Rizal initially critiqued the Spanish view that Filipinos were inherently indolent in his novels and other works. He argued this was incorrect, citing that pre-colonial Filipino society was relatively advanced. Any indolence that existed was caused by the oppressive conditions of Spanish colonial rule, which exploited Filipinos but blamed their lack of development on character flaws. Later, Rizal further developed these ideas, noting indolence could arise from the experiences under colonial domination and was not an inherent trait but had social and historical causes within the colonial system.