Google algorithms consider many factors like query words, page relevance and usability, author expertise, and user location to determine search results. The main Google algorithms are Panda, Penguin, Hummingbird, and Pigeon. Panda penalizes poor or thin content, Penguin identifies poor quality sites through low-quality backlinks, Hummingbird emphasizes page content and authority to provide more relevant results, and Pigeon aims to improve local search results.