The end (or intention) refers to the goal that the individual was pursuing while doing the action. Based on the goal in mind when executing the act, some principles can be derived. Because of the purpose, an act that is neutral because of its object might become good or bad. For example, jogging is a meaningless activity in and of itself. It is a nice deed when done to retain good health, but it is an evil conduct when done to reach at a location where the individual commits larceny. Because of the purpose, an act that is good because of its object may become better, less good, or even bad. Giving a contribution to a homeless person, for example, is a good deed; yet, giving a donation only to get rid of the person is still a good deed, although not as good as in the first situation. When a donation is made with the intent of luring a homeless person into doing something unethical for you, it becomes an immoral act. An activity that is wicked in its aim may become more or less incorrect over time, but it will never be good in its intent. For example, lying is ethically reprehensible, but lying to slander another person is even more so. Similarly, lying "to get out of trouble" is still dishonest and bad, but it is less so because of the reason behind the lie (e.g. spies caught by foreign agency). Furthermore, analyzing a person's moral character is a tough task since it is impacted by a variety of internal and external circumstances. Most moralists believe that these three aspects, from which every act derives its morality, must be taken into account when determining the goodness or badness of any given human action. That is why the moralists are right when they say that a human act is morally good if it is good in its aim, conditions, and intention.

1. by Joseph Teodoro Pena and
Cheryle Retardo

2. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
Development Journalism
Juan L. Mercado
"Write so People
don’t lose hope."
New Trend of Journalism
- interpreting and reporting the news in a development
perspective
September 1969
- Press Foundation of Asia started its weekly news feature
service called DEPTH News, a rough acronym for
development, economics, and population themes.
Development Journalism is still relevant today.

3. Conventional
Journalism
Development
Journalism
1. Non-purposive(except to
inform)
2. Largely events-oriented
3. Generally straight news
4. Elitist Orientation
5.Not pragmatic
6. Celebrity-oriented
7. Individualistic approach
to reporting
1.Purposive (to propose
development)
2.Mostly process oriented
3.Generally in-depth
4.Pro-poor bias
5.Results-oriented
6.People oriented
7. Scientific approach to
reporting
NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM

4. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
Public Journalism
- also called as civic journalism
Peace Journalism
- a new approach to conflict reporting.
Principles of Peace Journalism
1. Be proactive in reporting conflicts. Do not wait
for war to break out before reporting it. You
might even help prevent conflict by being
proactive.
2. Report both visible and invisible effects of war.
Do not focus only on the body count(dead and
injured) but also on the human suffering war
brings on the civilians and war’s impact on the
society.

5. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
3. Be people-oriented in conflict reporting. Do
not focus on the elite only as actors and sources
of information.
4. Avoid concentrating only on what divides the
parties. Ask questions which may reveal areas of
common ground.
5. Explain the causes and consequences of
conflict.
6. Avoid labeling of good guys and bad guys.
7. Be multiparty oriented. There are always more
than two sides to any conflict.
8. Be nonpartisan.

6. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
9. Avoid making an opinion or claim seem like an
established facts.
10. Avoid treating the signing of document by
leaders, which bring about military victory or
ceasefire, as necessarily creating peace. Report on
the issues that remain.
11. Avoid waiting for leaders on one side to
suggest or offer solutions. Instead pick up and
explore peace initiatives wherever they came
from.
12. Take a win-win situation. The reporter must
recognize that there are many goals and possible
solutions to any conflict.
13. Stay on and report the peace that follows a
war.

7. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
People’s Journalism – The End Goal of
Development Journalism, Public
Journalism, and Peace Journalism?
Shelton Gunaratne (2002) says they are similar
on three points:
1. All three concepts are in agreement that the
mass media must go beyond traditional news
values to provide a more useful service to the
community.
2. Both public journalism and development
journalism are founded on the vision of
communication as conversation. The
participatory, bottom-up (non-linear) model of
communication and development is integral to
both.

8. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
3. Just as much as public
journalism is concerned with
community building within
the framework of democratic
ideals, development
journalism is concerned with
public participation in nation-
building within the same
framework.

9. NEW TRENDS IN JOURNALISM
Creative Nonfiction
- literary journalism and
narrative journalism
Ethics and Creative
Nonfiction

10. Philippine Online Journalism
Historical Development
1994
- start of Online Journalism in the
Philippines
September 1995
- The Manila Times went online, that
paved the way for other publications
October 1995
- Business World Online, was launched on
the Web, establishing niche as the First
Philippines Business paper to venture
online

11. Philippine Online Journalism
Historical Development
1998
- saw the rise of news publications going
online as well ass of the perceived
profitability of the online medium.
2006
- the Philippines had more than 30
known online news publications
although some had been inactive for
some time.

12. Philippine Online Journalism
Present Status
- most of them can be considered
young, while the others are relatively
new.
Online Access
- The Internet has low penetration in
the Philippines mainly due to lack of
ICT infrastructure
- the high cost of subscription and the
necessary hardware (only 2.7 percent of
households has personal computers as
of 2000 according to ITU.).

13. Philippine Online Journalism
Kinds and Frequencies of Online
Publications
- most are online newspapers
- many of them web editions of print dailies,
weeklies, or semiweeklies.
Contents
- five of these publications run a combination
of both original and shoveled contents
- two news web sites can be considered
ahead in terms of content
- characterized by their original articles and
more interactive and sophisticated features
appended to their content to make reading
and navigation easier.

14. Philippine Online Journalism
Sections and Articles
- most of the news web sites carry
the usual newspaper, sections, but
the number of these sections varies
between the national-based and
the province-based publications
- publications have various
numbers of articles
- the frequency of content updating
of most of the Web sites is related
to the frequency of their
publication

15. Philippine Online Journalism
Content Availability
- majority of the publications have
accessible archives
- most of them free of charge
- the most common type archive
searching is by date, It is interesting to
note that of the seven publications
without accessible archives, five of
them are Metro Manila-based
- through SMS and news mail are
available
- only a few big publications offer SMS
news service

16. Philippine Online Journalism
Multimediality
- at a modest stage
- publications cannot be considered in an
advanced stage
- use of graphics is also low
Content Services
- news through SMS (short message
service) or mobile phone, results of
licensure examinations and “about us”
section
- only a few national publications, most of
them big and leading media
organizations, offer SMS news service.

17. Philippine Online Journalism
Links in Article
- mostly to other articles in the same
section, and not to related articles
- some stories have links to other articles
and sections in the same web site, but
apparently they have no relation to the
stories
Interactivity
- few offering advance interactive features
- the rest offering only basic ones
- majority of the publications provide only
one email which is mostly at the
publication level or for the whole
publication.

18. Philippine Online Journalism
National-based vs. Province-based
- national-based publication have an
edge over the province-based
publication understandably
- most of them have log-established
print ad/or televisions counterparts.
Problem and Limitations
- financial instability
- lack of regular reporting
- limited number of stories and article
- lack of indepth reporting

19. Philippine Online Journalism
Uses and Benefits of Online
Journalism
1. Source of news and
information
2. Communication Channel
3. Alternative means of
publications
4. Means for other services

21. have opened rooms for Filipinos,
wherever they are in the world, to stay
connected to their love ones
made possible transnational
mothering
provide avenues for self expression
ultimate message boards
social marketers have taken advantage
of social media to push for respective
cause
increasingly being used from the
national down to the local level
other services, which can be called
truly innovative have made
Uses

22. Philippines is the largest group
on Facebook nationwide.
In mobility map, one of the
research participants showing
the Internet cafe as one of the
places they usually visit in a
week
In the time transect of one of the
research participant to social
media shows that Facebooking
as one of the dominant activities
in a week
A Peek into Social
Media Addiction

23. "Think before you click"
A cursory look of profile page on
facebook
Ethical Issues Attached
to Social Media
"Mass self
communication"
Manuel Castells

24. GMA 7 is the Philippine organization to launch a
campaign on being responsible in using social
media particularly against cyberbullying and
harassment
Do google your name and check what's online
Do be careful what you tweet
Don't do a quarrelling at twitter
Don't share and upload scandalous
image/pictures
Think before you add friends in Facebook
Don't use social Networking to put down a
person
Don't upload scandalous videos
Some cyberactivist, opinion leader or at best,
luckers have forwarded the following in using
social media platforms:
Ethical Issues Attached
to Social Media

25. Identity building
Site for activism
Media democracy
Citizen Journalism
Negative Impact on health
Oral defamation
Weakened ability to
communicate in person
Positive Impact
Unintended Impact
Impact of Social Media

26. 8 characteristics of community media:
1. They are owned and controlled by people in the
community
2. Usually smaller and low cost;
3. Provide interactive two way communications;
4. Non- profit and autonomous,therefore, non
commercial;
5. Has limited coverage or reach;
6. Utilizes appropriate, indigenous materialsand
resources;
7. Reflects community needs and interest;
8. Its programs and content support community
development
Social Media's Impact On
Community Media

27. Two main points worthy of
discussion in relation to the
impact of social media to
community media;
1. Issues on the nature of
community in community media
2. Extension of the concept of
public sphere
Social Media's Impact On
Community Media

28. Social Media
Rocks Philippines
in 2013
Phoebe Magdirila,
Tech Asia,
December 20, 2013

29. - facebook is more than just
posting,liking, and reading
- social media has prove to be the
powerful in many other ways.
Five ways that Filipinos have
made good and innovative - used
of social media in 2013
1. Disaster response
2. Selfies as protest
3. Chat apps change the game
4. Scrutiny of government officials
5. Hack attacks

30. Top Pinoy influencer on Twitter
By Jerry Plaza, Omg Philippines New Blog,
December 13, 2013
Vice Ganda

31. People Power by Social Media
by Juan L Mercado
The Philippine People Power l in 1986, took a leaf
from Mahatma Gandi's 1930 march to protest
the then colonial government's "Salt Tax".
Underground radio, alternative press and
women brigades neutralize Ferdinand Marcos
press censorship.
First generation cellphone appeared six years
after People Power l.
In 2001, Filipino became first in the world to
wage a revolution with cellphone to oust Joseph
Estrada for deep roated corruption.
In the Middle East, Turnishia's "Jasmine
Revolution" jolted deeply entrenched
oligarchies.
Iran suppressed it's "Green Revolution" .

32. Emerging Trends towards convergence in new
media communication

33. Brief History
Convergence
- mention "new media" in the same breath
New media
- digital media
Digital media
- encompasses forms of media content that combine and
integrate data, text sound, and images of all kinds
American
communication
scholar
"The Technologies of
Freedom" (1983)
"Convergence of Modes"
Ithiel De Sola Pool

34. Brief History
Leader from
academe of the
Massachusetts
Institute of
Technology (MIT) as
early as 1979
predicted growing
overlaps among
broadcasting
industry, print
industry, and
computer industry
Nicholas Negroponte

35. Brief History
leader of business
world
one of those who
came to embrace
Negroponte's vision
he left a top
executive position at
Pepsi in 1983 to
become CEO of
Apple Computer
In 2000, he used the
term convergence to
described the
overlapping ellipses
representing the
three industry
John Sculley

36. The 3Cs of Convergence Media
1. Communication Networks
2. Computing/Information Technology
3. Content(Media)
- Internet is the basic demand for three of them
to work side by side. These three C’s are
responsible for bringing up the resulting
digitization of media.
- When the word "convergence" showed up in
the business press in the 1980s and early 1990s, it
was often in connection with Sculley and Apple.
- The New York Times reported in 1994 on the
San Jose Mercury News' online edition on AOL,
and used "A Media Convergence" as one of the
subheads in the article.

37. - In 1993 in Chicago, the Tribune Company
launched CLTV, a 24-hour local cable
channel that used journalists and content
from the Chicago Tribune
- A few companies that owned both papers
and broadcast stations went many step
farther.
Examples: In Tampa, Florida where owner
Media General constructed a new building
to house the news operations of The Tampa
Tribune, WFLA-TV, and the newspaper's Web
site, Tampa Bay Online.
- Initially, newspaper-TV relationships
weren't called examples of convergence, the
term was "synergy."

38. Convergence in media technology
Convergence in ownership
convergence in information gathering
presentation
Convergence various perspectives;
Example of Media Convergence Today
- Backpack Journalist
- It is common to ask journalist to write
stories, shoot videos, and edit it themselves
- Reporters are expected to tape record
their interviews and bring them back to the
newsroom for presentation on the paper
web sites
- New York Times

39. CNN and Media Convergence
- CNN is first and foremost tv news network
- The strength of CNN TV correspondents and news
gathering team feed CNN.com
- CNN correspondent are are key to the company
product -news coverage
- The decision to launched a formal convergence
process to formally integrate the two operations,
"biggest multimedia empire in the world"
Media Convergence in Europe
- Nordjyske Stiftstidende
- reporters had a choice to work for the newspaper,
radio, television, or the Web Site
- reporters at Nordjyske don't feel as though they
work for one medium
- The World Association of Newspapers now refers to
the Nordjyske as the most integrated media
organization in the world

40. Media Convergence in Asia
- Media convergence has not yet spread in Asia
- Oh Yeon-ho is the Ohmy News founder and
CEO
- Ohmy News is mainly an online newspaper that
has television arm that broadcast to cellphone
users
- In the Philippines, the closest thing to media
convergence is the tie-up between the country's
two giant's media, the Philippine Daily Inquirer
(PDI) and GMA network, announced on July
2000, to established an internet news called
INQ7.net
- Inquirer Interactive, launched in October 1997,
was already the single most popular website in
the country
- In August 2000, INQ7.net "40th most visited
Web site in the world" and "2nd among Asian
Websites"

41. The Internet as a New
Media
- Internet is the electronic
network of networks that
link people and
information through
computers
- increasingly through
other digital media
technology

42. 1957
- the Internet started
- The first significant development to come from
ARPA was packet switching
1974
- the second major milestones in Internet
history was developed of a common set of
networking protocols
1991
- the third major step in the development of
internet was development of the World Wide
Web
1993
- The first Web browser was Mosaic, developed
Brief history of the
Internet

43. Internet in Asia
- In 2007 also 389 million, or 10.5 % of Asia's 3.7
billion people, were users of Internet
- Between 2000 and 2007, internet usage in Asia
grew by 240.7%
- The big internet users in Asia are
Hongkong(68.2% internet penetration),
Japan(61.1%), Singapore (66.3%), South Korea
(66.1%), and Taiwan (60%).
- Philippines has 9% or 7.8 million of its 87
million people using the internet).
Internet in the Philippines
- The Philippines was linked to the Internet only
in March 1994
- Much of the credits for this goes to the
Philippine Network Foundation (PHNET)

44. The original members of PHNET were;
1. University of the Philippine Diliman
2. University of the Philippines Los Banos
3. Ateneo De Manila
4. De La Salle University
PHNET set up the countrywide computer
network in two phases;
Phase 1: Began in July 1993 and linked DOST,
UP Diliman, UP Los Baños, Ateneo De Manila
and De La Salle University.
Phase 2: expanded the network to 20
members, including the University of Santo
Tomas, University of San Carlos, St. Louis
University, Xavier University, and Industrial
Research Foundation.

45. - In 1996, two years after the introduction of
internet the Philippine had an estimated 40,000
Filipino using it, the number grew to 2,000,000 in
2020 and to 7,820,000 in 2007
- half of the internet users are in Metro Manila
were only 13% of the population lives.
- Today there are as many as 5,000 internet cafes
in the Philippines according to industry estimates.
Media and Internet
2006
- Philippines have more than 30 known online
news publications
- This figures include only those that provide news
as their main service, ranging from online version
of print newspaper to online daily newspaper,
online weekly newspaper, online news magazine
and online newspaper-television joints ventures.

46. Education and Internet
- University of the Philippines with the
autonomous campuses, opened a "fifth
campus" in 1998.
- Other leading private universities are also
going into cyberspace
- The Asian Institute of Journalism and
Communication has designed online
communication course.
- The Department of education culture and
sports which supervise and highschool
education, is a pilot testing program for
distance education in 25 school nationwide.
- The Commission on Higher Education which
overseas tertiary education, is just beginning to
implement guidelines on the use of distant
education.

47. Government, Business, and Internet
- there is already a Philippine Government
Web Portal
- Quality and usefulness of these Web
Sites vary
- E-commerce is still minimal
- One success story of Philippines e-
commerce is Trading Portal for Farmers
Internet and Social Issues
1. The Internet cafe has become mainly
game centers
2. Digital divide