Milk provides relatively quick returns for small-scale livestock keepers. It is a balanced, nutritious food that is important to household food security in many rural economies.
Milk and dairy products play an important role in human nutrition and contribute to economic development. To plan for improved dairy production, advisers and extension staff need to help farmers in ways that will be technically feasible, socially acceptable and economically viable. Milk is produced in extensive, semi-intensive or fully intensive systems.
Smallholders produce the vast majority of milk in developing countries where by 2025; demand is expected to increase by 25 percent. In each of these systems, there are constraints which limit milk production and these may be environmental, social, economic, marketing, technical, husbandry, management, biological and genetic constraints.
The degree to which constraints can be overcome depends on the farmer’s knowledge and ability and the capital available for investment.
Dairy farming in India is a profitable business. It provides an excellent opportunity for self employment of unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. India is the largest milk producer of the world. The demand of milk & milk product is increasing rapidly. There is immense scope of dairy farming in our country. The increasing cost of feed ingredients and its seasonal variability can be reduced by undertaking fodder cultivation.
Dairy farmers’ production systems worldwide need to be able to combine profitability with the responsibility of protecting human health, animal health, animal welfare and the environment.Dairy farmers, as the primary producers in the supply chain, should also be given the opportunity to add value to their product by adopting methods of production that satisfy the demands of processors and customers.
This Guide gives individual dairy farmers proactive guidance on how these objectives can be achieved on their farm. The Guide to good dairy farming practice has been written in a practical format for dairy farmers engaged in the production of milk from any dairy species. When adopted, it will support the production and marketing of safe, quality-assured milk and dairy products. The Guide focuses on the relationship between consumer safety and economic, social and environmental management at the farm level.
The Guide contains many individual practices that contribute to good dairy farming
practice, covering the key aspects of animal health, milk hygiene, nutrition, welfare, the
environment and socio-economic management.
These practices have been drawn from best practice guidelines and existing assurance
schemes around the world, and so individual practices will vary in their applicability to various dairying regions. They are not intended to be legally binding and readers are encouraged to select and implement those guidelines that are of relevance to their situation. As such, this Guide aims to provide a genuine framework for dairy farm assurance schemes to be developed globally, giving individual countries and dairy farmers the opportunity to develop schemes that are specific to their needs.
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
With an annual production of 138 million metric tonnes during 2013-14, India continues to be ranked number one in the world in milk production since 1997. Dairying is the main source of livelihood for our milk producers, majority of them either landless or marginal farmers.
For making dairying a profitable and, sustainable venture, it is important for the dairy farmer to adopt scientific practices that would lead to increased productivity at optimum costs. For this to happen, the farmer should be aware of the basic tenets of animal health, breeding and feeding.
The National Dairy Plan-I (NDP-I) has been launched by the GoI with the aim to double milk production in the country by 2020. This would require focused efforts in the field of
breeding, feeding and animal health, which would increase productivity and optimize costs.
In breeding, coverage of artificial insemination (AI) needs to be increased using disease free semen from high genetic merit bulls.
Dairy milk consultants are the Dfs-(India) by fogging system, milk supplier, etc provides. The choose dairy milking formatting. Early most important health care for more information call +91-8998338948
Transition of smallholder dairy farming system - a micro study in Tamil Nadu,...dthirunavukkarasu
This summary analyzes a study on the transition of smallholder dairy farming systems in Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that opportunities from private sector participation and increasing dairy product demand were not strong enough to retain youth in the industry or increase interest. The traditional integrated crop-dairy model is transitioning to more intensive farming with replacement of stock, mechanization, and less dependence on animal power. Fodder cultivation and higher-yielding animals have increased, while indigenous cattle, buffalo, and crop residue usage have declined.
This document discusses methods for estrous synchronization in cattle and sheep. Estrous synchronization aims to group females for calving, shorten breeding seasons, and reduce estrus detection. Key methods include using progesterone-releasing implants, pessaries, or feeding melengestrol acetate to extend the luteal phase. Prostaglandins are then used to induce luteolysis and estrus. Common synchronization protocols for cattle include Ovsynch, which uses GnRH and PGF2α, and CIDR-based protocols. Vaginal sponges and CIDR implants of varying durations can also be used in sheep and goats.
Dairy farming in India is a profitable business. It provides an excellent opportunity for self employment of unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. India is the largest milk producer of the world. The demand of milk & milk product is increasing rapidly. There is immense scope of dairy farming in our country. The increasing cost of feed ingredients and its seasonal variability can be reduced by undertaking fodder cultivation.
Dairy farmers’ production systems worldwide need to be able to combine profitability with the responsibility of protecting human health, animal health, animal welfare and the environment.Dairy farmers, as the primary producers in the supply chain, should also be given the opportunity to add value to their product by adopting methods of production that satisfy the demands of processors and customers.
This Guide gives individual dairy farmers proactive guidance on how these objectives can be achieved on their farm. The Guide to good dairy farming practice has been written in a practical format for dairy farmers engaged in the production of milk from any dairy species. When adopted, it will support the production and marketing of safe, quality-assured milk and dairy products. The Guide focuses on the relationship between consumer safety and economic, social and environmental management at the farm level.
The Guide contains many individual practices that contribute to good dairy farming
practice, covering the key aspects of animal health, milk hygiene, nutrition, welfare, the
environment and socio-economic management.
These practices have been drawn from best practice guidelines and existing assurance
schemes around the world, and so individual practices will vary in their applicability to various dairying regions. They are not intended to be legally binding and readers are encouraged to select and implement those guidelines that are of relevance to their situation. As such, this Guide aims to provide a genuine framework for dairy farm assurance schemes to be developed globally, giving individual countries and dairy farmers the opportunity to develop schemes that are specific to their needs.
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
With an annual production of 138 million metric tonnes during 2013-14, India continues to be ranked number one in the world in milk production since 1997. Dairying is the main source of livelihood for our milk producers, majority of them either landless or marginal farmers.
For making dairying a profitable and, sustainable venture, it is important for the dairy farmer to adopt scientific practices that would lead to increased productivity at optimum costs. For this to happen, the farmer should be aware of the basic tenets of animal health, breeding and feeding.
The National Dairy Plan-I (NDP-I) has been launched by the GoI with the aim to double milk production in the country by 2020. This would require focused efforts in the field of
breeding, feeding and animal health, which would increase productivity and optimize costs.
In breeding, coverage of artificial insemination (AI) needs to be increased using disease free semen from high genetic merit bulls.
Dairy milk consultants are the Dfs-(India) by fogging system, milk supplier, etc provides. The choose dairy milking formatting. Early most important health care for more information call +91-8998338948
Transition of smallholder dairy farming system - a micro study in Tamil Nadu,...dthirunavukkarasu
This summary analyzes a study on the transition of smallholder dairy farming systems in Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that opportunities from private sector participation and increasing dairy product demand were not strong enough to retain youth in the industry or increase interest. The traditional integrated crop-dairy model is transitioning to more intensive farming with replacement of stock, mechanization, and less dependence on animal power. Fodder cultivation and higher-yielding animals have increased, while indigenous cattle, buffalo, and crop residue usage have declined.
This document discusses methods for estrous synchronization in cattle and sheep. Estrous synchronization aims to group females for calving, shorten breeding seasons, and reduce estrus detection. Key methods include using progesterone-releasing implants, pessaries, or feeding melengestrol acetate to extend the luteal phase. Prostaglandins are then used to induce luteolysis and estrus. Common synchronization protocols for cattle include Ovsynch, which uses GnRH and PGF2α, and CIDR-based protocols. Vaginal sponges and CIDR implants of varying durations can also be used in sheep and goats.
Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report on Dairy Farmin...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In India dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and cooperative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the Nineteenth century. However market milk technology may be considered to have commenced in 1950, with the functioning of the Central Dairy of Aarey milk colony, and milk product technology in 1956 with the establishment of AMUL Dairy, Anand.
The importance of milk in human diet especially for children and expectant and nursing matters is vital. To meet the demand of the increasing population milk production in India has to be increased. It is neither possible nor desirable to increase the cattle and buffalo population to achieve this target. This can only be achieved by stepping up milk production of our bovine population by cross breeding of cows and use of improved cows and cow.
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The document discusses reproductive hormones and methods for inducing estrus and synchronizing ovulation in cattle. It describes the major reproductive hormones including GnRH, LH, FSH, progesterone, estrogen, hCG, and prostaglandins. It then explains several common methods for synchronizing estrus, including the use of prostaglandins, progestins like MGA and CIDR, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in protocols like Ovsynch, Cosynch, and Heatsynch. The advantages, limitations, and costs of different synchronization methods are reviewed.
Wheat straw is a poor quality animal feed that is low in nutrients. Urea treatment can increase the nutritional value and digestibility of wheat straw. The urea treatment process involves mixing urea with wheat straw and moisture to allow urease enzymes to break down the urea into ammonia. The ammonia helps dissolve plant cell walls and enriches the straw with nitrogen to improve its feeding value for ruminant animals in the rumen. Key factors for successful urea treatment include the presence of urease, proper urea and moisture levels, sealing during incubation, and ambient temperature conditions.
This document discusses urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) as a supplement for cattle. It provides the ingredients and proportions needed to make 100kg of UMMB, which includes molasses, rice bran, urea, cement, salt, minerals, and water. The document outlines the process for mixing and casting the blocks, and recommends feeding them to cattle to provide essential nutrients lacking in poor quality forages. It also discusses proper usage and storage of UMMB, as well as potential toxicity issues from overfeeding urea.
The document provides guidelines for selecting, caring for, training, and showing a calf at a calf club competition. It discusses selecting a calf with the right temperament and health, grazing and feeding requirements which include twice daily milk feeds, introducing calf meal at 2 weeks, weaning at 2-3 weeks, and fitting and training the calf with a halter to lead. It also describes the three competition classes - leading, child effort, and type - and provides details about performing each class.
Jan Kleinschmidt talks about the importance of nutrition from birth to weaning. She covers topics like preparing the dam, colostrum management, milk replacers, calf starter, feeding hay, and weaning.
Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. In addition to milk, the manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The gobar gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-products are gainfully utilised for feeding the animals. Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus, dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers.To know more please visit us www.growelagrovet.com
Dairy feed needs to provide Energy: It is as the fuel for a machine and it is needed for milk production.
Protein: The material to build up the muscles, fetus and the milk production.
Minerals: They are needed for growth of the bone and the fetus as well as for the milk production.
Vitamins: Intervene in the metabolism and the digestion of feeds.
Water: Water is needed for maintenance and to produce milk. Water contains about 90% in the milk.
Feeding the proper amounts of vitamins and minerals is essential for dairy cattle health, growth, and optimum milk production. Feeding less than optimal amounts can result in increased disease, reproductive problems, lower milk production, and decreased growth. Important vitamins and minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, vitamins A, D, E, and trace minerals like zinc, copper, cobalt, and selenium. Maintaining adequate levels of these vitamins and minerals prevents costly health issues and improves dairy cattle performance.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report on Dairy Farmin...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In India dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and cooperative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the Nineteenth century. However market milk technology may be considered to have commenced in 1950, with the functioning of the Central Dairy of Aarey milk colony, and milk product technology in 1956 with the establishment of AMUL Dairy, Anand.
The importance of milk in human diet especially for children and expectant and nursing matters is vital. To meet the demand of the increasing population milk production in India has to be increased. It is neither possible nor desirable to increase the cattle and buffalo population to achieve this target. This can only be achieved by stepping up milk production of our bovine population by cross breeding of cows and use of improved cows and cow.
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The document discusses reproductive hormones and methods for inducing estrus and synchronizing ovulation in cattle. It describes the major reproductive hormones including GnRH, LH, FSH, progesterone, estrogen, hCG, and prostaglandins. It then explains several common methods for synchronizing estrus, including the use of prostaglandins, progestins like MGA and CIDR, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in protocols like Ovsynch, Cosynch, and Heatsynch. The advantages, limitations, and costs of different synchronization methods are reviewed.
Wheat straw is a poor quality animal feed that is low in nutrients. Urea treatment can increase the nutritional value and digestibility of wheat straw. The urea treatment process involves mixing urea with wheat straw and moisture to allow urease enzymes to break down the urea into ammonia. The ammonia helps dissolve plant cell walls and enriches the straw with nitrogen to improve its feeding value for ruminant animals in the rumen. Key factors for successful urea treatment include the presence of urease, proper urea and moisture levels, sealing during incubation, and ambient temperature conditions.
This document discusses urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) as a supplement for cattle. It provides the ingredients and proportions needed to make 100kg of UMMB, which includes molasses, rice bran, urea, cement, salt, minerals, and water. The document outlines the process for mixing and casting the blocks, and recommends feeding them to cattle to provide essential nutrients lacking in poor quality forages. It also discusses proper usage and storage of UMMB, as well as potential toxicity issues from overfeeding urea.
The document provides guidelines for selecting, caring for, training, and showing a calf at a calf club competition. It discusses selecting a calf with the right temperament and health, grazing and feeding requirements which include twice daily milk feeds, introducing calf meal at 2 weeks, weaning at 2-3 weeks, and fitting and training the calf with a halter to lead. It also describes the three competition classes - leading, child effort, and type - and provides details about performing each class.
Jan Kleinschmidt talks about the importance of nutrition from birth to weaning. She covers topics like preparing the dam, colostrum management, milk replacers, calf starter, feeding hay, and weaning.
Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. In addition to milk, the manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The gobar gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-products are gainfully utilised for feeding the animals. Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus, dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers.To know more please visit us www.growelagrovet.com
Dairy feed needs to provide Energy: It is as the fuel for a machine and it is needed for milk production.
Protein: The material to build up the muscles, fetus and the milk production.
Minerals: They are needed for growth of the bone and the fetus as well as for the milk production.
Vitamins: Intervene in the metabolism and the digestion of feeds.
Water: Water is needed for maintenance and to produce milk. Water contains about 90% in the milk.
Feeding the proper amounts of vitamins and minerals is essential for dairy cattle health, growth, and optimum milk production. Feeding less than optimal amounts can result in increased disease, reproductive problems, lower milk production, and decreased growth. Important vitamins and minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, vitamins A, D, E, and trace minerals like zinc, copper, cobalt, and selenium. Maintaining adequate levels of these vitamins and minerals prevents costly health issues and improves dairy cattle performance.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
The objective of commercial fish farming is to produce fish for sale and
earn profits. Therefore, production should be planned from the onset to
target identified markets. This means one should:
1. have the required product (size and form) available when the
market wants it,
2. be able to produce adequate volumes to sustain targeted markets,
3. produce at a competitive price and profit.
When making a production and business plan for table fish, one should
endeavor to answer the following questions beforehand.
1. Where is the market? – its location, what category of people are
likely to buy the fish I produce, etc
2. What does the market want? – type of fish, how much, what size,
how frequently, fresh or processed, etc.
3. What resources do I have? – number of pond(s), size of pond(s),
water for production (quantity, quality, flow rates), feeds, labour,
seed, etc.
4. From where and when should I source my seed and feed?
5. What is the quality of feed I intend to use? This is important
because it limits possible FCRs, water quality and carrying capacity.
6. How much feed and seed shall I require?
7. What technology do I have at my disposal and which would be the
best to adopt?
8. How frequently do I need to harvest for the market? (complete
harvest/partial harvests)
9. How do I get my fish to the market?
10. What returns can I expect from the above?
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
The aim of this booklet is to assist you in more effective use of pasture to achieve high sheep production. Essential for this are the ability to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock and knowledge of animal feeding needs.
This chapter discusses how to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock in relation to animal performance and seasonal pasture needs of sheep. The next chapter deals with setting up grazing rotations and feed budgeting.
Feed planning enables you to objectively match pasture supply and animal feed demands on your whole farm during the year. Some of you may feel daunted by this structured approach, but maximising production and achieving livestock target weights, including supply contracts, means more sophisticated pasture feeding.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
The course may be used as an introductory course to further studies; to assist you in recognising the normal, in order to determine the abnormal; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species; to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
This document discusses proper nutrition for pet birds. It explains that a balanced diet with the six major nutrient categories - water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins - is best. It provides details on each nutrient category and stresses the importance of variety and balance. While an ideal diet may not exist for all bird species, owners can benefit their pet's health by understanding basic nutrition concepts and feeding a mix of whole grains, fruits/vegetables, protein sources, and supplements if needed.
2. Dairy Husbandry
2
DAIRY HUSBANDRY
Milk provides relatively quick returns for small-scale livestock keepers. It is a
balanced, nutritious food that is important to household food security in many
rural economies. Milk and dairy products play an important role in human nutrition
and contribute to economic development.To plan for improved dairy production,
advisers and extension staff need to help farmers in ways that will be technically
feasible, socially acceptable and economically viable. Milk is produced in extensive,
semi-intensive or fully intensive systems. Smallholders produce the vast majority of
milk in developing countries where by 2025; demand is expected to increase by 25
percent. In each of these systems, there are constraints which limit milk production
and these may be environmental, social, economic, marketing, technical, husbandry,
management, biological and genetic constraints. The degree to which constraints
can be overcome depends on the farmer’s knowledge and ability and the capital
available for investment.
1. Breeds of Dairy cattle
Breed Characteristics
Average milk yield in litres (305
day lactation)
Friesian
Good dairy breed, but also ideal
for beef.
Heavy animals; 500-600kg
liveweight. Highest milk
producer.
Black and white.
Demands very good
management
3825
Jersey
Average 350 kg body weight.
Hardy animal. Early maturing.
Brown colour normally. Bulls
can be blackish in colour.
Produces concentrated milk.
Eats less than the Friesian, and
adapts well to hot climate.
2970
3. Dairy Husbandry
3
Ayrshire
Colour is light to deep cherry –
brown or combination of these
colours.Very efficient grazer.
3375
Guernsey
Milk production is between
Friesian and Jersey.The colour is
brown with white markings. Milk
quality is good (concentrated).
3150
2. Calf rearing
Modern individual
calf pen.
In any dairy enterprise, calf care is of utmost importance, as these young animals
represent the future of not only the herd,but also the farmer’s dairy enterprise.The
five pillars of calf rearing should therefore be remembered:
a) Cleanliness
Calves must be born and raised in a clean environment. Dry clean bedding
and clean floors are essential for healthy living. Cement or concrete floors
4. Dairy Husbandry
4
are preferable, as they are easier to clean. Long-cut or baled straw make good
bedding and fresh straw should be added daily. Whatever bedding is chosen,
it should absorb moisture, and should never be wet or too soft. Always feed
calves from clean bottles and buckets Steel buckets are preferred to plastics.
Sanitise buckets and bottles by scrubbing regularly with a brush.
b) Colostrum
Colostrum is the foundation of all calf feed and it protects the calf against
disease. The calf has to receive colostrum within one hour of its birth, and
another two to four litres 12 hours later. The colostrum contains essential
antibodies, vitamins and proteins that the calf needs for sound growth and
protection against disease. Colostrum provides the calf with the needed
immunity for the first few weeks of life. After that it is important to follow
the recommended vaccination programme to protect the calf against future
diseases. (Consult veterinarian).
c) Consistency
Be sure to feed calves everyday at the same time, and always give milk at the
same temperature. Do not switch between cold and warm milk, as this might
make the calf sick. If at all possible, your calves should be handled by only one
person who should know the calves very well.
d) Calories
From the second and third day after birth, the calf must be fed milk from the
cow. Give two litres in the morning and two in the evening. Start your calf on
calf-starter or pellets on day four, and feed the pellets or starter meal twice
per day.Start weaning your calf off milk when it is six to eight weeks old.Start
weaning when the calf consumes half a kilogram of starter meal every day.The
milk should be decreased gradually over a period of ten to 12 weeks. Some
rules for weaning your calf:
• Always supply fresh, clean water and replace it twice per day
• Supply good quality hay, as this is good for the development of the rumen
muscle
• Start giving vitamin A, D and E supplements two weeks before weaning
• Do not castrate or dehorn calves during the weaning period
• Move the calves to their new pens approximately one week after they have
been weaned.
e) Comfort
Calves that are comfortable, can use their energy to grow big and strong.
Comfort refers to dry bedding and proper calf housing.Whatever the type of
5. Dairy Husbandry
5
housing you choose, always follow these basic guidelines:
• Always make sure that the housing is well-ventilated, draught-free and
well-lit
• Always separate calves from older cattle
• Housing should always be clean and dry
• Calves should have easy access to feed and water
• Do not mix the feed in the pens and store the feed in a separate
location away from the housing.
Good bedding and
ventilation.
Common diseases of calves are; navel ill, calf scours, helminthes (worm infestation)
and calf pneumonia.
Disease Clinical signs Management
Navel ill
(joint ill)
• Umblical region inflamed
• Joints swell
• Dress umbilicus with antiseptic at birth
• Maintain good hygiene at parturition
Calf scours
(Calf
diarrhea)
• Dirty tail,
• Diarrhoea (which may
contain blood),
• Loses weight
• Moves slowly
• Firstly treat the diarrhea
• Rehydrate the calf with fluids with
electrolytes and nutrients.
• Give only clean water and do not give milk
or starter meal.
• Contact a veterinarian.
Helminths • Poor body condition
• Starring coat
• Pot belly
• De-worm calves regularly particularly at
beginning of the rains
• Use recommended de-wormers (consult
veterinarian)
Calf
pneumonia
• Sneezing and coughing
• Difficult breathing
• Provide clean, airy and uncrowded
conditions
6. Dairy Husbandry
6
3.0 Heifer rearing
Healthy heifers.
Female calves after weaning are called heifers. From about 150 days, management
depends on the system and season of birth.
Calves born in wet season
• Calves born in the wet season will enter the dry season at about 5 months
of age.
• Calves in extensive systems should receive supplementation such as maize
or sorghum bran in addition to natural pasture.
• Concentrate (3-5kg) should be adjusted according to heifer growth and
condition to maintain steady growth.
• Feed precalving heifer well to receive the equivalent of 5.5kg concentrate
and 10 kg fresh cut grass or 23 kg silage daily.
Calves born in dry season
• Calves born in the dry season will attain an age of up to 5 months before
the wet season.
• Supplementary hay and concentrate should be given in dry season.
• When wet season sets in feed as above.
4.0 Adolescence
• Maturity in ruminants is weight dependant as well as age dependant.
• The onset of puberty (when oestrus cycle begins) in heifers depends on
weight and rate of growth.
• Exotic animals reach maturity earlier at (40% mature weight) and indigenous
animals later at (60% mature weight).
• Target weights for first service depend on breed, but should be higher than
that at which the heifer achieves puberty and first oestrus.The range and
variation of this depend on management and nutritional levels.
• A low age at first calving is desirable because it reduces land and forage
requirements for replacement stock and reduces overall maintenance costs
7. Dairy Husbandry
7
for young stock. It also leads to faster genetic improvement as cow will have
more calves in its lifetime.
5.0 The Mature Dairy Cow
5.1 General Guidelines
• The duration of lactation depends on age, breed, and feeding but generally
for a first calver it lasts 8-10 months but for adult heavy milkers it may go
up to one year.
• The average daily milk yield for exotic animals varies from 9-60 litres in
commercial milk production herds.
• Cows do not yield an equal amount of milk daily throughout the whole of
the lactation period. For the first 6-12 weeks amount steadily increases to
peak then may be steady for days up to 2 weeks after which it steadily falls
upto end of lactation.
• Natural cow’s milk contains a butter-fat content ranging from 3-6%.
Indigenous cows have the highest butter fat content.
• Generally, the higher the milk yield, the less the butter-fat content is likely
to be.
Milking
Milking parlour.
• Dairy cows are usually milked twice a day, high milkers may be milked thrice.
As far as it is practical, the intervals between successive milkings should be
the same.
• Before commencing milking the cow’s udder must be washed with a
disinfectant solution and then dried with a clean cloth.
• The milkers must wash their hands thoroughly with warm water using soap,
rinse in clean water, soak in disinfectant solution and dry with clean cloth.
• At commencement of milking, use a “strip cup” where the first “fore” milk
is drawn and examined for any abnormalities.This milk is discarded because
8. Dairy Husbandry
8
it normally contains micro-organisms from the teat canal. Never milk the
fore milk on the floor of the dairy.
• Milking must be carried out quietly, speedily and efficiently.
• Each udder should be thoroughly stripped as this stimulates more milk
production and secondly, the “strippings” or last milk in the udder is the
richest in butter fat.
• After milking, the milk should be cooled to as low a temperature as possible
at the farm.
• As far as possible the milker should wear suitable attire including overall, or
apron and cap.
• After milking,the utensils and milking stools must be kept scrupulously clean
and kept in a clean place.
• In general, cows on good ley pastures (planted grasses and legumes) will
obtain a maintenance ration plus 4.5 Kg of milk.
• Any additional Kg of milk will require supplementary feeding of 1 Kg of
compounded dairy meal.
• A cow requires a very liberal supply of water. On average 5 litres of water is
necessary for each litre of milk secreted.
Drying off
• Reduce the number of milkings to one daily
• Curtail her rations for 7-10 days.
• Then milk every other day
• Do not strip for about 14 days.
• Dry her off 6-8 weeks before she is due to calving again.
Healthy
Fresian bull.
1.2 Management of Bulls
a) A well managed bull can stay functional in a herd for 8-10 years.
b) Allow a young bull to serve when it is 12-15 months of age upto 20 heifers
9. Dairy Husbandry
9
in its first season.
c) Later it can serve 30-60 cows annually depending on age, fertility and its
physical fitness.
d) On good ley pasture, a mature bull requires 2-4kgs of concentrate per day.
e) Exercise is necessary to maintain muscular tone and activity and to prevent
excessive fatness and flabbiness.
1.3 Zero grazing
Zero grazing also called “stall feeding” is an intensive dairy production system
in which cattle do not graze, but are confined in a shed or stall where feed and
water are brought to them.
Advantages of zero grazing
• You can keep more cattle per unit area of land (higher stocking rate).This
is achieved by growing high yielding fodder crops such as Elephant grass,
Guatemala, Giant Setaria and Lablab.
• You can utilize forage from area not accessible for grazing such as roadsides
and steep slopes.
• The cattle are less exposed to environment hazards such as diseases and
heat stress.
• The cows conserve the energy that is usually wasted in moving during grazing
turning it into more milk and meat production.
• The manure can be collected easily.
Important points to note
(i) Zero grazing is labour intensive.The feed and water must be taken to the
cow in the shed.However,you save time as you don’t need to herd the cows.
(ii) You require capital for fodder establishment, construction, equipment and
buying quality cows.
(iii) You have to ensure that there is enough feed all the time. Here you need to
plan properly before you start.
Steps in managing dairy cattle under zero grazing
a) Establish a fodder bank
The first thing should be to establish a fodder bank by growing Elephant
grass, or Giant setaria.This should be supplemented with legumes such as
Lablab.You should plant at least one acre of fodder per cow.
10. Dairy Husbandry
10
Pasture ley (napier
grass and calliandra).
b) Construct the zero grazing unit
The basic parts of the unit include:cubicles (resting areas),the walking area,
feed and water troughs, the roof, and the milking place. Others include the
calf pen, store, fodder chopping area, manure storage, holding crush and
water tank.
c) Choose the right cow
It is important that you choose a cow that will be profitable under the
available resources on the farm. If the management is good and you have
a good supply of fodder and other feeds, a pure exotic heavy producer
such as a Friesian is suitable. If the fodder acreage is small and the climate
hot, choose smaller hardy breed such as Jersey or Guernsey, or crosses of
exotics with local breeds. In general,cows producing less than 10 litres per
day are uneconomical for zero grazing.
Good dairy
cow.
d) Give the cow the right feed
Ensure that your cow is given as much fodder as it wants to eat i.e. a
mixture of grass and legumes in a ratio of 3 parts of grass to 1 part of
legumes. In case of elephant grass, it should be harvested when it is 60 to
90 cm (2 to3 ft) and chopped into small pieces 2 to 5 cm long.
Supplementary feeds such as concentrates should be given to cows
11. Dairy Husbandry
11
producing more than 8 litres of milk. Other feeds include garden wastes
such as potato vines, maize stover, banana peels and agro-industrial by
products such as maize, rice or wheat bran or brewer’s waste. Give the
cow mineral supplements in form of licks or powder mixed with any of the
feeds mentioned above.
Cutting napier
grass.
e) Other important activities
To ensure profitability of the enterprise, you should also pay special
attention to the following:
• Control of diseases and parasites to minimize deaths and other
economic losses
• Proper milking and milking hygiene
• Appropriate breeding methods such as artificial insemination
• Keep records on: production, health, sales and purchases- to help
you in planning and decision making.
• Ensure environmental protection for sustainable production
• Good calf rearing for replacement stock