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Groovy Domain Specific Languages - SpringOne2GX 2012

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Guillaume Laforge
Guillaume Laforge

Paul King, Andrew Eisenberg and Guillaume Laforge present about implementation of Domain-Specific Languages in Groovy, while at the SpringOne2GX 2012 conference in Washington DC.

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Groovy Domain-Specific Languages Andrew Eisenberg Paul King Guillaume Laforge Groovy Eclipse Project Lead Groovy Core Developer Groovy Project Manager SpringSource / VMware ASERT SpringSource / VMware @werdnagreb @paulk_asert @glaforge © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
Andrew Eisenberg • Groovy-Eclipse project lead • Senior Member of Technical Staff,VMware Tools Team – Grails-IDE, GGTS, AJDT, STS, Scripted, Orion project • PhD in Computer Science from University of British Columbia • Follow me: – Twitter: @werdnagreb – Blog: http://contraptionsforprogramming.blogspot.ca/ – Google+: http://gplus.to/aeisenberg 2
Paul King • Groovy Core Committer • Leads ASERT – software, training, consultancy company based in Brisbane, Australia • PhD in Computer Science from The University of Queensland • Co-author of Groovy in Action • Follow me: – Twitter: @paulk_asert 3
Guillaume Laforge • Groovy Project Manager at VMware • Initiator of the Grails framework • Creator of the Gaelyk • Co-author of Groovy in Action • Follow me: • My blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com • Twitter: @glaforge • Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge 4
Introduction Definitions Examples Goals Pros & cons © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
Domain-Specific Languages { } A Domain-Specific Language is a programming language or executable specification language that offers, through appropriate notations and abstractions, expressive power focused on, and usually restricted to, a particular problem domain. • In contrast to General Purpose Languages • Also known as: fluent / humane interfaces, language oriented programming, little or mini languages, macros, business natural languages... 6
Technical examples XSLT <?xml version="1.0"?> Glade Regex <?xml version="1.0"?> <GTK-Interface> <xsl:stylesheetversion="1.0" <widget> <class>GtkWindow</class> xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <name>HelloWindow</name> <xsl:output method="xml"/> <border_width>5</border_width> <xsl:template match="*"> <Signal> <xsl:element name="{name()}"> <name>destroy</name> <xsl:for-each select="@*"> <handler>gtk_main_quit</handler> <xsl:element name="{name()}"> </Signal> <title>Hello</title> <xsl:value-of select="."/> </xsl:element> "x.z?z{1,3}y" <type>GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL</type> </xsl:for-each> <position>GTK_WIN_POS_NONE</position> <xsl:apply-templates select="*|text()"/> <allow_shrink>True</allow_shrink> </xsl:element> <allow_grow>True</allow_grow> </xsl:template> <auto_shrink>False</auto_shrink> </xsl:stylesheet> <widget> <class>GtkButton</class> Fetchmail <name>Hello World</name> <can_focus>True</can_focus> <label>Hello World</label> # Poll this site first each cycle. SQL poll pop.provider.net proto pop3 </widget> user "jsmith" with pass "secret1" is "smith" here </widget> user jones with pass "secret2" is "jjones" here with options keep </GTK-Interface> # Poll this site second, unless Lord Voldemort zaps us first. poll billywig.hogwarts.com with proto imap: user harry_potter with pass "floo" is harry_potter here SELECT * FROM TABLE # Poll this site third in the cycle. WHERE NAME LIKE '%SMI' # Password will be fetched from ~/.netrc poll mailhost.net with proto imap: ORDER BY NAME user esr is esr here
Antimalaria drug Insurance policy risk HR skills representation resistance simulation calculation engine Nuclear safety simulations Market data feeds analysis Loan acceptance rules engine
Goals of DSLs • Use a more expressive language than a general-purpose one • Share a common metaphor of understanding between developers and subject matter experts • Have domain experts help with the design of the business logic of an application • Avoid cluttering business code with too much boilerplate technical code thanks to a clean separation • Let business rules have their own lifecycle 9
Pros and cons Pros Cons – Domain experts can help, – Learning cost vs. limited applicability validate, modify, and often – Cost of designing, implementing & develop DSL programs maintaining DSLs as well as tools/ – Somewhat self-documenting IDEs – Enhance quality, productivity, – Attaining proper scope reliability, maintainability, – Trade-offs between domain portability, reusability specificity and general purpose – Safety; as long as the language language constructs constructs are safe, any DSL – Efficiency cost sentence can be considered safe – Proliferation of similar non-standard DSLs 10
Groovy provides... • A flexible and malleable syntax – scripts, native syntax constructs (list, map, ranges), closures, less punctuation... • Compile-time and runtime meta-programming – metaclasses, AST transformations – also operator overloading • The ability to easily integrate into Java / Spring apps – also security and safety 11
Let’s get started! © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
Your mission: build a DSL for a Mars robot
We need a robot! package  mars class  Robot  {} 15
It should move... package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move()  {} } 16
..in a direction! package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move(String  dir)  {} } 17
More explicit direction package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {} } package  mars   enum  Direction  {        left,  right,  forward,  backward } 18
Now how can we control it? import  static  mars.Direction.*; import  mars.Robot; public  class  Command  {        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                robot.move(left);        } } 19
Now how can we control it? import  static  mars.Direction.*; import  mars.Robot; public  class  Command  {        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                robot.move(left);        } } Syntactical noise! 19
Now how can we control it?                                                            — import  static  mars.Direction.*;                                  — import  mars.Robot; —————————————————————— public  class  Command  {        ————————————————————————————————————————        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                —————                                        —                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                                    —        ——                robot.move(left);        —        } — } Syntactical noise! 19
Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left 20
Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot Optional typing                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left 20
Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot Optional typing                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left But I don’t want to compile a script for every command! 20
Integration
GroovyShell to the rescue 22
GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 22
GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) 22
GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 22
GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot command.groovy def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 22
Integration mechanisms • Different solutions available: – Groovy’s own mechanisms • GroovyScriptEngine, GroovyShell, GroovyClassLoader, Eval – Java 6: javax.script.* / JSR-223 • Groovy provides a JSR-223 implementation – Spring’s lang namespace • Groovy provides the highest level of flexibility and customization, but JSR-223 is a standard... 23
Integration mechanisms • Different solutions available: – Groovy’s own mechanisms • GroovyScriptEngine, GroovyShell, GroovyClassLoader, Eval – Java 6: javax.script.* / JSR-223 • Groovy provides a JSR-223 implementation – Spring’s lang namespace • Groovy provides the highest level of flexibility and customization, but JSR-223 is a standard... 23
What’s wrong with our DSL? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 24
What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 24
What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left Can’t we inject the robot? 24
What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left Can’t we inject Do we really need to the robot? repeat ‘robot’? 24
I’m sorry Dave, you can’t do that!
I’m sorry Dave, you can’t do that!
What we really want is...  move  left   26
Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values 27
Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  mars.Robot() ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 27
Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values integration.groovy def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  mars.Robot() ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 27
Better? import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left 28
Better? Robot import removed import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left 28
Better? Robot import removed import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left Robot injected, no ‘new’ needed 28
How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.* binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        left:          Direction.left,        right:        Direction.right,        backward:  Direction.backward,        forward:    Direction.forward ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 29
How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.* Fragile in case of new directions! binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        left:          Direction.left,        right:        Direction.right,        backward:  Direction.backward,        forward:    Direction.forward ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 29
How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.*   binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  { Spread map                                [(it.name()):  it] operator                        } ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 30
How to inject the direction? • Using string concatenation? • Using compiler customizers 31
String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
String concatenation? Bad idea! Cheat with string concatenation? Bad! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
String concatenation? Bad idea! Line #1 becomes Line #2 new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
Compilation customizers • Ability to apply some customization to the Groovy compilation process • Three available customizers Groovy 1.8 – ImportCustomizer: add transparent imports – ASTTransformationCustomizer: injects an AST transform – SecureASTCustomizer: restrict the groovy language to an allowed subset • But you can implement your own 33
Imports customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports)     new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                      configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left")             34
AST transformation customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,                          new  ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log))   new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                    configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left"  +  "n"                            "log.info  ‘Robot  moved’")                       35
AST transformation customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,                          new  ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log))   new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                    configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left"  +  "n"                            "log.info  ‘Robot  moved’")                       @Log injects a logger in scripts and classes 35
Secure the onboard trajectory calculator
Secure AST customizer • Let’s set up our environment – an import customizer to import java.lang.Math.* – prepare a secure AST customizer def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer()                                    .addStaticStars('java.lang.Math') def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() 37
Secure AST customizer Idea: secure the rocket’s onboard trajectory calculation system by allowing only math expressions to be evaluated by the calculator • Let’s set up our environment – an import customizer to import java.lang.Math.* – prepare a secure AST customizer def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer()                                    .addStaticStars('java.lang.Math') def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() 37
Secure AST customizer ... secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false     //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
Secure AST customizer Disallow closures ... and methods secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false     //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
Secure AST customizer Disallow closures ... and methods secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions Black / white list methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false   imports   //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
Secure AST customizer ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
Secure AST customizer You can build a subset of the Groovy syntax! ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
Secure AST customizer You can build a subset of the Groovy syntax! ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Black / white list Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE usage of classes ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
Secure AST customizer • Ready to evaluate our flight equations! def  config  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() config.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,  secure) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(config)   shell.evaluate  'cos  PI/3' • But the following would have failed: shell.evaluate  'System.exit(0)' 40
Back to our robot... robot.move  left 41
Back to our robot... Still need to get rid of the robot prefix! robot.move  left 41
Can we remove it?
Yes ! Can we remove it?
How to get rid of the ‘robot’? • Instead of calling the move() method on the robot instance, we should be able to call the move() method directly from within the script • Two approaches • Inject a ‘move’ closure in • Use a base script class the binding with a method with a ‘move’ method pointer delegating to the robot 43
Inject a closure in the binding def  robot  =  new  mars.Robot() binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  robot,        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        },        move:  robot.&move ]) 44
Inject a closure in the binding def  robot  =  new  mars.Robot() binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  robot,        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        }, Method pointer        move:  robot.&move (a closure) on ]) robot’s move instance method 44
Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } 45
Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } The move() method is now at the script level 45
Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } Access the robot The move() method is through the script’s now at the script level binding 45
Configure the base script class def  conf  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() conf.scriptBaseClass  =  RobotBaseScriptClass 46
Configure the base script class def  conf  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() conf.scriptBaseClass  =  RobotBaseScriptClass Scripts evaluated with this configuration will inherit from that class 46
Ready for lift off!    move  left
Beep, beep... yes but how do you define the speed? ...beep...
Oh no!
What we could do now is... move  left,  at:  3.km/h 50
What we could do now is... Mix of named and normal parameters move  left,  at:  3.km/h 50
What we could do now is... Mix of named and normal parameters move  left,  at:  3.km/h How to support this speed notation? 50
Supporting the speed notation • We need to: – define units of distance, time and speed • DistanceUnit and Distance • TimeUnit and Duration • Speed – have a nice notation for them by adding properties to numbers – be able to define speed thanks to operator overloading 51
Distance unit enum and distance enum  DistanceUnit  {        centimeter  ('cm',        0.01),        meter            (  'm',        1      ),          kilometer    ('km',  1000      )                  String  abbreviation        double  multiplier                DistanceUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  {                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 52
Distance unit enum and distance enum  DistanceUnit  { @TupleConstructor          centimeter  ('cm',        0.01), class  Distance  {        meter            (  'm',        1      ),          double  amount          kilometer    ('km',  1000      )          DistanceUnit  unit                String  abbreviation        String  toString()  {          double  multiplier                "$amount  $unit"                  }          DistanceUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  { }                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 52
Time unit enum and duration enum  TimeUnit  {        hour            (    'h',  3600),        minute        ('min',      60),          second        (    's',        1)                  String  abbreviation        double  multiplier                TimeUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  {                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 53
Time unit enum and duration enum  TimeUnit  { @TupleConstructor          hour            (    'h',  3600), class  Duration  {        minute        ('min',      60),          double  amount          second        (    's',        1)          TimeUnit  unit                String  abbreviation        String  toString()  {          double  multiplier                "$amount  $unit"                  }          TimeUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  { }                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 53
Now at (light!) speed @TupleConstructor   class  Speed  { distance        Distance  distance speed =        Duration  dur duration        String  toString()  {                  "$distance/$dur"          }   } 54
First, we need the distance notation • We add a dynamic property to numbers by adding a getter to them and use the property notation shortcut: 2.km 2.getKm() 55
Techniques to add properties to numbers • To add dynamic methods or properties, there are several approaches at your disposal: – ExpandoMetaClass – custom MetaClass – Categories – Extension modules Groovy 2! • Let’s have a look at the ExpandoMetaClass 56
Using ExpandoMetaClass Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } 57
Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } 57
Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } ‘delegate’ is the current number 57
Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Usage in your DSLs Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>   40.cm          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   3.5.m } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>   4.km        new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } ‘delegate’ is the current number 57
Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time 2.km/h 58
Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time The div() method on Distance 2.km/h 58
Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time The div() method on Distance 2.km/h An ‘h’ duration instance in the binding 58
Inject the ‘h’ hour constant in the binding def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        },        h:  new  Duration(1,  TimeUnit.hour) ]) 59
Inject the ‘h’ hour constant in the binding def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  { An ‘h’ duration added                                [(it.name()):  it] to the binding                        },        h:  new  Duration(1,  TimeUnit.hour) ]) 59
Operator overloading a  +  b      //  a.plus(b) a  -­‐  b      //  a.minus(b) • Currency amounts a  *  b      //  a.multiply(b) – 15.euros + 10.dollars a  /  b      //  a.div(b) a  %  b      //  a.modulo(b) • Distance handling a  **  b    //  a.power(b) a  |  b      //  a.or(b) – 10.km - 10.m a  &  b      //  a.and(b) a  ^  b      //  a.xor(b) • Workflow, concurrency a[b]        //  a.getAt(b) – taskA | taskB & taskC a  <<  b    //  a.leftShift(b) a  >>  b    //  a.rightShift(b) • Credit an account a  >>>  b  //  a.rightShiftUnsigned(b) – account << 10.dollars +a            //  a.unaryPlus() account += 10.dollars -­‐a            //  a.unaryMinus() account.credit 10.dollars ~a            //  a.bitwiseNegate() 60
Operator overloading • Update the Distance class with a div() method following the naming convention for operators class  Distance  {        ...        Speed  div(Duration  t)  {                new  Speed(this,  t)        }        ... } 61
Operator overloading • Update the Distance class with a div() method following the naming convention for operators class  Distance  {        ...        Speed  div(Duration  t)  {                new  Speed(this,  t)        }        ... } Optional return 61
Equivalence of notation • Those two notations are actually equivalent: 2.km/h 2.getKm().div(h) 62
Equivalence of notation • Those two notations are actually equivalent: 2.km/h This one might be slightly more verbose! 2.getKm().div(h) 62
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal parameter 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) All named parameters go into the map argument 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) All named parameters go Positional parameters into the map argument come afterwards 63
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h 64
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Can we get rid of the comma? 64
Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Can we get rid of What about the the comma? colon too? 64
Command chains Groovy 1.8 • A grammar improvement allowing you to drop dots & parens when chaining method calls – an extended version of top-level statements like println • Less dots, less parens allow you to – write more readable business rules – in almost plain English sentences • (or any language, of course) 65
Command chains  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
Command chains Alternation of method names  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
Command chains Alternation of method names  move  left    at  3.km/h   and parameters (even named ones) 66
Command chains  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
Command chains Equivalent to:  move  left    at  3.km/h            (        ).    (            ) 66
Look Ma! No parens, n odots!
Command chains //  Java  fluent  API  approach class  Robot  {        ...        def  move(Direction  dir)  {                this.dir  =  dir                return  this        }        def  at(Speed  speed)  {                this.speed  =  speed                return  this        }        ... } 68
Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐>                ...        }] } 69
Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐> Nested maps                ... and closures        }] } 69
Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐> Nested maps                ... and closures        }] } Usage in your DSLs move  left  at  3.km/h 69
Command chains 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names            (      ).                .        (          ) //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names            (      ).                .        (          ) //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm            (        ). 70
Final result 71
Final result move  forward  at  3.km/h 71
move forward at 3.km/h
move forward at 3.km/h Yes! We did it!
What about security and safety?
Security and Safety JVM Security Managers SecureASTCustomizer Sandboxing Controlling script execution © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
Play it safe in a sandbox
Playing it safe... • You have to think carefully about what DSL users are allowed to do with your DSL • Forbid things which are not allowed – leverage the JVM’s Security Managers • this might have an impact on performance – use a Secure AST compilation customizer • not so easy to think about all possible cases – avoid long running scripts with *Interrupt transformations 76
Security Managers • Groovy is just a language leaving on the JVM, so you have access to the usual Security Managers mechanism – Nothing Groovy specific here – Please check the documentation on Security Managers and how to design policy files 77
SecureASTCustomizer def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation      closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions      methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false   //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  certain  imports      importsWhitelist  =  [...]        staticImportsWhitelist  =  [...] //  only  allow  some  static  import      staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  [...] //  language  tokens  allowed        tokensWhitelist  =  [...] //  types  allowed  to  be  used      constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [...] //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls      receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [...] } def  config  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() config.addCompilationCustomizers(secure) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(config) 78
Controlling code execution • Your application may run user’s code – what if the code runs in infinite loops or for too long? – what if the code consumes too many resources? • 3 new transforms at your rescue – @ThreadInterrupt: adds Thread#isInterrupted checks so your executing thread stops when interrupted – @TimedInterrupt: adds checks in method and closure bodies to verify it’s run longer than expected – @ConditionalInterrupt: adds checks with your own conditional logic to break out from the user code 79
@ThreadInterrupt @ThreadInterrupt import  groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt     while  (true)  {        //  Any  extraterestrial  around? } 80
@ThreadInterrupt @ThreadInterrupt import  groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt       while  (true)  { {        if  (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())                throw  new  InterruptedException() }        //  Any  extraterestrial  around? } 80
@TimedInterrupt @TimedInterrupt(10) import  groovy.transform.TimedInterrupt     while  (true)  {        move  left        //  circle  forever } • InterruptedException thrown when checks indicate code ran longer than desired 81
@ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 @ConditionalInterrupt({  battery.level  <  0.1  }) import  groovy.transform.ConditionalInterrupt 100.times  {                move  forward  at  10.km/h } 82
@ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 @ConditionalInterrupt({  battery.level  <  0.1  }) import  groovy.transform.ConditionalInterrupt Can we avoid typing the 100.times  {         conditional        move  forward  at  10.km/h interrupt? } 82
@ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 Yes! Using compilation 100.times  {         customizers        move  forward  at  10.km/h } 83
Using compilation customizers • In our previous examples, the usage of the interrupts were explicit, and users had to type them – if they want to deplete the battery of your robot, they won’t use interrupts, so you have to impose interrupts yourself • With compilation customizers you can inject those interrupts thanks to the AST Transformation Customizer 84
What about tooling?
Tooling Why tooling? DSL descriptors Pointcuts and contributions Packaging DSLDs © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
Why tooling? • I know what this language means –why do I want anything more? 87
Why tooling? • I know what this language means –why do I want anything more? • But, tooling can make things even better –syntax checking –content assist –search –inline documentation 87
Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… 88
Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… 88
Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… Uh oh! 88
Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… Uh oh! Can we do better? 88
Of course! • Eclipse is extensible – with a plugin architecture Eclipse platform New WorkBench plugin Help JFace SWT New Team tool Workspace Platform runtime 89
I want my DSL supported in Eclipse 90
I want my DSL supported in Eclipse • Let’s create a plugin – create a plugin project – extend an extension point – write the code – build the plugin – host on an update site – convince people to install it 90
I want my DSL supported in Eclipse • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it 90
I want my DSL supported in Eclipse Uh oh! • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it 90
I want my DSL supported in Eclipse Uh oh! • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it Can we do better? 90
Of course! • Groovy is extensible! – Meta-Object Protocol – Metaprogramming – DSLs... 91
DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL 92
DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries 92
DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful DSL Descriptors (DSLD) – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries 92
DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful DSL Descriptors (DSLD) – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries In IntelliJ. called GDSL 92
Let’s start simple move deploy h left right forward backward 93
Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward backward 93
Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: backward – When the type is this contribute( isThisType() ) {…} – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: Pointcut backward – When the type is this contribute( isThisType() ) {…} – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: Pointcut backward – When the type is this Contribution contribute( isThisType() ) {…} block – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
DEMO LET’S SEE THAT 94
Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? What – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? What – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method Not at runtime... only while editing – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
Talking about « x » class  Other  {  } class  Foo  {        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  {        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  { Enclosing class        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  { Enclosing class        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin Enclosing method        } } 96
Pointcuts 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and isScript(        annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic") 97
Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and isScript(        annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic") )  &  currentType(method("move")) 97
What goes in a contribution block? 98
What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” 98
What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” • method: “adds” a method – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams 98
What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” • method: “adds” a method – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams • delegatesTo: “delegates” invocations to another type – type (REQUIRED) 98
What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property contribute(...)  { – name: “myName” (REQUIRED)    property  name:  "myName" – type: “java.lang.String”    method  name:  "getMyName" – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble”    delegatesTo  type:   – doc: “Some JavaDoc”            "some.other.Type" • method: “adds” a method } – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams • delegatesTo: “delegates” invocations to another type – type (REQUIRED) 98
Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? 99
Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP 99
Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime 99
Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime • DSLD: pointcuts and contribution blocks – operates on AST in the editor org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.* 99
Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime • DSLD: pointcuts and contribution blocks – operates on AST in the editor org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.* • Join Point Model – Join points (e.g., instructions, expressions) – Mechanism for quantifying join points (e.g., pointcuts) – Means of affect at a join point (e.g., advice, contribution blocks) 99
DEMO LET’S GET THE EDITOR REALLY WORKING 100
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Groovy Domain Specific Languages - SpringOne2GX 2012

  • 1. Groovy Domain-Specific Languages Andrew Eisenberg Paul King Guillaume Laforge Groovy Eclipse Project Lead Groovy Core Developer Groovy Project Manager SpringSource / VMware ASERT SpringSource / VMware @werdnagreb @paulk_asert @glaforge © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
  • 2. Andrew Eisenberg • Groovy-Eclipse project lead • Senior Member of Technical Staff,VMware Tools Team – Grails-IDE, GGTS, AJDT, STS, Scripted, Orion project • PhD in Computer Science from University of British Columbia • Follow me: – Twitter: @werdnagreb – Blog: http://contraptionsforprogramming.blogspot.ca/ – Google+: http://gplus.to/aeisenberg 2
  • 3. Paul King • Groovy Core Committer • Leads ASERT – software, training, consultancy company based in Brisbane, Australia • PhD in Computer Science from The University of Queensland • Co-author of Groovy in Action • Follow me: – Twitter: @paulk_asert 3
  • 4. Guillaume Laforge • Groovy Project Manager at VMware • Initiator of the Grails framework • Creator of the Gaelyk • Co-author of Groovy in Action • Follow me: • My blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com • Twitter: @glaforge • Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge 4
  • 5. Introduction Definitions Examples Goals Pros & cons © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
  • 6. Domain-Specific Languages { } A Domain-Specific Language is a programming language or executable specification language that offers, through appropriate notations and abstractions, expressive power focused on, and usually restricted to, a particular problem domain. • In contrast to General Purpose Languages • Also known as: fluent / humane interfaces, language oriented programming, little or mini languages, macros, business natural languages... 6
  • 7. Technical examples XSLT <?xml version="1.0"?> Glade Regex <?xml version="1.0"?> <GTK-Interface> <xsl:stylesheetversion="1.0" <widget> <class>GtkWindow</class> xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <name>HelloWindow</name> <xsl:output method="xml"/> <border_width>5</border_width> <xsl:template match="*"> <Signal> <xsl:element name="{name()}"> <name>destroy</name> <xsl:for-each select="@*"> <handler>gtk_main_quit</handler> <xsl:element name="{name()}"> </Signal> <title>Hello</title> <xsl:value-of select="."/> </xsl:element> "x.z?z{1,3}y" <type>GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL</type> </xsl:for-each> <position>GTK_WIN_POS_NONE</position> <xsl:apply-templates select="*|text()"/> <allow_shrink>True</allow_shrink> </xsl:element> <allow_grow>True</allow_grow> </xsl:template> <auto_shrink>False</auto_shrink> </xsl:stylesheet> <widget> <class>GtkButton</class> Fetchmail <name>Hello World</name> <can_focus>True</can_focus> <label>Hello World</label> # Poll this site first each cycle. SQL poll pop.provider.net proto pop3 </widget> user "jsmith" with pass "secret1" is "smith" here </widget> user jones with pass "secret2" is "jjones" here with options keep </GTK-Interface> # Poll this site second, unless Lord Voldemort zaps us first. poll billywig.hogwarts.com with proto imap: user harry_potter with pass "floo" is harry_potter here SELECT * FROM TABLE # Poll this site third in the cycle. WHERE NAME LIKE '%SMI' # Password will be fetched from ~/.netrc poll mailhost.net with proto imap: ORDER BY NAME user esr is esr here
  • 8. Antimalaria drug Insurance policy risk HR skills representation resistance simulation calculation engine Nuclear safety simulations Market data feeds analysis Loan acceptance rules engine
  • 9. Goals of DSLs • Use a more expressive language than a general-purpose one • Share a common metaphor of understanding between developers and subject matter experts • Have domain experts help with the design of the business logic of an application • Avoid cluttering business code with too much boilerplate technical code thanks to a clean separation • Let business rules have their own lifecycle 9
  • 10. Pros and cons Pros Cons – Domain experts can help, – Learning cost vs. limited applicability validate, modify, and often – Cost of designing, implementing & develop DSL programs maintaining DSLs as well as tools/ – Somewhat self-documenting IDEs – Enhance quality, productivity, – Attaining proper scope reliability, maintainability, – Trade-offs between domain portability, reusability specificity and general purpose – Safety; as long as the language language constructs constructs are safe, any DSL – Efficiency cost sentence can be considered safe – Proliferation of similar non-standard DSLs 10
  • 11. Groovy provides... • A flexible and malleable syntax – scripts, native syntax constructs (list, map, ranges), closures, less punctuation... • Compile-time and runtime meta-programming – metaclasses, AST transformations – also operator overloading • The ability to easily integrate into Java / Spring apps – also security and safety 11
  • 12. Let’s get started! © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
  • 13.
  • 14. Your mission: build a DSL for a Mars robot
  • 15. We need a robot! package  mars class  Robot  {} 15
  • 16. It should move... package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move()  {} } 16
  • 17. ..in a direction! package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move(String  dir)  {} } 17
  • 18. More explicit direction package  mars   class  Robot  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {} } package  mars   enum  Direction  {        left,  right,  forward,  backward } 18
  • 19. Now how can we control it? import  static  mars.Direction.*; import  mars.Robot; public  class  Command  {        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                robot.move(left);        } } 19
  • 20. Now how can we control it? import  static  mars.Direction.*; import  mars.Robot; public  class  Command  {        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                robot.move(left);        } } Syntactical noise! 19
  • 21. Now how can we control it?                                                            — import  static  mars.Direction.*;                                  — import  mars.Robot; —————————————————————— public  class  Command  {        ————————————————————————————————————————        public  static  void  main(String[]  args)  {                —————                                        —                Robot  robot  =  new  Robot();                                    —        ——                robot.move(left);        —        } — } Syntactical noise! 19
  • 22. Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left 20
  • 23. Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot Optional typing                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left 20
  • 24. Optional semicolons & parentheses / Scripts vs classes import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot Optional typing                def      robot  =  new  Robot()                robot.move  left But I don’t want to compile a script for every command! 20
  • 26. GroovyShell to the rescue 22
  • 27. GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 22
  • 28. GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) 22
  • 29. GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 22
  • 30. GroovyShell to the rescue def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell() shell.evaluate( integration.groovy        new  File("command.groovy") ) import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot command.groovy def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 22
  • 31. Integration mechanisms • Different solutions available: – Groovy’s own mechanisms • GroovyScriptEngine, GroovyShell, GroovyClassLoader, Eval – Java 6: javax.script.* / JSR-223 • Groovy provides a JSR-223 implementation – Spring’s lang namespace • Groovy provides the highest level of flexibility and customization, but JSR-223 is a standard... 23
  • 32. Integration mechanisms • Different solutions available: – Groovy’s own mechanisms • GroovyScriptEngine, GroovyShell, GroovyClassLoader, Eval – Java 6: javax.script.* / JSR-223 • Groovy provides a JSR-223 implementation – Spring’s lang namespace • Groovy provides the highest level of flexibility and customization, but JSR-223 is a standard... 23
  • 33. What’s wrong with our DSL? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 24
  • 34. What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left 24
  • 35. What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left Can’t we inject the robot? 24
  • 36. What’s wrong with our DSL? Can’t we hide those imports? import  static  mars.Direction.* import  mars.Robot def  robot  =  new  Robot() robot.move  left Can’t we inject Do we really need to the robot? repeat ‘robot’? 24
  • 37. I’m sorry Dave, you can’t do that!
  • 38. I’m sorry Dave, you can’t do that!
  • 39. What we really want is...  move  left   26
  • 40. Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values 27
  • 41. Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  mars.Robot() ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 27
  • 42. Let’s inject a robot! • We can pass data in / out of scripts through the Binding – basically just a map of variable name keys and their associated values integration.groovy def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  mars.Robot() ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 27
  • 43. Better? import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left 28
  • 44. Better? Robot import removed import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left 28
  • 45. Better? Robot import removed import  static  mars.Direction.* robot.move  left Robot injected, no ‘new’ needed 28
  • 46. How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.* binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        left:          Direction.left,        right:        Direction.right,        backward:  Direction.backward,        forward:    Direction.forward ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 29
  • 47. How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.* Fragile in case of new directions! binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        left:          Direction.left,        right:        Direction.right,        backward:  Direction.backward,        forward:    Direction.forward ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 29
  • 48. How to inject the direction? • Using the import  mars.*   binding... def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  { Spread map                                [(it.name()):  it] operator                        } ]) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(binding) shell.evaluate(        new  File("command.groovy") ) 30
  • 49. How to inject the direction? • Using string concatenation? • Using compiler customizers 31
  • 50. String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
  • 51. String concatenation? Bad idea! Cheat with string concatenation? Bad! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
  • 52. String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
  • 53. String concatenation? Bad idea! Line #1 becomes Line #2 new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
  • 54. String concatenation? Bad idea! new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]))        .evaluate("import  static  mars.Direction.*n"  +                            "robot.move  left") 32
  • 55. Compilation customizers • Ability to apply some customization to the Groovy compilation process • Three available customizers Groovy 1.8 – ImportCustomizer: add transparent imports – ASTTransformationCustomizer: injects an AST transform – SecureASTCustomizer: restrict the groovy language to an allowed subset • But you can implement your own 33
  • 56. Imports customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports)     new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                      configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left")             34
  • 57. AST transformation customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,                          new  ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log))   new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                    configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left"  +  "n"                            "log.info  ‘Robot  moved’")                       35
  • 58. AST transformation customizer def  configuration  =  new  CompilerConfiguration()   def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer() imports.addStaticStar(mars.Direction.name) configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,                          new  ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log))   new  GroovyShell(new  Binding([robot:  new  mars.Robot()]),                                    configuration)        .evaluate("robot.move  left"  +  "n"                            "log.info  ‘Robot  moved’")                       @Log injects a logger in scripts and classes 35
  • 60. Secure AST customizer • Let’s set up our environment – an import customizer to import java.lang.Math.* – prepare a secure AST customizer def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer()                                    .addStaticStars('java.lang.Math') def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() 37
  • 61. Secure AST customizer Idea: secure the rocket’s onboard trajectory calculation system by allowing only math expressions to be evaluated by the calculator • Let’s set up our environment – an import customizer to import java.lang.Math.* – prepare a secure AST customizer def  imports  =  new  ImportCustomizer()                                    .addStaticStars('java.lang.Math') def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() 37
  • 62. Secure AST customizer ... secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false     //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
  • 63. Secure AST customizer Disallow closures ... and methods secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false     //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
  • 64. Secure AST customizer Disallow closures ... and methods secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions Black / white list methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false   imports   //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  imports importsWhitelist  =  []   staticImportsWhitelist  =  [] //  only  allow  the  java.lang.Math.*  static  import staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  ['java.lang.Math'] ... 38
  • 65. Secure AST customizer ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
  • 66. Secure AST customizer You can build a subset of the Groovy syntax! ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
  • 67. Secure AST customizer You can build a subset of the Groovy syntax! ... //  language  tokens  allowed tokensWhitelist  =  [ PLUS,  MINUS,  MULTIPLY,  DIVIDE,  MOD,  POWER,  PLUS_PLUS,  MINUS_MINUS,   COMPARE_EQUAL,  COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN,  COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,   COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,  COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL ]   //  types  allowed  to  be  used  (including  primitive  types) constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [ Black / white list Integer,  Float,  Long,  Double,  BigDecimal,   Integer.TYPE,  Long.TYPE,  Float.TYPE,  Double.TYPE usage of classes ]   //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [   Math,  Integer,  Float,  Double,  Long,  BigDecimal  ] } ... 39
  • 68. Secure AST customizer • Ready to evaluate our flight equations! def  config  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() config.addCompilationCustomizers(imports,  secure) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(config)   shell.evaluate  'cos  PI/3' • But the following would have failed: shell.evaluate  'System.exit(0)' 40
  • 69. Back to our robot... robot.move  left 41
  • 70. Back to our robot... Still need to get rid of the robot prefix! robot.move  left 41
  • 72. Yes ! Can we remove it?
  • 73. How to get rid of the ‘robot’? • Instead of calling the move() method on the robot instance, we should be able to call the move() method directly from within the script • Two approaches • Inject a ‘move’ closure in • Use a base script class the binding with a method with a ‘move’ method pointer delegating to the robot 43
  • 74. Inject a closure in the binding def  robot  =  new  mars.Robot() binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  robot,        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        },        move:  robot.&move ]) 44
  • 75. Inject a closure in the binding def  robot  =  new  mars.Robot() binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  robot,        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        }, Method pointer        move:  robot.&move (a closure) on ]) robot’s move instance method 44
  • 76. Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } 45
  • 77. Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } The move() method is now at the script level 45
  • 78. Define a base script class abstract  class  RobotBaseScriptClass  extends  Script  {        void  move(Direction  dir)  {                def  robot  =  this.binding.robot                robot.move  dir        } } Access the robot The move() method is through the script’s now at the script level binding 45
  • 79. Configure the base script class def  conf  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() conf.scriptBaseClass  =  RobotBaseScriptClass 46
  • 80. Configure the base script class def  conf  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() conf.scriptBaseClass  =  RobotBaseScriptClass Scripts evaluated with this configuration will inherit from that class 46
  • 81. Ready for lift off!    move  left
  • 82. Beep, beep... yes but how do you define the speed? ...beep...
  • 84. What we could do now is... move  left,  at:  3.km/h 50
  • 85. What we could do now is... Mix of named and normal parameters move  left,  at:  3.km/h 50
  • 86. What we could do now is... Mix of named and normal parameters move  left,  at:  3.km/h How to support this speed notation? 50
  • 87. Supporting the speed notation • We need to: – define units of distance, time and speed • DistanceUnit and Distance • TimeUnit and Duration • Speed – have a nice notation for them by adding properties to numbers – be able to define speed thanks to operator overloading 51
  • 88. Distance unit enum and distance enum  DistanceUnit  {        centimeter  ('cm',        0.01),        meter            (  'm',        1      ),          kilometer    ('km',  1000      )                  String  abbreviation        double  multiplier                DistanceUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  {                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 52
  • 89. Distance unit enum and distance enum  DistanceUnit  { @TupleConstructor          centimeter  ('cm',        0.01), class  Distance  {        meter            (  'm',        1      ),          double  amount          kilometer    ('km',  1000      )          DistanceUnit  unit                String  abbreviation        String  toString()  {          double  multiplier                "$amount  $unit"                  }          DistanceUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  { }                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 52
  • 90. Time unit enum and duration enum  TimeUnit  {        hour            (    'h',  3600),        minute        ('min',      60),          second        (    's',        1)                  String  abbreviation        double  multiplier                TimeUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  {                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 53
  • 91. Time unit enum and duration enum  TimeUnit  { @TupleConstructor          hour            (    'h',  3600), class  Duration  {        minute        ('min',      60),          double  amount          second        (    's',        1)          TimeUnit  unit                String  abbreviation        String  toString()  {          double  multiplier                "$amount  $unit"                  }          TimeUnit(String  abbr,  double  mult)  { }                this.abbreviation  =  abbr                this.multiplier  =  mult          }        String  toString()  {  abbreviation  }   } 53
  • 92. Now at (light!) speed @TupleConstructor   class  Speed  { distance        Distance  distance speed =        Duration  dur duration        String  toString()  {                  "$distance/$dur"          }   } 54
  • 93. First, we need the distance notation • We add a dynamic property to numbers by adding a getter to them and use the property notation shortcut: 2.km 2.getKm() 55
  • 94. Techniques to add properties to numbers • To add dynamic methods or properties, there are several approaches at your disposal: – ExpandoMetaClass – custom MetaClass – Categories – Extension modules Groovy 2! • Let’s have a look at the ExpandoMetaClass 56
  • 95. Using ExpandoMetaClass Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } 57
  • 96. Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } 57
  • 97. Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } ‘delegate’ is the current number 57
  • 98. Using ExpandoMetaClass Add that to integration.groovy Usage in your DSLs Number.metaClass.getCm  =  {  -­‐>          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.centimeter)   } Number.metaClass.getM  =  {  -­‐>   40.cm          new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.meter)   3.5.m } Number.metaClass.getKm  =  {  -­‐>   4.km        new  Distance(delegate,  Unit.kilometer)   } ‘delegate’ is the current number 57
  • 99. Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time 2.km/h 58
  • 100. Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time The div() method on Distance 2.km/h 58
  • 101. Distance okay, but speed? • For distance, we just added a property access after the number, but we now need to divide (‘div’) by the time The div() method on Distance 2.km/h An ‘h’ duration instance in the binding 58
  • 102. Inject the ‘h’ hour constant in the binding def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  {                                [(it.name()):  it]                        },        h:  new  Duration(1,  TimeUnit.hour) ]) 59
  • 103. Inject the ‘h’ hour constant in the binding def  binding  =  new  Binding([        robot:  new  Robot(),        *:  Direction.values()                        .collectEntries  { An ‘h’ duration added                                [(it.name()):  it] to the binding                        },        h:  new  Duration(1,  TimeUnit.hour) ]) 59
  • 104. Operator overloading a  +  b      //  a.plus(b) a  -­‐  b      //  a.minus(b) • Currency amounts a  *  b      //  a.multiply(b) – 15.euros + 10.dollars a  /  b      //  a.div(b) a  %  b      //  a.modulo(b) • Distance handling a  **  b    //  a.power(b) a  |  b      //  a.or(b) – 10.km - 10.m a  &  b      //  a.and(b) a  ^  b      //  a.xor(b) • Workflow, concurrency a[b]        //  a.getAt(b) – taskA | taskB & taskC a  <<  b    //  a.leftShift(b) a  >>  b    //  a.rightShift(b) • Credit an account a  >>>  b  //  a.rightShiftUnsigned(b) – account << 10.dollars +a            //  a.unaryPlus() account += 10.dollars -­‐a            //  a.unaryMinus() account.credit 10.dollars ~a            //  a.bitwiseNegate() 60
  • 105. Operator overloading • Update the Distance class with a div() method following the naming convention for operators class  Distance  {        ...        Speed  div(Duration  t)  {                new  Speed(this,  t)        }        ... } 61
  • 106. Operator overloading • Update the Distance class with a div() method following the naming convention for operators class  Distance  {        ...        Speed  div(Duration  t)  {                new  Speed(this,  t)        }        ... } Optional return 61
  • 107. Equivalence of notation • Those two notations are actually equivalent: 2.km/h 2.getKm().div(h) 62
  • 108. Equivalence of notation • Those two notations are actually equivalent: 2.km/h This one might be slightly more verbose! 2.getKm().div(h) 62
  • 109. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h 63
  • 110. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal parameter 63
  • 111. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter 63
  • 112. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) 63
  • 113. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) All named parameters go into the map argument 63
  • 114. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Normal Named parameter parameter Will call: def  move(Map  m,  Direction  q) All named parameters go Positional parameters into the map argument come afterwards 63
  • 115. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h 64
  • 116. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Can we get rid of the comma? 64
  • 117. Named parameters usage move  left,  at:  3.km/h Can we get rid of What about the the comma? colon too? 64
  • 118. Command chains Groovy 1.8 • A grammar improvement allowing you to drop dots & parens when chaining method calls – an extended version of top-level statements like println • Less dots, less parens allow you to – write more readable business rules – in almost plain English sentences • (or any language, of course) 65
  • 119. Command chains  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
  • 120. Command chains Alternation of method names  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
  • 121. Command chains Alternation of method names  move  left    at  3.km/h   and parameters (even named ones) 66
  • 122. Command chains  move  left    at  3.km/h   66
  • 123. Command chains Equivalent to:  move  left    at  3.km/h            (        ).    (            ) 66
  • 124. Look Ma! No parens, n odots!
  • 125. Command chains //  Java  fluent  API  approach class  Robot  {        ...        def  move(Direction  dir)  {                this.dir  =  dir                return  this        }        def  at(Speed  speed)  {                this.speed  =  speed                return  this        }        ... } 68
  • 126. Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐>                ...        }] } 69
  • 127. Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐> Nested maps                ... and closures        }] } 69
  • 128. Command chains def  move(Direction  dir)  {        [at:  {  Speed  speed  -­‐> Nested maps                ... and closures        }] } Usage in your DSLs move  left  at  3.km/h 69
  • 130. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) 70
  • 131. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor 70
  • 132. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation 70
  • 133. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good 70
  • 134. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures 70
  • 135. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} 70
  • 136. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens 70
  • 137. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names 70
  • 138. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms 70
  • 139. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
  • 140. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
  • 141. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {} //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
  • 142. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
  • 143. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names            (      ).                .        (          ) //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm 70
  • 144. Command chains //  methods  with  multiple  arguments  (commas) take  coffee    with  sugar,  milk    and  liquor        (            ).        (                      ).      (            ) //  leverage  named-­‐args  as  punctuation check  that:  vodka    tastes  good          (                      ).            (        ) //  closure  parameters  for  new  control  structures given  {}    when  {}    then  {}          (    ).        (    ).        (    ) //  zero-­‐arg  methods  require  parens select  all    unique()  from  names            (      ).                .        (          ) //  possible  with  an  odd  number  of  terms deploy  left    arm            (        ). 70
  • 146. Final result move  forward  at  3.km/h 71
  • 147. move forward at 3.km/h
  • 148. move forward at 3.km/h Yes! We did it!
  • 150. Security and Safety JVM Security Managers SecureASTCustomizer Sandboxing Controlling script execution © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
  • 151. Play it safe in a sandbox
  • 152. Playing it safe... • You have to think carefully about what DSL users are allowed to do with your DSL • Forbid things which are not allowed – leverage the JVM’s Security Managers • this might have an impact on performance – use a Secure AST compilation customizer • not so easy to think about all possible cases – avoid long running scripts with *Interrupt transformations 76
  • 153. Security Managers • Groovy is just a language leaving on the JVM, so you have access to the usual Security Managers mechanism – Nothing Groovy specific here – Please check the documentation on Security Managers and how to design policy files 77
  • 154. SecureASTCustomizer def  secure  =  new  SecureASTCustomizer() secure.with  { //  disallow  closure  creation      closuresAllowed  =  false   //  disallow  method  definitions      methodDefinitionAllowed  =  false   //  empty  white  list  =>  forbid  certain  imports      importsWhitelist  =  [...]        staticImportsWhitelist  =  [...] //  only  allow  some  static  import      staticStarImportsWhitelist  =  [...] //  language  tokens  allowed        tokensWhitelist  =  [...] //  types  allowed  to  be  used      constantTypesClassesWhiteList  =  [...] //  classes  who  are  allowed  to  be  receivers  of  method  calls      receiversClassesWhiteList  =  [...] } def  config  =  new  CompilerConfiguration() config.addCompilationCustomizers(secure) def  shell  =  new  GroovyShell(config) 78
  • 155. Controlling code execution • Your application may run user’s code – what if the code runs in infinite loops or for too long? – what if the code consumes too many resources? • 3 new transforms at your rescue – @ThreadInterrupt: adds Thread#isInterrupted checks so your executing thread stops when interrupted – @TimedInterrupt: adds checks in method and closure bodies to verify it’s run longer than expected – @ConditionalInterrupt: adds checks with your own conditional logic to break out from the user code 79
  • 156. @ThreadInterrupt @ThreadInterrupt import  groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt     while  (true)  {        //  Any  extraterestrial  around? } 80
  • 157. @ThreadInterrupt @ThreadInterrupt import  groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt       while  (true)  { {        if  (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())                throw  new  InterruptedException() }        //  Any  extraterestrial  around? } 80
  • 158. @TimedInterrupt @TimedInterrupt(10) import  groovy.transform.TimedInterrupt     while  (true)  {        move  left        //  circle  forever } • InterruptedException thrown when checks indicate code ran longer than desired 81
  • 159. @ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 @ConditionalInterrupt({  battery.level  <  0.1  }) import  groovy.transform.ConditionalInterrupt 100.times  {                move  forward  at  10.km/h } 82
  • 160. @ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 @ConditionalInterrupt({  battery.level  <  0.1  }) import  groovy.transform.ConditionalInterrupt Can we avoid typing the 100.times  {         conditional        move  forward  at  10.km/h interrupt? } 82
  • 161. @ConditionalInterrupt • Specify your own conditions to be inserted at the start of method and closure bodies – check for available resources, number of times run, etc. • Leverages closure annotation parameters Groovy 1.8 Yes! Using compilation 100.times  {         customizers        move  forward  at  10.km/h } 83
  • 162. Using compilation customizers • In our previous examples, the usage of the interrupts were explicit, and users had to type them – if they want to deplete the battery of your robot, they won’t use interrupts, so you have to impose interrupts yourself • With compilation customizers you can inject those interrupts thanks to the AST Transformation Customizer 84
  • 164. Tooling Why tooling? DSL descriptors Pointcuts and contributions Packaging DSLDs © 2012 SpringOne 2GX. All rights reserved. Do not distribute without permission.
  • 165. Why tooling? • I know what this language means –why do I want anything more? 87
  • 166. Why tooling? • I know what this language means –why do I want anything more? • But, tooling can make things even better –syntax checking –content assist –search –inline documentation 87
  • 167. Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… 88
  • 168. Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… 88
  • 169. Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… Uh oh! 88
  • 170. Let’s use an IDE • I hear Groovy-Eclipse is pretty good… Uh oh! Can we do better? 88
  • 171. Of course! • Eclipse is extensible – with a plugin architecture Eclipse platform New WorkBench plugin Help JFace SWT New Team tool Workspace Platform runtime 89
  • 172. I want my DSL supported in Eclipse 90
  • 173. I want my DSL supported in Eclipse • Let’s create a plugin – create a plugin project – extend an extension point – write the code – build the plugin – host on an update site – convince people to install it 90
  • 174. I want my DSL supported in Eclipse • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it 90
  • 175. I want my DSL supported in Eclipse Uh oh! • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it 90
  • 176. I want my DSL supported in Eclipse Uh oh! • Let’s create a plugin • Problems – create a plugin project – I don’t want to learn – extend an extension point Eclipse APIs – write the code – I want an easy way for users to – build the plugin install the DSL support – host on an update site – I need a specific plugin version for my specific DSL version – convince people to install it Can we do better? 90
  • 177. Of course! • Groovy is extensible! – Meta-Object Protocol – Metaprogramming – DSLs... 91
  • 178. DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL 92
  • 179. DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries 92
  • 180. DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful DSL Descriptors (DSLD) – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries 92
  • 181. DSL Descriptors • Teach the IDE about DSLs through a Groovy DSL • Benefits – Powerful DSL Descriptors (DSLD) – Uses Groovy syntax, semantics, and APIs – No knowledge of Eclipse required – Can ship with Groovy libraries In IntelliJ. called GDSL 92
  • 182. Let’s start simple move deploy h left right forward backward 93
  • 183. Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward backward 93
  • 184. Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: backward – When the type is this contribute( isThisType() ) {…} – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
  • 185. Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: Pointcut backward – When the type is this contribute( isThisType() ) {…} – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
  • 186. Let’s start simple move • In English: deploy h – When the type is this, add the following properties/methods left • move, deploy, h, etc from binding right • Direction from import customizer forward • In DSLD: Pointcut backward – When the type is this Contribution contribute( isThisType() ) {…} block – …properties/methods… property name: left, type: 'v11.Direction' … method name: move, type: 'java.util.Map<…>' 93
  • 187. DEMO LET’S SEE THAT 94
  • 188. Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
  • 189. Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
  • 190. Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? What – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
  • 191. Anatomy of a DSLD script • Pointcuts Where – Where to do it – What is the current expression? – Current type? What – Enclosing class? • Contribution blocks – What to do – « Add » method Not at runtime... only while editing – « Add » property – Delegate to another type 95
  • 192. Talking about « x » class  Other  {  } class  Foo  {        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
  • 193. Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  {        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
  • 194. Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  { Enclosing class        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin        } } 96
  • 195. Talking about « x » Current type class  Other  {  } class  Foo  { Enclosing class        def  method()  {                def  x  =  new  Other()                x.nuthin Enclosing method        } } 96
  • 197. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type 97
  • 198. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script 97
  • 199. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") 97
  • 200. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) 97
  • 201. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) 97
  • 202. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) 97
  • 203. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and 97
  • 204. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and isScript(        annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic") 97
  • 205. Pointcuts currentType()        //  matches  on  current  declaring  type isScript()              //  matches  on  the  enclosing  script currentType("groovy.dsl.Robot") currentType(subType("groovy.dsl.Robot")) currentType(method("move")) currentType(annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic")) //  combining  them,  and  using  the  logical  and isScript(        annotatedBy("groovy.dsl.Robotic") )  &  currentType(method("move")) 97
  • 206. What goes in a contribution block? 98
  • 207. What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” 98
  • 208. What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” • method: “adds” a method – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams 98
  • 209. What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property – name: “myName” (REQUIRED) – type: “java.lang.String” – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble” – doc: “Some JavaDoc” • method: “adds” a method – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams • delegatesTo: “delegates” invocations to another type – type (REQUIRED) 98
  • 210. What goes in a contribution block? • property: “adds” a property contribute(...)  { – name: “myName” (REQUIRED)    property  name:  "myName" – type: “java.lang.String”    method  name:  "getMyName" – declaringType: ”com.foo.Frumble”    delegatesTo  type:   – doc: “Some JavaDoc”            "some.other.Type" • method: “adds” a method } – all arguments above, and – params: [ firstName: “java.lang.String”, lastName: “java.lang.String” ] – namedParams, optionalParams • delegatesTo: “delegates” invocations to another type – type (REQUIRED) 98
  • 211. Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? 99
  • 212. Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP 99
  • 213. Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime 99
  • 214. Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime • DSLD: pointcuts and contribution blocks – operates on AST in the editor org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.* 99
  • 215. Wait... isn’t this Aspect-Oriented Programming? • Pointcut – Intentionally borrowed from AOP • AspectJ: pointcuts and advice – operates on Java instructions at runtime • DSLD: pointcuts and contribution blocks – operates on AST in the editor org.codehaus.groovy.ast.expr.* • Join Point Model – Join points (e.g., instructions, expressions) – Mechanism for quantifying join points (e.g., pointcuts) – Means of affect at a join point (e.g., advice, contribution blocks) 99
  • 216. DEMO LET’S GET THE EDITOR REALLY WORKING 100