- Emissions from the ceramic industry can impact the environment through air pollution, effluents,
In this study, a study on volcanic soil materials was undertaken to better understand the application of volcanic soil in road construction industry. Volcanic soil were collected from RUVUMBA Quarry, MUSANZE District, Rwanda. The selected area contains soil volcanic with undiscovered material properties. With the aim of understanding the material properties of the collected soil samples, a wide range of tests including soil tests (Sieve analysis, Atterberg limit, Proctor test, and California bearing ratio), losangeles test and sieve analysis of volcanic aggregates were carried out. After handling and interpreting the results of the tested samples with respect to Sieve analysis, some of the soil samples were classified as poorly graded material with no plastic index identified by Atterberg limit. Three categories were identified as follow: Sample I and II were classified as quite good material in compaction while Sample III was identified as a poor material with low density and strength. The study also revealed that the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) in Sample III could be improved with the addition of only 1% of cement which can be used as a stabilizer. The experimental results showed that both dry density and strength of Sample III was significantly increased by the addition of 1% of cement at 95% of CBR. These findings demonstrated that volcanic soils with category quartzite can be good materials to serve as local materials in Rwanda for the implementation of road construction in some road layers especially in sub-base course and for base course while its was stabilized with cement.
The document summarizes a study on volcanic soil materials and their stability in road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on samples collected from the Ruvunda Quarry in Musanze District, including sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, proctor tests, CBR tests, and compressive strength tests of sized stones and concrete made with volcanic aggregates. The results showed that the volcanic materials were predominantly non-plastic gravel and sand that could be suitable for road base or subbase layers. Stabilizing one sample with cement increased its strength and density. The study concluded that volcanic soils can serve as local materials for road construction in Rwanda when properly classified and tested.
This project proposal seeks funding to analyze swelling clay near Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) in Kathmandu and reconstruct a damaged road. The proposal outlines collecting soil samples from within 2-4 meters of the surface, testing the samples to determine soil consistency, clay content, and mineral composition, and reconstructing the road with a safety factor over 1. The total anticipated budget is 250,000 Nepali rupees.
Fly ash from a coal power plant and waste glass were used to produce glass-ceramic composites. The addition of 50% flask glass to fly ash increased bending strength from 9 MPa to 77 MPa and elastic modulus from 6 GPa to 29 GPa. Porous composites made with polyurethane foam had 70% porosity, 3.5 GPa elastic modulus and 6 MPa bending strength. The composites showed good durability in acid with less than 0.05% mass loss, making them suitable for applications like filters or insulation.
ROLE OF PALYNOLOGY IN PALEOPALYNOLOGY.pptxSubham Saha
This document discusses the role of palynology in paleopalynology and hydrocarbon exploration. It begins with introductions to palynology and paleopalynology, and describes methods used in paleopalynology such as sample collection, extraction, mounting, and analysis. It outlines applications of paleopalynology including tracing vegetation history, correlating deposits, and studying climate change. The document also discusses the use of microfossils like pollen in fossil fuel exploration and the formation of petroleum and natural gas. It concludes that palynology is an essential tool for studying sediments and rocks in contexts like biostratigraphy, paleoenvironmental analysis, and characterizing rocks for hydrocarbon content.
Study of Engineering Properties of Bholari Sand Kotri District Jamshoro Sindh...MushtaqueAhmedpathan
This study analyzed the engineering properties of Bholari sand from four deposits in Kotri District, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. Samples were tested for specific gravity, bulk density, sieve analysis, silt content, and petrography according to ASTM standards. The results found the sand met ASTM specifications for use in construction applications like concrete and mortar. However, the current deposits are diminishing so further geological surveys are needed to identify new deposits to meet increasing demand from projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.
1) Rock waste powders from slate quarrying operations were processed via pressing and sintering to produce ceramic flooring and roofing tiles. Laboratory experiments determined that sintering at 1150-1170°C produced ceramic materials with suitable properties.
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and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
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1. UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCE
A REPORT ON AN INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT THE GEOLOGICAL
SURVEY DEPARTMENT.
BY: ATIEMO OWUSU CHRISTOPHER
ID: 10486584
DATED: JUNE 30TH, 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE
Chapter 1
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………...4
Chapter 2
2.0 General introduction………………………………………………………..5
2.1.0 Ceramics and clay Mineralogy Division………………………………....5
2.1.1 How clays are located/sites ………………………………………….......6
2.1.2 Line of activities for acquiring clay samples…………………….............6
2.1.3 At the laboratory ………………………………………………………...7
2.1.4 Test pieces..................................................................................................7
2.1.5 The Bricket test..........................................................................................7
2.1.6 The MOR test............................................................................................7
Chapter 3
3.0 The XRF laboratory......................................................................................8
Chapter 4
4.0 The museum.................................................................................................9
4.1.0 The Western unit......................................................................................10
4.1.1 The Birimian.............................................................................................10
4.1.2 Economic significance..............................................................................10
4.1.3 The Tarkwaian Group...............................................................................10
4.2.0 The Dahomeyide.......................................................................................11
4.2.1 The Buem structural unit..........................................................................11
4.2.2 The Togo structural unit............................................................................11
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4.2.3 The Dahomeyan......................................................................................12
4.3.0 The Voltaian Supergroup........................................................................12
4.3.1 The Kwahu Group..................................................................................12
4.3.2 The Oti Group.........................................................................................12
4.3.3 The Obosum Group.................................................................................13
4.3.4 Economic significance.............................................................................13
Chapter 5
5.0 The mineral laboratory...............................................................................13
5.1.0 Thin-section preparation..........................................................................13
5.2.0 Polished section.......................................................................................16
5.3.0 Sample impregnation................................................................................16
5.4.0 Abrasives..................................................................................................16
5.5.0 Sample preparation...................................................................................17
5.5.1 Sieve analysis............................................................................................17
Chapter 6
6.0 Geophysics...................................................................................................19
6.1.0 radiometric method....................................................................................19
6.2.0 Electrical Methods.....................................................................................20
6.2.1 Electrical Resistivity..................................................................................20
6.2.2 Induced Polarization...................................................................................20
7.0 Gravity Method..............................................................................................20
8.0 Magnetic Method...........................................................................................20
9.0 Conclusion...................................................................................................21
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CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUNG
The Geological Survey Department (GSD) was established in 1913 by the colonial
administration under the Directorship of Sir Albert Kitson to investigate and establish more
exactly the extent and quality of both existing and yet undeveloped areas of mining activity
and to prepare for their exploitation. The first office of the department was located at the
River Ankobra Junction in Prestea. The Department finally settled at Accra where major
policy decisions on mining are taken. It headed by Dr. Daniel Boamah the director and
assisted by two deputy directors Dr. Solomon Anum (technical) and Mr. Emmanuel Mensah
(administrative).
This report captures four weeks of internship program at the Geological Survey Department,
Accra–Ghana. It entails the line of activities or training I received from the Geological
Survey Department from the 6th of June to the 30th of July 2016.
As part of the training, I was attached with the Ceramics and Clay mineralogy division, the
X-Ray Flourescent laboratory, the Museum, the minerals laboratory and the geophysics
division where I learnt wide categories of things clearly spelt out in this report.
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CHAPTER 2
2.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
On my first day at the Department, I was introduced to all the various divisions.
Some of these places are the Ceramics and Clay Mineralogy Division, the X-R
Fluorescent laboratory, the Minerals Laboratory, the Museum, the Geophysics
Division, the stores, the Geochemical Laboratory and the library.
2.1.0 THE CERAMICS AND CLAY MINERALOGY DIVISION
Mr. Amoako Asare and Mr. Ofori Nyarko as his assistant head this division.
At this division, I learnt how clays are classified based on color, mineralogy,
response to heat and the place of formation of these clays.
The following are the various classes of clay with different bases (rationale) of
classification:
Place: primary (in-situ) clays and secondary/transported clay
Mineralogy: Montmorillonite (Smectite), Kaolinite and Illite group.
Response to heat: earthenware clay, refractory clay, stone-ware clay and bowl
clay.
Colour: brown clay, white clay and black clay (more rare).
Other classes may further be obtained on elemental basis.
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2.1.1 HOW CLAYS ARE LOCATED SITES
Through geological activities River mouth
Samples of clay brought for investigation River banks
The factory site Deltas
In the course of work
2.1.2 LINE OF ACTIVITIES FOR ACQUIRING CLAY SAMPLES
Do Topographic sheet work
Take GPS co-ordinates.
Assess the size of the deposit.
Make grid line for the deposit on the map and/or the ground.
Dig 1m×1m or 1m×1.5m pits.
Examine the pit for clay layers.
Take block samples of clay from the pit.
The weight of the samples should be between 3Kg-5Kg.
Identify the pit by a name and label the samples from the pit with the same
name.
Bring samples to the laboratory for analysis.
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2.1.3 AT THE LABORATORY
The samples are grounded to make them fine, dried, sieved with 30 mesh size and
tested.
At the Ceramics Division, the analysis is usually centered on their response to
heat or their behaviour after heating. Hence the two tests conducted are the
Bricket and Modulus Of Rapture (MOR) tests.
2.1.4 TEST PIECES
2.1.5 THE BRICKET TEST
Add a measured amount of water to the clay powder to obtain a paste-like
mixture. Press the body into a mould and smoothen the surface. Make diagonal
marks on the moulds to measure the percentage shrinkage of the clay when dry.
Gently dry the paste-like body to prevent deformation. Determining the shrinkage
percentage helps in knowing the amount of clay material to use for making a clay
artifact or it determines the composition of material for making a clay product.
2.1.6 THE MOR TEST
Repeat the procedure above but use an MOR mould to to obtain the bars. The bars
are then tested for their strength. Under this test the bars are heated to 10000C-
11000C to make them mature. This clay that are used for commercial ceramics
works are heated to this temperatures. Pressure is the mounted on the bars until
the rapture. The tension in the bar can be calculated using the formula below
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T = 3WL/2BT
Where W= breaking load, L= distance between support points,
B= width T= thickness
At the Ceramics Division they study or examine the physical properties such as the
raw color, fired color, moisture content, wet and dry sieve analysis, density,
shrinkage and porosity of the clay samples.
In the ceramics industry the production techniques employed in making ceramics
products are throwing, pressing, slip casting and hand building.
One important thing I learnt from the ceramics Division is the making of Plaster
Of Paris from gypsum.
CHAPTER 3
3.0 THE X-RAY FLOURESCENT LABORATORY
Mr. Mohammed Awan A. Rashid heads this Division.
The XRF laboratory’s main function is to find the compositions of major elements
and minor elements that make up a rock sample. The manner in which the test is
done is laid down below:
Take a 4g sample of a labeled powdered rock sample using the electronic
balance.
Add 0.9g of powdered wax to the sample
Rinse the sample cups with acetone to avoid contamination of sample by
impurities in the cup.
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Pour the sample into the cup and put in a homogenizer for about 3 minutes to
obtain a uniform mixture.
Pour the sample into the castor and apply pressure under a hydraulic press
after rinsing the castor with acetone.
Remove the pellet from the castor.
Put the sample into the sample plate and insert into the XRF spectrometer
which is synced with a PC.
The result of the test is displayed on the PC, which could then be printed and
interpreted.
CHAPTER 4
4.0 THE MUSEUM
Mr. Anani Ayitey is the one in charge of the museum.
At the museum, I was introduced to the geology of a Ghana and the rock samples
of the respective rock types that were present. The geology of Ghana is broadly
divided into five main lithostratigraphy based on geochronological, lithotectonic,
lithology, and structural data. They are the paleo-supracrustal known as the
Birimian or the Western units (including the Tarkwaian and the intrusives), the
Pan-African Mobile belt or the Dahomeyide, the Voltaian supergroup, the coastal
sedimentary deposits, and the recent deposits.
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4.1.0 THE WESTERN UNIT
4.1.1 THE BIRIMIAN
The Birimian is known to have an average age of 2.1Ga. It consists of
metasedimentary basins and metavolcanic belts. The belts have a NE general
trend except the Lawra belt, which trends NS, and they are separated by the basins
giving rise to an undulating regional topography.
The belts and the basins were formed contemporaneously. The Birimian rocks are
weakly metamorphosed with an amphibolites facies metamorphism. The belts are
known globally as the green stone belt. The metasediments are mainly made up of
phyllite, schists and greywacke and the metavolcanics are made up of mainly
tholeitic basalts, andesites, rhyolite and dacite.
The Birimian rocks are intruded by the basin type syntectonic, deformed
granitoids also known as the Cape-Coast type granitoids and the belt type post-
tectonic, undeformed granitoids also known as the Dixcove type granitoids.
4.1.2 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
The Birimian rocks have huge economic significance. They host the main gold
resources and reserves that are being mined currently. Other minerals such as
bauxite, manganese and diamonds are present.
4.1.3 THE TARKWAIAN GROUP
The Tarkwaian rocks are about 1.65-1.85Ga old. They are found mainly in the
synformal belts of the volcanic belts in the Birimian in Ghana. They are
considered to be the erosional product of the Birimian rocks. it is divided into the
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Kawere group, the Banket series , Tarkwa phyllites and the Huni sandstone. They
are well exposed in the Ashanti belt and the Bui belt. It weakly metamorphosed
and weakly deformed than the Birimian rocks but at some places they are
interfolded with the metasediments. The Banket unit is the most economic unit of
the Tarkwaian group. It hosts commercial quantities of gold mineralization.
Manganese is also mined from the Tarkwaian rocks at Nsuta.
4.2.0 THE DAHOMEYIDE
The Dahomeyide is divided into the western unit, the sure zone and the internal
unit.
4.2.1 THE BUEM STRUACTURAL UNIT
This is the western most unit of the Dahomeyide. It is dated to be around 600-
650Ma old. The Buem consist of metasandstones, limestone, jasparoids, and meta
basalts. They are the least metamorphosed among the Dahomeyide.
4.2.2 THE TOGO STRUCTURAL UNIT
This forms part of the western unit of the Dahomeyide. It is bounded by thrust
faults. The Togo rocks are highly deformed and highly metamorphosed. They are
made of phyllites, schists, quartzites, and phyllonites.
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4.2.3 THE DAHOMEYAN
The Dahomeyan consists of the Ho augen gneisses, the
pyroxene/hornblende/garnetiferous gneiss of the suture zone and the migmatite
gneiss of the internal unit. They are dated to be around 2.1Ga old.
4.3.0 THE VOLTAIAN SUPERGROUP
This divided into the Kwahu group, the Oti group and the Obosum group.
4.3.1 THE KWAHU GROUP
This is the oldest of the Voltaian dated to about 1.0Ga old. It is mainly made up of
massive cross-bedded feldspathic sandstones. They outcrop along the margins of
the basin. They are correlated with Togo structural unit based on age and
lithologic similarities. They are responsible for the Kwahu and Gambaga
escarpments.
4.3.2 THE OTI GROUP
This lies unconformably over the Kwahu group by a basal conglomeritic layer
which marks a period of glaciation. They consist of tillite, limestone and silexites
which forms the triad and some shales and siltstones. It is correlated with Buem
structural unit of the Dahomeyide on the basis of lithological similarities.
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4.3.3 THE OBOSUM GROUP
This is occupies the central part of the basin. They are molasse sediments which
increase in thickness towards the Dahomeyide. It lies unconformably on the Oti
group.
4.3.4 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
The Voltaian, mined for limestone and currently petroleum explorations are under
way to discover oil reservoir(s) in the basin. The Sheini Iron ore deposits is also
found within the voltaian.
CHAPTER 5
5.0 THE MINERALS LABORATORY
5.1.0 THIN-SECTION PREPARATION
A thin-section is prepared for the purpose studying the rocks under the
mineralogical microscope. They are done o as to identify the various minerals, the
microstructures and the texture which make up the rock. Below are the
summarized steps for preparing a thin-section:
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PARENT MATERIAL
SAMPLE SAMPLE IDENIFICATION
IMPREGNATION
(Weathered material
Soils, sediments etc)
TRIMMING/SLABBING
BEST FACE FLAT LAPPING
BONDING OF SLAB TO THE PREPARED
SIDE
REMOVAL OF BULK SPECIMEN
FRONTAL THINNING OF BONDED SPECIMEN
COVER-SLIPPING OF THIN SECTION
READY FOR ANALYSIS
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A sample thin section was analyzed and the details are presented below. The sample
number is GA1014B obtained from the archives of the Department.
Muscuvite
Biotite
Biotite
Muscuvite
Quartz
Feldspar
Fig.1 PPLview of the sample.
Fig.2 XPL view of the sample.
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From the mineral association in the sample, it can be inferred that the rock sample
may be a granite. The crystals show slight trend in a certain direction and this may be
indicative of the beginning of deformation of the rock. The locality from which the
rock was analyzed may not have undergone intense or severe tectonic stress due to
the absence of microstructures like microcrennulations, fractures, banding foliation
etcetera. However due to the slight alignment of the crystals tectonic stresses may be
very prominent in the course of time.
5.2 POLISHED SECTION
Polished sections are made to study ore minerals. They can be made in 10 cm × 10
cm or 10cm × 5cm based on specification. The parent rock sample are cut and
polished to give a very smooth surface that can support maximum reflection of light.
5.3 SAMPLE IMPREGNATION
This is done to samples other than solid fresh rocks such as soils, sediments,
weathered rocks and so on. The material is obtained in a powdered form, this is then
mixed uniformly with resins and pressed into a mould. It is then dried to obtain a
solid sample in the shape of the mould. This can be used subsequently for polished
section or thin-section.
5.4 ABRASIVES
The abrasives used are sand papers of various grit sizes (60, 180, 240, 320, 400, 600,
800 and 1200), diamond abrasive of various sizes (100 mesh, 220 mesh, 45 microns,
and 30 microns).
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5.5 SAMPLE PREPARATION
Sample preparation is means of preparing a sample for analysis. Soil samples are
dried, sieved and the final pulverized form is used for analysis. Rock samples are first
crushed in the Jaw cracker before they are sieved and used for analysis. The product
may be used for chemical analysis, elemental analysis (very fine sample) or for sieve
analysis (various size ranges).
5.5.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis investigation is done for many reasons. It helps to identify the type soil
at a locality, for engineering analysis and for agricultural analysis. A sieve analysis
exercise was taken in order to acquire the skill for doing the investigation. The result
is shown below:
Sieves No.
(µm)
Weight of
sieves(g)
Weight of
sieves and
sample(g)
Deduced
weight of
sample(g)
Percentage
retained
(%)
Percentage
passed.
(%)
425 464.8 591.7 126.9 69.2 30.8
300 453.7 458.7 5.0 2.7 27.3
250 439.3 448.1 8.8 4.8 22.5
180 257.7 275.5 17.8 9.7 12.8
Pan 438.7 462.8 24.1 12.8 0
Total mass of sample= 183.3 g the sample was shaked for 5 minutes.
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CHAPTER 6
6.0 GEOPHYSISCS
Geophysics is the application of the basic principles of physics for solving geological
problems. The methods measure physical properties of rocks and their contrast with the
Earth’s natural fields. Below is a table illustrating the physical properties measured and their
corresponding geophysical method.
Physical properties Geophysical method
Density Gravity Methods
Magnetisations Magnetic Methods
Radioactivity Radiometric Methods
Acoustic velocity Seismic Reflection
Electrical Conductivity Electromagnetic
Electrical Polarisation Electrical and Induced Polarisation
Geophysical data can be interpreted using the forward modeling or the inverse modeling.
These yield either a quantitative or a qualitative outcome. However, it must be stressed that
no one geophysical method can be used to make conclusive inferences of what is beneath the
subsurface as such at least two of the methods are used to corroborate the findings made in
an investigation.
6.1.0 RADIOMETRIC METHOD
This is the measurement of gamma radiations from the decay of unstable isotopes usually
within the soils. The method relies on the assumption that soils are the products of the
bedrocks beneath them hence, the method is not suitable for desert and lateritic areas. The
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radioactive elements whose signatures are usually measured are potassium, uranium and
thorium.
6.2.0 ELECTRICAL METHODS
6.2.1 ELECTRICAL RESSITIVITY
The method measures the ability of the rocks to conduct electricity. It is dependent on the
water content, porosity, dept of burial, fluid saturation, the lithology, the permeability,
presence, or absence of salt in the water and so on.
6.2.2 INDUCED POLARIZATION
The method measures the ability of a rock to hold electric charge for a period of time. They
are affected by sulphides in a rock will hold charge and discharge as well as clays will also.
7.0 GRAVITY METHOD
The gravity method is a passive geophysical method that measures variations in the Earth’s
gravitational field. Gravity measures are greatly affected by the densities of different rocks
and this creates an anomaly against the background gravity field.
8.0 MAGNETIC METHOD
The magnetic method like the gravity method also measures the variations in the Earth’s
magnetic field. They depend on the magnetic susceptibilities of the various rocks beneath the
subsurface. Also depending on the part of the world where the survey is undertaken the
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magnetic anomaly will take the shape of the effects the north and south pole of the Earth’s
magnetic field has on the measurements.
9.0 CONCLUSION
The internship program was well organized with many activities during the time that I was
attached with the Geological Survey Department. I have acquired many skills from the
program and therefore I deem my time with the Department as very helpful for my academic
career.