3. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
• Chief complaint: New onset headache for 5 days
• History of present illness:
48 year old African American female with history of Hypothyroidism and Hypertension otherwise in
good health presented to the university ER with the new onset headache for the past 5 days which
is located on the Right temporal region and was about 10/10 in intensity, started slowly and
gradually progressed. Pain is throbbing with occasional sharp character over the right temple with
no radiation. Sleep and IBUPROFEN make the pain better and looking towards the right makes the
pain worse. No changes with position, coughing or bearing down, diurnal variations or with chewing.
The headache is also associated with light sensitivity and occasional sonophobia, Kinesophobia.
She also complained of double vision when looking to the right side associated with pain with the
false image on the outer side of the original image.
Her eyes have been red, right-sided greater than left side since the same day when the
headache started initially. Complained of gritty sensation, dryness.
Negative history: she denied any fever, chills, neck stiffness, passing out spells, lateralized
weakness or numbness. Denied any stress. No fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, loss of
appetite, weight or recent weight gain. No recent URI symptoms or dental infections.
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4. HISTORY CONTINUED…
• PMH/PSH: Hypertension, Hypothyroidism S/p Thyroidectomy in 1981 for Grave’s Disease
• Family History: Father had MI and died of Stroke
• Paternal grandfather with Seizure, No family history of Migraines or AVMs
• Strong family history of Grave’s disease with affected Grand Mother, Mother and three
sisters
• Social History: Works at Woodhaven NH and cares for mentally disabled
• Smoking currently 1Pack per 2-3 days, restarted recently but never a heavy smoker
• Denied EtOH and illicit drug use.
• No known drug allergies
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5. MEDICATIONS
• Atenolol for Hypertension
• Levothyroxine for Hypothyroidism
• Review of systems:
• Generalized weakness
• Hot flashes with regular menstrual cycles
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6. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• Vital signs:
• Temperature: 36.8*C
• Heart rate: 79bpm
• Respiratory rate: 16 breaths/min
• Blood pressure: 151/96 mm of Hg
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7. PHYSICAL EXAM CONTINUED…
• General: African-American female appears to be at stated age lying hunched over in hospital gown in
emergency department gurney with lights off and an ice pack on head. Answered questions with soft voice.
• HENT: normocephalic head. No tenderness over sinuses, mastoid region. No tenderness on Palpation
over the right scalp region and said it is helping her pain.
• Eye exam: bilateral proptosis, R>L with bilateral conjunctivae injection with no visible corneal, Iris, anterior
chamber lesions. No lid lag. No pallor or icterus noticed. Fundoscopic exam showed clear disc margins with
no signs of papilledema.
• Neck: No signs of rigidity or tenderness in the occipital groove. No carotid bruits. Transverse linear scar of
thyroidectomy in the lower portion of the neck.
• Cardiovascular: Regular rate and rhythm with no murmurs. Peripheral pulses are normal and equal.
• Respiratory: Clear to auscultation bilaterally
• Abdominal: soft, no tenderness, No visceromegaly
• Extremities: No cyanosis, clubbing or pedal edema.
• Skin: No rashes, pretibial myxedema
• Psychiatric: Normal affect and mood.
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8. NEUROLOGICAL EXAM
• Higher mental functions: Alert, awake and oriented X 4, in mild distress from the
headache. Memory is intact to recent and remote memories as she is able to narrate her
family events and important dates in her life. Comprehension is intact. Speech is fluent
with no dysarthria.
• Cranial nerves:
• Optic Nerve: visual acuity is normal. Color vision is normal. Pupils 42mm with both
direct and consensual light reflex with no relative afferent pupillary defect.
• Occulomotor, Abducens and Trochlear: Extra ocular movements were intact except for
decreased abduction to the right side and associated with pain. Mild to moderate lid
retraction, No nystagmus.
• Trigeminal: No facial sensory loss. Jaw jerk is with in normal limits, Medial and lateral
pterygoids were strong.
• Facial: no facial asymmetry, orbicularis oculi is strong bilaterally, able to whistle
• Vestibulocochlear: No vertigo, hearing is normal to finger rub bilaterally
• Glossopharyngeal and Vagus: uvula is in midline and elevates symmetrically. Strong
voice.
• Spinal accessory: Shoulder shrug is 5/5 and sternocleidomastoids 5/5 bilaterally
• Hypoglossal: Tongue protrudes to midline with no atrophy
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9. OPTHALMOLOGY FINDINGS
• Visual acuity 20/25- in right eye and 20/30+ in left eye, Mild to moderate proptosis, IOP is 14 in right eye and 13 in
left eye.
• Hertels: 25mm in the right eye and 23mm in the left eye.
• Ishihara color plates: 15/15 OU
• Mild lid retraction
• Sclera/Conjunctiva: 1-2+ injection OD>OS near muscle insertions
• Cornea: No edema, few scattered Superficial punctate keratitis OU, moderate dryness OU with decreased Tear
break up time
• Anterior chamber: Deep and quiet OU
• Lens: Clear OU
• Vitreous: Clear OU
• Fundus exam:
Disk: crisp margins 0.4C:D OU
Vessels: appear healthy : Macula: Flat and healthy OU : Peripheral : attached and healthy OU
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Courtesy: Dr. Wilson from Ophthalmology.
10. NEUROLOGICAL EXAM CONTINUED…
• Motor system Exam: Bulk is equal bilaterally. Tone is with in normal limits in both the
flexors and extensors in bilateral upper and lower extremities.
• Strength is 5/5 in bilateral upper and lower extremities. No pronator drift.
• Reflexes: 2+/4 in bilateral biceps, brachioradialis, Knees and ankles. Plantars were down
going bilaterally.
• Sensory system examination: intact to light touch, pin prick and vibration in all the
extremities. Romberg’s sign is negative.
• Gait and Station: Normal
• Coordination: intact to finger to nose test bilaterally.
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17. RADIOLOGY
CT Head:
• Scattered hyperdense foci visualized in bilateral basal ganglia and subcortical white
matter of the bilateral occipital lobes and within cerebellum. Right rectus muscle is slightly
more prominent. Findings consistent with Fahr’s disease.
MRI of the Brain:
• Bilateral symmetrical calcification in bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, cerebellar dentate
nuclei suggestive of Fahr’s disease.
• Right sided proptosis with enlargement and increased enhancement of the inferior rectus
and medial rectus. Increased enhancement of the left superior oblique muscle. Primary
consideration is Thyroid orbitopathy / Pseudotumor / Myositis.
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21. GRAVE’S OPTHALMOPATHY
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• Incidence of 2.9-16.0 cases per 100,000 per year
• Female preponderance.
• Smoking increases the risk of developing thyroid eye disease by seven to eight fold.
• Anterior displacement of the globe by the edematous extra ocular muscles and orbital
fibro fatty tissues results in exophthalmos and lower lid retraction. These symptoms in
turn may lead to impaired lid closure and corneal ulceration, especially if the levator
muscle is also infiltrated and its excursion restricted.
• Edematous extra ocular muscles lose compliance, restrict eye movements, and can
compress the optic nerve at the orbital apex
• Common early symptoms include altered periocular appearance, symptoms related to the
eye surface (grittiness, photophobia, and excessive lacrimation), double vision, especially
at the extremes of gaze, and retro- orbital ache.
• Rundle’s curve is a fundamental concept in understanding and managing thyroid eye
disease, and it determines choice of treatment.
22. Pathophysiology of Grave’s opthalmopathy: Role of Orbital fibroblast
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23. 1/10/2016UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI HEALTHCARE 23
Atypical eye features requiring confirmation of the diagnosis of thyroid eye disease by
orbital imaging (CT or MRI)
• Unilateral disease
• Unilateral or bilateral disease in patients with no previous or present evidence of thyroid
dysfunction
• Absence of upper eyelid retraction
• Divergent strabismus
• Diplopia sole manifestation
• History of diplopia worsening towards the end of the day
Other ophthalmological conditions that can be misdiagnosed as thyroid eye disease
• Allergic conjunctivitis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Orbital myositis
• Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
• Orbital tumors (primary or secondary)
• Carotid-cavernous fistula
• Any inflammatory orbitopathy (such as Wegener’s granulomatosis)
24. MANAGEMENT
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• Once the diagnosis of thyroid eye disease is made, initial management consists of three
steps, in this order of priority:
• Ensuring that the patient has neither of the sight threatening eye complications: corneal
ulceration or optic neuropathy during which high dose IV Steroid pulse therapy salvages
the optic Neuropathy.
• Avoiding factors that exacerbate thyroid eye disease by introducing smoking cessation
strategies (if the patient is a smoker), correcting thyroid dysfunction, and protecting the
corneas with lubricants.
• Referring suitable patients to specialist centers based on European Group on Graves’
Orbitopathy (EUGOGO)
25. PREVENTION
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• Smoking, uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction, and radioiodine therapy are risk factors for
development or exacerbation of thyroid eye disease.
• In the absence of clinical evidence of thyroid eye disease, radioiodine can be used safely
in patients with Graves’ disease. Expert advice should be sought before use of radioiodine
in patients with established thyroid eye disease. Passive smoking may be a risk factor for
development of thyroid eye disease in childhood.
Petros Perros, consultant endocrinologist1, Christopher Neoh, consultant ophthalmologist2, Jane Dickinson, consultant ophthalmologist2
1Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP 2Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP
26. FAHR’S DISEASE
• Fahr, a German pathologist from Hamburg, described in 1930 an 81-year-old patient with
a long history of dementia who presented to the hospital with fever and immobility and,
later, died. Examination of the brain revealed evidence of calcification in the striatum.
Although the description of bilateral basal ganglia calcification has previously been
described, Fahr's name has become associated with all forms of bilateral calcification in
the basal ganglia and other parts of the brain. Fahr's disease refers to idiopathic bilateral
calcification of the basal ganglia. These symmetrical calcifications of the strio-pallido-
dentate system are detectable in 0.7-1.2% of routine cerebral computed tomography (CT)-
scan and may be caused by different conditions. A review of the literature revealed that
one-third of patients with bilateral strio-pallido-dentate calcinosis (BSPDC) were clinically
asymptomatic, while the most common symptom was movement disorder.
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27. My sincere thanks to
Dr. Shenker, MD, Ph.D
Dr. Shah, Syed, MD
Dr. Wilson, Phil, MD
Dr. Buzzola, Rino, MD
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