1. This document describes a protocol for analyzing gravitropism in tomato seedlings using time lapse video imaging. Tomato seeds are sterilized and grown in petri dishes under blue light or infrared light. The plates are rotated 90 degrees to stimulate gravitropic response. Images are captured every 10 minutes for several hours using a webcam.
2. Hypocotyl and root bending angles are measured from the images using image analysis software. Within an hour of reorientation, hypocotyls regain vertical growth orientation in response to gravity. The time course of hypocotyl bending shows the typical sigmoidal gravitropic response curve.
3. This protocol allows real-time observation and quantitative analysis of gravitropism
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that developed a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling and quantifying folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. Several parameters of the folate extraction process from tomato tissues were optimized, including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of tri-enzyme used, and boiling time. The extracted samples were then purified using ultra-filtration and analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This HPLC-MS/MS method was then applied to quantify folates in other plants like spinach, capsicum and garden pea, demonstrating its versatility for accurate determination of different folate
1. The document describes a study that developed an imaging system using a Raspberry Pi camera to capture images of bean plants under drought stress and healthy conditions.
2. Various image features were extracted from the images, including average intensities of the red, green, and blue color components. The green component showed the best ability to distinguish between stressed and healthy plants.
3. An artificial neural network classifier was trained using the image features to detect drought stress. Detection accuracy between 90-100% was achieved. Monitoring the rate of growth by segmenting and measuring plant canopy areas also indicated differences between stressed and healthy plants.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to image tissue samples but currently can only image one sample at a time. The document describes a device that allows multiple smaller samples like fruit flies to be imaged concurrently using a rotating sample dish. A prototype was created that places samples in a circle and uses a stepper motor and timing belt to rotate the dish, automatically imaging each new position. Initial testing showed it could successfully image printed numbers and internal structures of fruit fly larvae over time. Further improvements are still needed but this approach shows promise for more efficient multi-sample OCT imaging.
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
This document summarizes the results of a 2015 trial conducted by Willet Dairy, LLC to evaluate the effects of two Bayer fungicide products (Stratego YLD and Proline 480 SC) on corn silage yield and quality. The trial included five treatments applied to replicated plots in two fields: an untreated control and various application timings of the fungicides alone and in combination. The trial found no significant differences in silage yield or quality between treatments. However, mycotoxins were detected in the untreated control but not in any of the fungicide treated plots.
Best Experimental Practices for Live Cell Imaging with the 3D Cell ExplorerMathieuFRECHIN
Nanolive’s 3D Cell Explorer allows for the creation of very powerful 3D images and 4D time-lapses
of living cells with very high spatio-temporal resolution (x,y:180nm; z:400nm; t:1.7sec). However, to
take full advantage of the microscope’s live imaging capabilities, a proper setup of Nanolive’s top
stage incubator is necessary. The goal is to guarantee maximal experimental stability and to avoid
any stress to the cells while they are in the top stage incubator.
In this application note we will describe how to properly set up Nanolive’s top stage incubator such
that mammalian cells can be imaged over a long period of time (up to weeks). To achieve this, we
will guide you through the key steps for optimal humidity, CO2 and temperature control as well as
correct imaging regime. You should then be able to take advantage of the most impressive and
unmatched 3D Cell Explorer capability: long-term, high-frequency live imaging.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that developed a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling and quantifying folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. Several parameters of the folate extraction process from tomato tissues were optimized, including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of tri-enzyme used, and boiling time. The extracted samples were then purified using ultra-filtration and analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This HPLC-MS/MS method was then applied to quantify folates in other plants like spinach, capsicum and garden pea, demonstrating its versatility for accurate determination of different folate
1. The document describes a study that developed an imaging system using a Raspberry Pi camera to capture images of bean plants under drought stress and healthy conditions.
2. Various image features were extracted from the images, including average intensities of the red, green, and blue color components. The green component showed the best ability to distinguish between stressed and healthy plants.
3. An artificial neural network classifier was trained using the image features to detect drought stress. Detection accuracy between 90-100% was achieved. Monitoring the rate of growth by segmenting and measuring plant canopy areas also indicated differences between stressed and healthy plants.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to image tissue samples but currently can only image one sample at a time. The document describes a device that allows multiple smaller samples like fruit flies to be imaged concurrently using a rotating sample dish. A prototype was created that places samples in a circle and uses a stepper motor and timing belt to rotate the dish, automatically imaging each new position. Initial testing showed it could successfully image printed numbers and internal structures of fruit fly larvae over time. Further improvements are still needed but this approach shows promise for more efficient multi-sample OCT imaging.
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
This document summarizes the results of a 2015 trial conducted by Willet Dairy, LLC to evaluate the effects of two Bayer fungicide products (Stratego YLD and Proline 480 SC) on corn silage yield and quality. The trial included five treatments applied to replicated plots in two fields: an untreated control and various application timings of the fungicides alone and in combination. The trial found no significant differences in silage yield or quality between treatments. However, mycotoxins were detected in the untreated control but not in any of the fungicide treated plots.
Best Experimental Practices for Live Cell Imaging with the 3D Cell ExplorerMathieuFRECHIN
Nanolive’s 3D Cell Explorer allows for the creation of very powerful 3D images and 4D time-lapses
of living cells with very high spatio-temporal resolution (x,y:180nm; z:400nm; t:1.7sec). However, to
take full advantage of the microscope’s live imaging capabilities, a proper setup of Nanolive’s top
stage incubator is necessary. The goal is to guarantee maximal experimental stability and to avoid
any stress to the cells while they are in the top stage incubator.
In this application note we will describe how to properly set up Nanolive’s top stage incubator such
that mammalian cells can be imaged over a long period of time (up to weeks). To achieve this, we
will guide you through the key steps for optimal humidity, CO2 and temperature control as well as
correct imaging regime. You should then be able to take advantage of the most impressive and
unmatched 3D Cell Explorer capability: long-term, high-frequency live imaging.
This document presents the results of a study on the effect of different rates of single superphosphate fertilizer and frequencies of Megagreen application on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of cowpea. The study found that higher rates of superphosphate and more frequent Megagreen applications generally improved various growth parameters, nodulation rates, and yield components of cowpea. Soil and plant tissue analysis also showed that the treatments affected soil phosphorus levels and plant nitrogen content. The results indicate that cowpea responds positively to optimized phosphorus and Megagreen application rates and frequencies.
This document summarizes an experiment that used an automated plant phenotyping platform to analyze the drought tolerance of different barley genotypes. Two barley accessions (W30 and Abyssinian 1125) that showed contrasting responses to drought were selected. Plants were subjected to a drought period followed by rewatering to evaluate recovery. Throughout, various traits like plant area, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf temperature were measured. The results showed that W30 recovered well after rewatering, while Abyssinian 1125 did not recover significantly. This demonstrated different drought tolerance strategies between the two accessions.
This study evaluated 59 orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes for drought tolerance using an in vitro screening technique with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The genotypes were grown in media with 0%, 10%, and 15% PEG to simulate drought stress. Results showed significant differences between genotypes and PEG levels for traits like root length, shoot growth, and dry weight. Ten genotypes performed best under drought stress and were identified as tolerant. The in vitro screening was found to effectively evaluate drought tolerance in a large number of genotypes in a short time compared to field trials. Some genotypes identified as tolerant through in vitro screening were later confirmed in field conditions as well.
Advances in host plant resistance and identification of broad-based stable so...ICRISAT
Host Plant Resistance is the most effective and economical management option for Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) of pigeonpea (Figure 1) either alone or as a major component of IDM. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 100% in susceptible cultivars. ICRISAT has developed large numbers of high yielding wilt resistant lines by selecting them under high disease pressure in field screening. These resistant lines if found to possess stable resistance across locations, could be utilized in pigeonpea disease resistance breeding program.
IRJET- Regeneration studies in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)IRJET Journal
This study investigated regeneration in four chickpea varieties using mature embryo axes on MS and B5 media supplemented
with plant growth hormones. The varieties Vijay and Vishal showed 100% regeneration capacity on medium M3 (B5+BAP+NAA+Kinetin).
Regeneration started within 11-16 days depending on the variety and medium. There was variation in number of shoots produced
per explant. Profuse rooting occurred on media with 0.5-1.0 mg/L IBA. The protocol provides an efficient method for chickpea
regeneration that could enable genetic transformation.
IRJET- Arduino based Pesticide Spraying RobotIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an Arduino-based pesticide spraying robot or drone designed to spray pesticides and fertilizers autonomously over agricultural fields.
2) The drone is equipped with a pesticide/fertilizer tank, pump, nozzles for spraying, and sensors to monitor tank levels. It can be controlled remotely via Bluetooth to spray at varying heights and speeds.
3) The drone is intended to reduce risks to human farmers from pesticide exposure and improve efficiency by spraying large areas more quickly compared to manual spraying. It has potential applications for crop monitoring and uses beyond just pesticide spraying.
This document describes the design and evaluation of an automated vertical hydroponic tower system. The system cycles nutrient-rich water through hydroponic trays using a water culture technique and returns it to a reservoir. Sensors monitor temperature, humidity, and water levels, and a GSM module sends text alerts to users. The system aims to enable soilless farming and water conservation in drought-prone areas through an affordable automated hydroponics system. Testing showed the system was able to grow fodder in a week using 30% less water than conventional farming and reduce electricity consumption.
This document summarizes an experiment that used high-throughput phenotyping to analyze the growth and photosynthetic performance of two lettuce cultivars (Aquino and Barlach) under control and drought stress conditions over 36 days. Seedlings were grown in a controlled environment chamber and divided into control and stressed plants at 18 days after sowing. Automated imaging and measurements were taken every two days using a PlantScreen system. Both cultivars showed similar reductions in area and photosystem II efficiency under drought, though stress effects appeared earlier in Barlach. Overall, the analysis found the two cultivars responded similarly to drought but Barlach reached a larger size. The high-throughput phenotyping platform allowed precise monitoring
Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop next to potato. This presentation showcases the economics behind growing Tomato in a greenhouse environment.
This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
IRJET- An Overview on Fungi as Self Healing Agent in Biomineralization of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of fungi as self-healing agents in biomineralization of calcite in cement concrete. While bacteria have been used for their ability to precipitate calcite via urea hydrolysis, fungi are also efficient in this process. The document reviews studies demonstrating fungal calcite precipitation and describes the methodology for culturing fungi, producing bioconcrete incorporating fungi, and testing the physicochemical and bioengineering properties of the resulting bioconcretes. Key properties examined include compressive strength, crack healing ability, and calcite precipitation as observed using SEM and EDX analysis.
This document describes the methodology used in a project involving the extraction and isolation of compounds from the plant Andrographis paniculata. Key steps included:
1) Collecting and preparing the plant material, then extracting it using methanol and water to obtain crude extracts.
2) Isolating compounds from the crude extracts using chromatographic techniques like column chromatography and centrifugal thin layer chromatography.
3) Characterizing the isolated pure compounds using various analytical instruments and spectroscopy techniques like NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis and polarimetry.
Two pure compounds, coded KZY001 and KZY002, were isolated and identified as andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
IRJET- Automatically Controlled Solar Tunnel Dryer using Arduino for Curry Le...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatically controlled solar tunnel dryer developed for drying curry leaves using Arduino. The dryer uses solar energy to heat and dry curry leaves inside a closed chamber. Temperature, humidity, and fan speed are controlled using an Arduino board and sensors to maintain optimal drying conditions. Testing showed the automatic dryer reduced the initial moisture content of 65.39% in curry leaves down to 4.12% within one day, consuming less time than conventional drying methods. The controlled environment and automation allows for improved quality and productivity in small-scale agricultural drying compared to traditional sun drying.
IRJET- Artificial Lightning in Solar Tunnel Dryer for Curry LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using an artificial lighting system in a solar tunnel dryer to dry curry leaves. The system uses high-wattage incandescent lamps inside the drying chamber to internally heat the leaves and remove water when solar energy is unavailable. Tests show the artificially lit drying unit reduces drying time compared to conventional methods. The system controls temperature and other parameters using sensors connected to an Arduino board. Results found the minimum temperature was 31.8°C and maximum humidity was 35% when drying curry leaves overnight using the artificial lighting system.
This document discusses using 3D imaging techniques to study bacterial biofilms. It describes culturing a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on a polystyrene petri dish as a control. A focused ion beam scanning electron microscope is used to take serial images of the biofilm, which are reconstructed into a 3D model using Avizo Fire software. This provides quantitative data on how the biofilm grows and its structure. Future work aims to study how biofilm structure changes with different material surfaces, informing medical device design to prevent infections.
This study used a high-throughput phenotyping platform called PlantScreen System to analyze early plant stress responses under progressive drought conditions. Various imaging techniques were used including RGB imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and thermal imaging. Parameters like area, compactness, and maximum fluorescence in the light-adapted state were identified as early discriminants between stressed and control plants. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and decreases in maximum fluorescence occurred in stressed plants after 7-8 days, indicating their potential as early drought stress markers.
This document describes using the DSSAT modeling program to study the impact of climate change on crop productivity. It discusses how DSSAT allows users to input crop, soil, and weather data; simulate crop growth and management practices; and evaluate results. Specific applications mentioned include optimizing irrigation management, quantifying climate change effects, and performing "what-if" experiments to test different management strategies.
This document describes a method for rapidly detecting whether plant mutants are homozygous or heterozygous using CEL-I endonuclease. CEL-I endonuclease is a mismatch-specific endonuclease that can cleave DNA at sites of mismatches between DNA strands. The method involves isolating genomic DNA from mutant plants, amplifying a region by PCR, and treating the PCR products with CEL-I endonuclease. Digestion products are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. For homozygous mutants, no cleavage will occur as there are no mismatches, while heterozygous mutants will show cleavage fragments indicating mismatches. This provides a low-cost method to determine mutational status without sequencing or genetic analysis.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
More Related Content
Similar to Gravitropic Analysis of Tomato Seedlings using Time Lapse Video Imaging
This document presents the results of a study on the effect of different rates of single superphosphate fertilizer and frequencies of Megagreen application on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of cowpea. The study found that higher rates of superphosphate and more frequent Megagreen applications generally improved various growth parameters, nodulation rates, and yield components of cowpea. Soil and plant tissue analysis also showed that the treatments affected soil phosphorus levels and plant nitrogen content. The results indicate that cowpea responds positively to optimized phosphorus and Megagreen application rates and frequencies.
This document summarizes an experiment that used an automated plant phenotyping platform to analyze the drought tolerance of different barley genotypes. Two barley accessions (W30 and Abyssinian 1125) that showed contrasting responses to drought were selected. Plants were subjected to a drought period followed by rewatering to evaluate recovery. Throughout, various traits like plant area, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf temperature were measured. The results showed that W30 recovered well after rewatering, while Abyssinian 1125 did not recover significantly. This demonstrated different drought tolerance strategies between the two accessions.
This study evaluated 59 orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes for drought tolerance using an in vitro screening technique with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The genotypes were grown in media with 0%, 10%, and 15% PEG to simulate drought stress. Results showed significant differences between genotypes and PEG levels for traits like root length, shoot growth, and dry weight. Ten genotypes performed best under drought stress and were identified as tolerant. The in vitro screening was found to effectively evaluate drought tolerance in a large number of genotypes in a short time compared to field trials. Some genotypes identified as tolerant through in vitro screening were later confirmed in field conditions as well.
Advances in host plant resistance and identification of broad-based stable so...ICRISAT
Host Plant Resistance is the most effective and economical management option for Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) of pigeonpea (Figure 1) either alone or as a major component of IDM. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 100% in susceptible cultivars. ICRISAT has developed large numbers of high yielding wilt resistant lines by selecting them under high disease pressure in field screening. These resistant lines if found to possess stable resistance across locations, could be utilized in pigeonpea disease resistance breeding program.
IRJET- Regeneration studies in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)IRJET Journal
This study investigated regeneration in four chickpea varieties using mature embryo axes on MS and B5 media supplemented
with plant growth hormones. The varieties Vijay and Vishal showed 100% regeneration capacity on medium M3 (B5+BAP+NAA+Kinetin).
Regeneration started within 11-16 days depending on the variety and medium. There was variation in number of shoots produced
per explant. Profuse rooting occurred on media with 0.5-1.0 mg/L IBA. The protocol provides an efficient method for chickpea
regeneration that could enable genetic transformation.
IRJET- Arduino based Pesticide Spraying RobotIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an Arduino-based pesticide spraying robot or drone designed to spray pesticides and fertilizers autonomously over agricultural fields.
2) The drone is equipped with a pesticide/fertilizer tank, pump, nozzles for spraying, and sensors to monitor tank levels. It can be controlled remotely via Bluetooth to spray at varying heights and speeds.
3) The drone is intended to reduce risks to human farmers from pesticide exposure and improve efficiency by spraying large areas more quickly compared to manual spraying. It has potential applications for crop monitoring and uses beyond just pesticide spraying.
This document describes the design and evaluation of an automated vertical hydroponic tower system. The system cycles nutrient-rich water through hydroponic trays using a water culture technique and returns it to a reservoir. Sensors monitor temperature, humidity, and water levels, and a GSM module sends text alerts to users. The system aims to enable soilless farming and water conservation in drought-prone areas through an affordable automated hydroponics system. Testing showed the system was able to grow fodder in a week using 30% less water than conventional farming and reduce electricity consumption.
This document summarizes an experiment that used high-throughput phenotyping to analyze the growth and photosynthetic performance of two lettuce cultivars (Aquino and Barlach) under control and drought stress conditions over 36 days. Seedlings were grown in a controlled environment chamber and divided into control and stressed plants at 18 days after sowing. Automated imaging and measurements were taken every two days using a PlantScreen system. Both cultivars showed similar reductions in area and photosystem II efficiency under drought, though stress effects appeared earlier in Barlach. Overall, the analysis found the two cultivars responded similarly to drought but Barlach reached a larger size. The high-throughput phenotyping platform allowed precise monitoring
Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop next to potato. This presentation showcases the economics behind growing Tomato in a greenhouse environment.
This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
IRJET- An Overview on Fungi as Self Healing Agent in Biomineralization of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of fungi as self-healing agents in biomineralization of calcite in cement concrete. While bacteria have been used for their ability to precipitate calcite via urea hydrolysis, fungi are also efficient in this process. The document reviews studies demonstrating fungal calcite precipitation and describes the methodology for culturing fungi, producing bioconcrete incorporating fungi, and testing the physicochemical and bioengineering properties of the resulting bioconcretes. Key properties examined include compressive strength, crack healing ability, and calcite precipitation as observed using SEM and EDX analysis.
This document describes the methodology used in a project involving the extraction and isolation of compounds from the plant Andrographis paniculata. Key steps included:
1) Collecting and preparing the plant material, then extracting it using methanol and water to obtain crude extracts.
2) Isolating compounds from the crude extracts using chromatographic techniques like column chromatography and centrifugal thin layer chromatography.
3) Characterizing the isolated pure compounds using various analytical instruments and spectroscopy techniques like NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis and polarimetry.
Two pure compounds, coded KZY001 and KZY002, were isolated and identified as andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
IRJET- Automatically Controlled Solar Tunnel Dryer using Arduino for Curry Le...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatically controlled solar tunnel dryer developed for drying curry leaves using Arduino. The dryer uses solar energy to heat and dry curry leaves inside a closed chamber. Temperature, humidity, and fan speed are controlled using an Arduino board and sensors to maintain optimal drying conditions. Testing showed the automatic dryer reduced the initial moisture content of 65.39% in curry leaves down to 4.12% within one day, consuming less time than conventional drying methods. The controlled environment and automation allows for improved quality and productivity in small-scale agricultural drying compared to traditional sun drying.
IRJET- Artificial Lightning in Solar Tunnel Dryer for Curry LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using an artificial lighting system in a solar tunnel dryer to dry curry leaves. The system uses high-wattage incandescent lamps inside the drying chamber to internally heat the leaves and remove water when solar energy is unavailable. Tests show the artificially lit drying unit reduces drying time compared to conventional methods. The system controls temperature and other parameters using sensors connected to an Arduino board. Results found the minimum temperature was 31.8°C and maximum humidity was 35% when drying curry leaves overnight using the artificial lighting system.
This document discusses using 3D imaging techniques to study bacterial biofilms. It describes culturing a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on a polystyrene petri dish as a control. A focused ion beam scanning electron microscope is used to take serial images of the biofilm, which are reconstructed into a 3D model using Avizo Fire software. This provides quantitative data on how the biofilm grows and its structure. Future work aims to study how biofilm structure changes with different material surfaces, informing medical device design to prevent infections.
This study used a high-throughput phenotyping platform called PlantScreen System to analyze early plant stress responses under progressive drought conditions. Various imaging techniques were used including RGB imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and thermal imaging. Parameters like area, compactness, and maximum fluorescence in the light-adapted state were identified as early discriminants between stressed and control plants. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and decreases in maximum fluorescence occurred in stressed plants after 7-8 days, indicating their potential as early drought stress markers.
This document describes using the DSSAT modeling program to study the impact of climate change on crop productivity. It discusses how DSSAT allows users to input crop, soil, and weather data; simulate crop growth and management practices; and evaluate results. Specific applications mentioned include optimizing irrigation management, quantifying climate change effects, and performing "what-if" experiments to test different management strategies.
Similar to Gravitropic Analysis of Tomato Seedlings using Time Lapse Video Imaging (20)
This document describes a method for rapidly detecting whether plant mutants are homozygous or heterozygous using CEL-I endonuclease. CEL-I endonuclease is a mismatch-specific endonuclease that can cleave DNA at sites of mismatches between DNA strands. The method involves isolating genomic DNA from mutant plants, amplifying a region by PCR, and treating the PCR products with CEL-I endonuclease. Digestion products are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. For homozygous mutants, no cleavage will occur as there are no mismatches, while heterozygous mutants will show cleavage fragments indicating mismatches. This provides a low-cost method to determine mutational status without sequencing or genetic analysis.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Natural variation in folate levels among tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Access...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that analyzed natural variation in folate (vitamin B9) levels among tomato accessions. Key findings:
1. Folate levels varied significantly among the tomato accessions, ranging from 4 to 60 μg/100g fresh weight by microbiological assay and 14 to 46 μg/100g by LC-MS.
2. The most abundant folate form was 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) in both mature green and red ripe fruits.
3. Despite the wide variation in folate levels, little polymorphism was found among the accessions in genes involved in folate biosynthesis.
4. The results suggest that variation
This document describes a method for rapidly detecting whether plant mutants are homozygous or heterozygous using CEL-I endonuclease. CEL-I endonuclease is a mismatch-specific endonuclease that can cleave DNA at sites of mismatches between DNA strands. The method involves isolating genomic DNA from mutant plants, amplifying a region by PCR, and treating the PCR products with CEL-I endonuclease. Digestion products are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. For homozygous mutants, no cleavage will occur as there are no mismatches. For heterozygous mutants, cleavage will occur at mismatch sites, producing distinctive banding patterns that allow identification of heterozygotes. This method provides a low
Gravitropic Analysis of Tomato Seedlings using Time Lapse Video ImagingKamal Tyagi
1. This document describes a protocol for analyzing gravitropism in tomato seedlings using time lapse video imaging. Tomato seeds are sterilized and grown in petri dishes under blue light or infrared light to observe the gravitropic response without interference from phototropism. Seedlings are imaged every 10 minutes as they bend in response to reorientation of the gravity vector. Hypocotyl bending angles are measured over time to analyze the kinetics of the gravitropic response. The protocol allows real-time observation and quantitative analysis of gravitropism in tomato seedlings.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that developed a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling and quantifying folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. Several parameters of the folate extraction process from tomato tissues were optimized, including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of enzymes, and boiling time. The method was then validated for linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to quantify folates in other plants like spinach, capsicum, and garden pea, demonstrating its versatility for accurate determination of different folate monoglutamates in vegetables.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...
Gravitropic Analysis of Tomato Seedlings using Time Lapse Video Imaging
1. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
1
Gravitropic Analysis of Tomato Seedlings using Time Lapse Video Imaging
Sulabha Sharma, Kamal Tyagi, Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi and Rameshwar Sharma
*
Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences,
University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
*For correspondence: rameshwar.sharma@gmail.com
[Abstract] Plants use gravity as a guide for growth and development. Gravitropism, a gravity-directed
growth process, directs upward shoot movement for efficient photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. In
addition, it also directs downward growth of roots in soil, for assimilation of water and nutrients required
for growth and development. Using time lapse video imaging this process can be efficiently studied in a
real time scale. The analysis of the response under different conditions can help to unravel the
mechanisms regulating gravitropism.
Materials and Reagents
1. Tomato seeds, Cultivar Arka Vikas
2. Sodium hypochlorite (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 27096)
3. Agar (HIMEDIA, catalog number: PCT0901)
4. Distilled water
5. 0.8% (w/v) agar (see Recipes)
Equipment
1. Blue light (An alternate light source can also be used) for gravitropic analysis was obtained from
blue LEDs (Light Emitting diodes, λmax 470 nm, Kwality Photonics). Photon fluence of light was
measured with a light meter fitted with a Quantum sensor (Skye Instruments, UK).
2. Spectrum of the blue light was measured using spectroradiometer purchased from International
Light Technologies (model: RPS900W)
3. Quickcam Pro 3000 or 4000 (Logitech) or any other suitable webcam for recording the response.
4. Germination paper (locally purchased) or blotting paper or Whatman paper
5. Square germination boxes (dimension 10 x 10 x 6 cm, Laxbro) / or square petriplates
6. Square petriplate (dimension 12 x 12 x 2 cm, Genaxy, model: GEN-PTD-130SQ)
7. Forceps from Pro’Kit
®
1PK-125T (dimension 12 x 1 x 4 cm)
2. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
2
Software
1. SigmaPlot 10.0 (http://www.sigmaplot.com/products/sigmaplot/sigmaplot-details.php)
2. ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)
3. Timelapse (http://tnlsoftsolutions.com/timelapsehome.php)
Procedure
A. Plant growth conditions
1. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Arka Vikas) seeds (Figure 1A) were surface sterilized
in 20% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for about 15 min followed by washing in running tap water to
remove any trace of hypochlorite (this step can be performed preferably in a fume hood).
2. The sterilized seeds were sown on two layers of wet filter paper in germination box (Figure 1B).
(It is better to sterilize box and papers.)
3. The seeds were germinated for 3 days in germination boxes (25 ±2 °C).
4. After emergence of the radical (Figure 2), equal sized seedlings were gently transferred on 0.8%
(w/v) agar in petriplate and kept in darkness at 25 ±2 °C for 2 days.
5. Unless otherwise mentioned, for all experiments the seedling’s age was counted from the time of
emergence of the radical. In all cases the average height of the etiolated seedlings used was 3.0
±0.3 cm (Figure 3).
B. Analysis of gravitropism/gravistimulation
1. The gravitropic response of tomato seedlings was examined under omnilateral blue light (white
light can also be used). To eliminate any phototropic effect of light on seedlings the time lapse
imaging can be done using Infra-red LEDs as a light source. Figure 4 shows the placement of
camera and seedlings. Seedlings were placed at a horizontal distance of 20 cm from the camera
lens. The light source was 20 cm above the seedlings.
2. Gravity response in the hypocotyls was measured using 2-d-old etiolated seedlings, grown in
square petriplates filled with 0.8% (w/v) agar (Figure 5A).
3. At the time of gravistimulation, plates were turned at an angle of 90°to make the seedlings
horizontal, and the plates were arranged in a rack (Figure 5B).
4. Seedlings were photographed using a Quickcam Pro 3000 at every 10-min interval for 120
minutes for hypocotyl gravitropism. Figure 5C shows the hypocotyl bending after 120 min of blue
light exposure.
5. For each experiment, 10 seedlings were used and the experiment was repeated 3 to 4 times.
6. For root gravitropism, seeds with just emerged radicles were sown on 0.8% (w/v) agar in petri
plates and plates were kept vertically under darkness (as above). After 36 h, when roots
3. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
3
elongated to ca. 2 to 2.5 cm, the plates were rotated by 90°to make seedlings horizontal. The
images were recorded every 10 min for 6 h, or 12 h or 24 h (depending upon the experiment)
using a Quickcam Pro 3000. Each petriplate contained 4-6 seedlings, and the experiment was
repeated about 4 times (Figure 5D).
C. Light sources
In the current experiment we used omnilateral low fluence blue light (λmax 470 nm) obtained using blue
LEDs to capture the movement of the seedlings with respect to gravity. The experiment can also be
done in infrared light for eliminating any likely effect of plant photoreceptors i. e. under complete
darkness. Unless otherwise mentioned, “low-fluence blue light” (3 µmol m
-2
s
-1
) was used to provide
minimum light to camera to capture the images.
D. Time lapse video imaging and analysis
1. Time lapse images were captured using Quickcam-Pro 4000 (See Whippo and Hangarter, 2003)
attached to the computer.
2. For creating a time lapse video image (Video 1), frames were extracted at specific time points
using either MGI VideoWave4 PC video editing (USA) or Time lapse imaging software from the
movie. Images were captured at 10 min interval after gravistimulation or after orienting plate by
90
o
. The time lapse frames were fused to create a video using the above software.
3. The background illumination was provided by using low fluence blue light LEDs. It can be
replaced by infrared LEDs (λmax 940 nm).
4. The movie shows the negative gravitropic response of hypocotyls of tomato seedlings after the
seedlings were horizontally oriented. After a lag period (~20 min), gravitropism resulted in
differential growth of hypocotyls leading to bending of seedlings away from gravity vector. Within
an hour, the hypocotyls reorient to vertical growth, and regain the same growth orientation that
was before onset of gravistimulation.
5. Angle measurements
The curvature angles were calculated after subtracting the zero point images from the images
obtained at defined time points. All measurements were performed using NIH ImageJ software
and e-Ruler r. The graph was plotted using SigmaPlot 10.0. Figure 6 shows snapshot of angle
measurement using the ImageJ software.
6. Figure 7 shows the time course of gravitropic curvature of two day-old etiolated seedlings
4. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
4
Representative data
Figure 1. A. Seeds were selected for the experiment. B. The seeds after treatment with 20% (v/v)
sodium hypochlorite for 15 min. The treatment with sodium hypochlorite leads to thinning of seed coat
and coiled embryo like structure is visible leading to uniform germination of the seeds.
Figure 2. 3-days-old etiolated germinated seeds of tomato. After emergence of radicle from seed, the
seeds were transferred on to 0.8% (w/v) agar.
Figure 3. Two day-old etiolated seedlings of tomato. Seedlings of same height were used for the
analysis.
5. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
5
Figure 4. Graphical illustration of time-lapse recording setup used for analyzing gravitropic
response. The entire set-up was enclosed in wooden chamber placed in a dark room. The images were
recorded at defined interval by a computer connected to the camera. Computer was placed outside the
wooden chamber and the computer screen was either switched off or covered with a black cloth during
the entire duration of recording.
Figure 5. A. The seeds after emergence of radicle were grown on 0.8% (w/v) agar in a petriplate. B. After
two days, the petriplate was rotated at 90°for gravistimulation. C. Negative gravitropism of hypocotyl after
2 h. D. Positive gravitropism of root tip towards gravity. The white arrow in picture indicates the direction
of gravitational field.
6. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
6
Figure 6. The yellow lines in right snapshot shows the measurement of hypocotyl angle by ImageJ
software. The white arrow in picture indicates the direction of gravitational field.
Figure 7. Time course of hypocotyl gravitropic curvature in two-day old etiolated tomato seedlings.
The curvature angles of individual hypocotyls were measured at defined time intervals for 120 min by time
7. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
7
lapse photography. The data points represent the mean value ±S.E of 10 individual seedlings from three
independent experiments.
Viedo 1. Time-lapse video imaging of negative gravitropism of tomato seedlings
Notes
1. The age of the seedlings is an important factor for the reproducibility of the experiment. The
seedlings should be of uniform length to reduce the error. Tomato seedlings taller than 3.5 cm
show poor hypocotyl tropism.
2. The treatment with sodium hypochlorite should be carefully monitored as efficacy of sodium
hypochlorite is variable and depends on batch and company used. The longer hypochlorite
treatment or stronger hypochlorite solution treatment can kill the seeds.
Recipes
1. 0.8% (w/v) agar
Weigh 0.8 gm agar
Add 100 ml double distilled water
Boil for 2-3 minutes in a beaker
Cool down and pour into the square petriplate
8. http://www.bio-protocol.org/e1443 Vol 5, Iss 7, Apr 05, 2015
8
Acknowledgments
Financial support provided by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, in
the form of SRF to Kamal Tyagi is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by Department
of Biotechnology, New Delhi grant to RS and YS.
References
1. Whippo, C. W. and Hangarter, R. P. (2003). Second positive phototropism results from
coordinated co-action of the phototropins and cryptochromes. Plant Physiol 132(3): 1499-1507.