The document describes the symptoms of damage and identification of several gram crop insect pests, including: - Pod borer, which feeds on flowers, pods and grains, leaving circular bore holes. - Gram semilooper, which feeds on leaves leaving only veins. - Other pests described are gram pod bug, gram pod fly, gram pod grubs, gram aphid and cutworm. Detailed information is provided on the eggs, larvae, pupae and adult stages of each pest, along with photos of symptoms and life stages to aid identification. Common symptoms across pests include bore holes, drooping leaves, and damaged or empty pods.

2. Gram Crop Insects
A Presentation To IPM
Course/FFS Participants
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK
For MINFAL Pakistan

4. Symptoms of damage
 Skeletinization of leaves
– feeding chlorophyll
only leaving veins by
young larvae Defoliation
 Feeds flower and green
pods
 In green pods – make
circular holes and feed
the grains and make
empty.
Circular bore hole

5. Larva feeding the pod Damaged pod

6. Identification of Pest
 Eggs – are spherical in shape and
creamy white in colour, laid singly
 Larva - shows colour variation
from greenish to brown. Green
with dark brown grey lines
laterally on the body with lateral
white lines and also has dark and
pale bands.
 Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in
soil, leaf, pod and crop debris
 Adult - light pale brownish yellow
stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale
brown with V shaped speck.Hind
wings are pale smoky white with a
broad blackish outer margin.
Egg

7. Larva Pupa

8.  Adult

9. Symptomsof damage
 Buds, flowers and young
pods with boreholes
 Presence of slug like
caterpillar.
 Honey dew secretion
with black ant
movements
Larva Damaging

10. Identification of pest
 Larva – It is flat and
slightly rounded; Pale
green with a rough skin.
 Adult - moth is greyish
blue with prominent
black spots in the hind
wings and a long
tail; Ventral side of wings
with numerous stripes
and brown spots

11. Symptoms f damage
 oBuds, flowers and
young pods with
boreholes and presence
of slug like caterpillar.
 Larval entry hole on the
pod is plugged with
excreta.

12.  Identification of the
pest
 Larva - pale green or
yellow with a red line and
short black hairs on the
body.
 Adult - butterfly is blue,
medium sized with 5 black
spots in the hind wings
and two black spots in the
inner margin.
Adult

13. Symptoms of damage
 Pin head size holes
on pods
 Small spiny caterpillars
and pupae seen on the
pods

14.  Identification of the
pest
 Larva - is greenish
brown, fringed with
radiating hairs and
spines
 Adult - is delicate,
brown coloured small
moth with plumed wings
Adult
 Identification of
the pest

15. Symptoms of damage
 Bore holes on the buds,
flower or pods
 Infested pods and
flowers are webbed
together.

16.  Identification of the
pest
 Larva - Greenish white
with brown head. It has
two pairs of dark spots on
the back of each segment
 Adult - Forewings - light
brown colour with white
markings; Hindwings –
white colour with brown
markings at the lateral
edge
 Identificati
on of the
pest

17. Larva Pupa

18. Symptoms of damage
 Dropping of flowers and
young pods
 Older pods marked with
a brown spot where a
larvae has entered
 The larva feeds inside
green pods and then on
pod surface, webbing
together 2-4 pods.

19. Identification of the pest
 Eggs: Eggs are laid singly (or) in groups
preferably at the junction of the calyx
and pod or on the pod surface. A female
lays 47-178 eggs, which hatch in 5-6 days.
 Larva: The larva bores within the green
pods and feeds on seeds. When fully
grown the larva drops to ground and
forms a cocoon about 2.5 cm below
ground or under dry leaves greenish
initially, turns pink before pupation.
It has 5 black spots on the prothorax.
 Pupa: Pupal duration lasts for 9-20 days
depending on the climate. The moths
pair 24-30 hour after emergence.
 Adult: Brownish grey moth.
Prothorax are orange in colour. Fore
wing has a white stripe along the
anterior margin.

20. Symptoms of damage
 The larva bores inside
the pod and feeds on the
seeds within

21. Identification of the pest
 Eggs: are laid singly on
flowers, buds and pods.
The eggs are minute in
size. The egg period
lasts for 3 days.
 Larvae: Full grown larva is
28-35 mm long, brownish
green in colour. The larval
periods lasts for 14-15 days.
 Adult: Moths are yellowish
brown in colour.

22. Symptoms of damage
 Dark brown encrustation on the pod
wall
 Dry pods showing pin head size hole
 Seeds shriveled, striped and partially
eaten
 Maggots cause damage by boring into
the soft seeds and feed on grains.
 The damaged seeds are unfit for
consumption as well as for germination.
 The extent of damage may be even upto
60-70% during severe infestation.


23. Identification of the pest
 Eggs: Eggs are laid by them
singly or in cluster inside the
pod wall by piercing through
the ovipositor. The fly lays
about 60-80 eggs. Incubation
period is 2-4 days.
 Larva: Larval period is about
5-18 days
 Pupa: Pupal period varies
from 7-10 days. A number of
overlapping generations are
found in a year.

24. Symptoms of damage
 Drooping of the tender
leaves and yellowing
 Serious damage of young
plants.
 The stem where maggot
and pupae are present
become swollen and start
ribbing.
 Older plants show stunting
but are not usually killed.

25. Identification of the pest
 Eggs: The egg period lasts
about 3 days.
 Larva: Larval period lasts
for 5-6 days. The larva
pupates in the larval
groove for 8-9 days.
 Adult: The adult is a small
black fly. A female lays 38-
79 eggs singly on pods or
on flower buds

26. Symptoms of damage

 Infected plants develop
light green or chlorotic
leaves which have mosaic
patterns .
 Most infected plants do
not bear flowers

27. Identification of the pest
 Eggs: Milky white eggs are
found on vegetative terminals.
 Adult: The mites are difficult to
see with the naked eye.They are
0.2 mm long, light pink, spindle
shaped, and are normally found
feeding on the underside of leaf
lets. Many nymphs are found on
young folded leaflets. Plant - to-
plant infestation occurs by the
wind dispersal of infective
mites.


28. Symptoms of damage
 Skeletinization of
leaves and the plant
becomes whitish
 The larvae feed on leaf
buds, flowers, tender pods
and developing seeds.
 Ragged and irregular pod.
(This is in contrast with
the neat, and round hole,
characteristic of pod borer
damage.)

29. Identification of the pest
 Moths have typically
patterned forewings.
 The larva 25 mm long is
green semiloopers

30. Symptomsof damage
 The caterpillar remains the
soil at a depth of 2-4 inches.
 The caterpillars cut the
tender plants at the base, and
branches or stems of growing
plants.
 The caterpillars drag the cut
parts into soil for feeding.
 The buried stem or branches
is almost the sure index of the
place where the caterpillar is
hiding

31. Identification of the pest
 Eggs - are laid on earth
clods, chickpea stem bases
and on both sides of leaves.
 Larva - is dark brown with
red head.
 Pupa -Pupation takes
place in earthen cocoon.
 Adult- moth are brownish
with numerous wavy lines
and spots, measuring 3 to 5
cm across wings

32. Symptoms of damage
 Termite bores into the
roots and stem. Due to
the bore the plants soon
dries.
 Attack may continue to
the standing crop also
especially during the
period of drought.

33. Symptoms of damage

 Termite bores into the
roots and stem. Due to
the bore the plants soon
dries.
 Attack may continue to
the standing crop also
especially during the
period of drought.