This research titled "Good Governance Implications on Principals' Effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools PSS in the South West Region SWR of Cameroon", sought to examine the extent to which good governance practice participation affect principals' effectiveness. More specifically, this paper sought to find out how participation in decision making affects principals' effectiveness. The survey research design was employed and a sample of 380 made up of school administrators principals, vice principals, senior discipline masters mistresses and counsellors and teachers, students and parents were used. The simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. The instruments used in collecting data were questionnaires both open and closed ended and a guide for focus group discussion. Validation of instruments was done through face and content validity. Reliability was achieved through the test re test method. The statistical package for social sciences SPSS , version 25 was used to analyse data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. For descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, bar charts and pie charts were used. For inferential statistics, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Value® was employed to test the hypothesis. The results rejected the null hypothesis while retaining the alternative form. The indicator had a moderate relationship, that is, participation in decision making rxy comp. value =0.561 . This value was compared to the maximum value 1, to determine the strength of the relationship. This led to the conclusion that participation in decision making has a significant relationship with principals' effectiveness. Based on these results recommendations were made following the specific objective. Principals are advised regularly to use participatory decision making to foster their effectiveness. Haddassah Limunga Mbake "Good Governance: Implications on Principals' Effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31722.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31722/good-governance-implications-on-principals%E2%80%99-effectiveness-in-public-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/haddassah-limunga-mbake
Dynamics of Educational Decentralisation on Effective Management of Primary S...ijtsrd
The purpose of this indicative comparative analysis is an initial identification of key issues for the education sector that arise from its implementation of government decentralization policies. The system of education management is being gradually decentralised and de concentrated on the basis of the subsidiarity principle, as decentralisation is seen as one of the key strategies for reforming and reshaping educational institutions. The present paper tackles the questions about how the interaction of education decentralisation, what changes occur in the process of school management with the increase of school autonomy and what are the conditions for the process of effective school autonomisation. Despite decentralization of education functions through delegation and deconcentration of functions, there are still concerns of ineffectiveness in service delivery especially at the local level. The importance and the impact of raising education quality gives added weight to the question, "Can education decentralization raise quality " Education decentralization policies are prevalent around the world. The objectives of such policies especially those increasing school autonomy and local governance may include improving service delivery, but more commonly involve shifting political power or funding responsibilities. Whatever motivation for education decentralization, such policies may lead to improvements in the quality of education. This paper examines the potential of education decentralization to improve management and performance, as reflected in educational outcomes and changes in the determinants of those outcomes in three parts The conceptual arguments for such a relationship "¢ The empirical evidence of the impacts of education decentralization, Better design and implementation of decentralization policy to leverage its impact on quality management. Massa Ernest Massa "Dynamics of Educational Decentralisation on Effective Management of Primary Schools: Lessons for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31194.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31194/dynamics-of-educational-decentralisation-on-effective-management-of-primary-schools-lessons-for-cameroon/massa-ernest-massa
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
This document provides an overview of various strategic planning frameworks and tools that can be used for information systems strategic planning, including PESTLE analysis, Porter's 5 forces, SWOT analysis, Ansoff's matrix, and others. It includes examples of how to apply these tools to analyze the external business environment, internal capabilities, and identify future strategies. Sample analyses are also provided for a school using PESTLE and Porter's 5 forces to demonstrate how these frameworks can be applied in practice.
The document discusses factors affecting the implementation of strategic plans in government tertiary institutions in Kenya. It analyzes how managerial behavior, institutional policies, resource allocation, and rewards/incentives influence the implementation of strategic plans. The study was conducted in two technical training institutes in Meru Central District, Kenya. It found that weak managerial behavior was due to a lack of strategic thinking by management. Rewards/incentives also weakly influenced implementation as intrinsic motivation was more important than extrinsic rewards. Institutional policies had a weak influence due to low awareness and infrequent use of service charters. The study recommends greater faculty involvement in strategy development and reviews, as well as increased sensitization and capacity building among faculty members.
This document summarizes a research project exploring the impact of targeting activities and resources to specific learners in Nottingham schools to encourage progression to higher education. The research utilized a questionnaire completed by 19 education professionals and semi-structured interviews of 4 participants. The literature review covers key terminology, the political history of widening participation, and references critical theory and social capital theory to understand the philosophy behind targeting. The research aims to gain practitioner perspectives on the issues and impact of targeting to make recommendations for future practice.
Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Privat...ijtsrd
The organizational conflicts among employers and employees in tertiary institutions most especially public institutions has remained a recurring spike in Nigeria that undermine the overall performance of lecturers and students outcomes in the institutions. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the extent of significant differences in organizational justice among lecturers in public and private universities in relation to academic staff commitment in tertiary institutions in South South States in Nigeria which is also in line with the research question and hypothesis. The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, the population of the study is 400. Factorial analysis of variance was used to test hypothesis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The findings revealed that there is level of significant differences in interactional justice in relations to lecturer students relationship between academic staff in public and private universities in South South Nigeria, in conclusion equitable distribution of resources, fair procedures for job decisions, with appropriate allocation of resources and fair communication of decisions will result in high academic staff performance towards higher academic excellence. The researcher recommends among others that management of both public and private universities should come out with supportive policies as a way of promoting interactional justice toward maintaining lecturer student relationship which can be done through integrating the philosophy of target education programme established in 1990 by Aumua and Drake 2002 . Musah Ishaq | Prof. Lilian O. Orogbu | Dr. Ndubuisi-Okolo Purity U. ""Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Private Tertiary Institutions in South-South States of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30205.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/30205/organizational-justice-and-academic-staff-performance-among-public-and-private-tertiary-institutions-in-south-south-states-of-nigeria/musah-ishaq
This document provides a conceptual framework for analyzing curriculum policy change implementation in Cameroon's education system. It discusses key concepts like the curriculum policy process, factors that influence curriculum implementation, and defines curriculum and curriculum policy. The document concludes that curriculum implementation is a complex, gradual process that involves changes to materials, teaching approaches, and beliefs among various stakeholders, with the goal of improving student outcomes. It aims to help understand the challenges of implementing post-colonial curriculum policies in Cameroon's centralized education system.
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbato...ijtsrd
Equitable Education System was proposed in the state of Tamil Nadu. It was felt that by following this education system we could afford impartial education to all school children irrespective of region such as rural and urban, upper and lower caste, and religion etc. This new system of education came into existence after a lot of oppositions, obstacles and confusions. Determining attitude and efforts to advance a new system of education is very much essential. Attitude of teachers, students and parents about a new educational system influences the choices and national development. Teachers and parents have a supreme responsibility in the mental and physical growth of the students. Their attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children. Successful and effective implementation of a new system of education depends upon the knowledge of teachers and their positive attitudes towards it. Thus, the study of teachers' attitude towards Equitable Education becomes indispensable to the implementation plans. These observations initiated the investigator to undertake the present study, “Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District†G. Jayanthi | Dr. K. Eagavalli ""Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25133/attitude-of-secondary-school-teachers-towards-equitable-education-in-coimbatore-district/g-jayanthi
Dynamics of Educational Decentralisation on Effective Management of Primary S...ijtsrd
The purpose of this indicative comparative analysis is an initial identification of key issues for the education sector that arise from its implementation of government decentralization policies. The system of education management is being gradually decentralised and de concentrated on the basis of the subsidiarity principle, as decentralisation is seen as one of the key strategies for reforming and reshaping educational institutions. The present paper tackles the questions about how the interaction of education decentralisation, what changes occur in the process of school management with the increase of school autonomy and what are the conditions for the process of effective school autonomisation. Despite decentralization of education functions through delegation and deconcentration of functions, there are still concerns of ineffectiveness in service delivery especially at the local level. The importance and the impact of raising education quality gives added weight to the question, "Can education decentralization raise quality " Education decentralization policies are prevalent around the world. The objectives of such policies especially those increasing school autonomy and local governance may include improving service delivery, but more commonly involve shifting political power or funding responsibilities. Whatever motivation for education decentralization, such policies may lead to improvements in the quality of education. This paper examines the potential of education decentralization to improve management and performance, as reflected in educational outcomes and changes in the determinants of those outcomes in three parts The conceptual arguments for such a relationship "¢ The empirical evidence of the impacts of education decentralization, Better design and implementation of decentralization policy to leverage its impact on quality management. Massa Ernest Massa "Dynamics of Educational Decentralisation on Effective Management of Primary Schools: Lessons for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31194.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31194/dynamics-of-educational-decentralisation-on-effective-management-of-primary-schools-lessons-for-cameroon/massa-ernest-massa
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
This document provides an overview of various strategic planning frameworks and tools that can be used for information systems strategic planning, including PESTLE analysis, Porter's 5 forces, SWOT analysis, Ansoff's matrix, and others. It includes examples of how to apply these tools to analyze the external business environment, internal capabilities, and identify future strategies. Sample analyses are also provided for a school using PESTLE and Porter's 5 forces to demonstrate how these frameworks can be applied in practice.
The document discusses factors affecting the implementation of strategic plans in government tertiary institutions in Kenya. It analyzes how managerial behavior, institutional policies, resource allocation, and rewards/incentives influence the implementation of strategic plans. The study was conducted in two technical training institutes in Meru Central District, Kenya. It found that weak managerial behavior was due to a lack of strategic thinking by management. Rewards/incentives also weakly influenced implementation as intrinsic motivation was more important than extrinsic rewards. Institutional policies had a weak influence due to low awareness and infrequent use of service charters. The study recommends greater faculty involvement in strategy development and reviews, as well as increased sensitization and capacity building among faculty members.
This document summarizes a research project exploring the impact of targeting activities and resources to specific learners in Nottingham schools to encourage progression to higher education. The research utilized a questionnaire completed by 19 education professionals and semi-structured interviews of 4 participants. The literature review covers key terminology, the political history of widening participation, and references critical theory and social capital theory to understand the philosophy behind targeting. The research aims to gain practitioner perspectives on the issues and impact of targeting to make recommendations for future practice.
Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Privat...ijtsrd
The organizational conflicts among employers and employees in tertiary institutions most especially public institutions has remained a recurring spike in Nigeria that undermine the overall performance of lecturers and students outcomes in the institutions. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the extent of significant differences in organizational justice among lecturers in public and private universities in relation to academic staff commitment in tertiary institutions in South South States in Nigeria which is also in line with the research question and hypothesis. The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, the population of the study is 400. Factorial analysis of variance was used to test hypothesis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The findings revealed that there is level of significant differences in interactional justice in relations to lecturer students relationship between academic staff in public and private universities in South South Nigeria, in conclusion equitable distribution of resources, fair procedures for job decisions, with appropriate allocation of resources and fair communication of decisions will result in high academic staff performance towards higher academic excellence. The researcher recommends among others that management of both public and private universities should come out with supportive policies as a way of promoting interactional justice toward maintaining lecturer student relationship which can be done through integrating the philosophy of target education programme established in 1990 by Aumua and Drake 2002 . Musah Ishaq | Prof. Lilian O. Orogbu | Dr. Ndubuisi-Okolo Purity U. ""Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Private Tertiary Institutions in South-South States of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30205.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/30205/organizational-justice-and-academic-staff-performance-among-public-and-private-tertiary-institutions-in-south-south-states-of-nigeria/musah-ishaq
This document provides a conceptual framework for analyzing curriculum policy change implementation in Cameroon's education system. It discusses key concepts like the curriculum policy process, factors that influence curriculum implementation, and defines curriculum and curriculum policy. The document concludes that curriculum implementation is a complex, gradual process that involves changes to materials, teaching approaches, and beliefs among various stakeholders, with the goal of improving student outcomes. It aims to help understand the challenges of implementing post-colonial curriculum policies in Cameroon's centralized education system.
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbato...ijtsrd
Equitable Education System was proposed in the state of Tamil Nadu. It was felt that by following this education system we could afford impartial education to all school children irrespective of region such as rural and urban, upper and lower caste, and religion etc. This new system of education came into existence after a lot of oppositions, obstacles and confusions. Determining attitude and efforts to advance a new system of education is very much essential. Attitude of teachers, students and parents about a new educational system influences the choices and national development. Teachers and parents have a supreme responsibility in the mental and physical growth of the students. Their attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children. Successful and effective implementation of a new system of education depends upon the knowledge of teachers and their positive attitudes towards it. Thus, the study of teachers' attitude towards Equitable Education becomes indispensable to the implementation plans. These observations initiated the investigator to undertake the present study, “Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District†G. Jayanthi | Dr. K. Eagavalli ""Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25133/attitude-of-secondary-school-teachers-towards-equitable-education-in-coimbatore-district/g-jayanthi
The document discusses three approaches to educational planning: the social demand approach, manpower requirement approach, and cost-benefit analysis approach. The social demand approach focuses on meeting public demand for education. The manpower requirement approach forecasts future workforce needs. The cost-benefit analysis approach views education as an investment and analyzes private and social rates of return. Each approach has strengths in guiding educational resources but also limitations, such as not accounting for economic factors.
The social demand approach to educational planning requires education authorities to provide schools and facilities for all students who demand admission and are qualified. It views education as a social service demanded by people. The key factors that influence social demand for education include the costs of education, both direct and indirect; the benefits of education; government policies around fees and financial aid; distance to schools; quality of schooling; demographic data; and cultural factors. While this approach provides a starting point for planning education to meet social needs, it ignores cost constraints and employment needs. It can also lead to overproduction of some skills and underproduction of others if not balanced with other approaches.
1) The document discusses advocating for standards in student affairs departments at African universities, using the University of Botswana as a case study. It argues that establishing standards can help professionalize student affairs and add value to higher education institutions in Africa.
2) Some benefits of professionalizing student affairs discussed include developing a common language of assessment, gaining legitimacy from internal and external stakeholders, and better addressing students' personal needs through comprehensive support services.
3) The document examines characteristics of a profession and how student affairs has evolved from a practice to a profession in Africa. Developing professional organizations and standards can help student affairs professionals gain confidence and promote student success.
Good Governance for Improving the Quality of Higher Education in Bangladesh Md. Nazrul Islam
After completion of the presentation, the participants will be able to know:
- Definition of Governance in higher education
- Concept and Dimension of Governance
- Overview of the good governance in HE
- Program Management
- Organizational Setup
- Documentation
- Academic leadership and autonomy
- Peer Observation and Feedback Process
- Internal Quality Assurance Process
- Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference t...YogeshIJTSRD
Education was regarded as one of the basic sectors of the economy and due importance was given to it in all five year plans. Research, with the virtue of its broad perspective, is it essentially imperative in every field of life. The education is no exception to it. The various commission and policies initiated by the Government of India have emphasized to enhance quality education focusing on the different aspects of education. The National Education Policy 2020 is another effort in this direction, which contemplates transmuting nation into a vibrant knowledge society through high quality education for all. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze National Education Policy 2020. The main focus is research and development, with several recommendations highlighting the importance of research activities, also recommends for the establishment of the National Research Foundation. National Research Foundation recommends in NEP 2020 to enhance the quality and quantity of research. Although much has been focused still remain some areas which need more attention. This paper establishes the relation between the recommendations and present status of research it also brings the future perspective for the same. Farheen Rafat | Sayedil Islam "Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference to Research and Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38711.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38711/critical-appraisal-of-national-education-policy-2020-with-special-reference-to-research-and-development/farheen-rafat
The document discusses various economic factors that impact educational planning and financing. It explains that economic stability, consumer behavior, taxation, interest rates, and exchange rates all impact the education sector. Educational planning requires understanding economics since resources are limited and choices must be made. Expanding secondary education, for example, is more expensive than primary education due to needs for better facilities, equipment and higher-paid teachers. While economics influences decisions, public interests are also considered in developing an educational system. Planning involves making choices within limited resources, similar to economic decision-making.
This research paper examines teacher policy recommendations from international organizations and whether evidence supports allocating resources primarily to teacher salaries. It assesses Brazil's FUNDEB policy which dedicates 60% of education funds to teacher salaries and finds mixed results on improving student learning. The paper aims to evaluate which measurable teacher characteristics have the strongest empirical support in relation to boosting student achievement outcomes.
Developing strategic planning in a special education serviceLira Lei Ann Bondoc
Strategic planning is necessary for organizations to thrive, but conventional strategic planning does not account for change. For a special education service, the environment faces great uncertainty from changing regulations. Their internal situation includes geographical dispersion of staff and conflicting demands between the service and host schools. Externally, the Education Reform Act introduced local school management and funding changes. Given this turbulent environment, incremental planning is better than synoptic planning, which relies on comprehensive analysis that cannot be achieved. Flexibility is needed to adapt to changes.
The document discusses educational planning and types of plans. It defines educational planning as preparing for post-secondary education by making arrangements to facilitate learning and skill development. There are three main elements in educational planning: predetermined objectives, use of scarce resources, and decision making. Educational planning ensures coordination of the education system and helps achieve goals like universal primary education. Strategic plans define long-term goals and priorities over 3-5 years while financial plans help achieve life goals through proper investment and money management.
This document summarizes a research study on managing massification at Gulu University in Uganda. The study examined how institutional autonomy and governance can help address challenges from rapid increases in student enrollment. Key findings include:
1) While organs like the University Council and Senate are established as required by law, they were found to be slow in responding to staff and student concerns and did not fully satisfy stakeholders.
2) Respondents felt that the Council and Senate did not promptly implement views and concerns related to issues like procuring more educational resources and hiring more faculty.
3) The research concluded that Gulu University has faced challenges in applying corporate governance practices to effectively manage the effects of massification, such as large class
This document discusses the evolution of public administration in the Philippines from traditional to modern approaches. It outlines key theories and principles from classical thinkers like Woodrow Wilson and Max Weber that emphasized distinguishing politics from impartial administration. Approaches then shifted to development administration in the 1950s-60s focusing on social change, and new public administration added considerations of social equity. The 1980s brought new public management principles of decentralization, community empowerment, and results-oriented governance. Current public administration emphasizes governance beyond government through institutional participation and transparency. The document stresses the importance of education in developing righteous leadership to solve the Philippines' administrative problems and regain public trust.
Building a Quality Management System in Higher Educationijtsrd
Undergraduate research on issues of women's empowerment can be promoted in institution. Programmes on population education and premarital counselling can be important activities, which will greatly help college students both boys and girls The quality management systems in higher education can be developed specific to the location objectives of the institution, social environment, expectations of the students and locally available resources. Importantly, more can be learned from each other's experience. Upgradation of quality education in colleges is a universal need. If average colleges feel the need to adopt new initiatives, the better colleges need to create new systems. Prominent institutions in the society need to compete with their own ambitious goal of total quality education. This is the basic purpose of the mass movement towards quality education initiated by assessment and accreditation exercise Mr. Khatik Abdul Raheem ""Building a Quality Management System in Higher Education"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23986/building-a-quality-management-system-in-higher-education/mr-khatik-abdul-raheem
Nais state of diversity practice public summaryhamlard
The document provides the results of a survey conducted on diversity practitioners in independent schools. It finds that while most schools' mission statements include diversity, practitioners face challenges in achieving diversity goals. It reports on practitioners' backgrounds, roles and responsibilities, needs, and the level of support they receive from their schools. The executive summary outlines initiatives NAIS is undertaking to better support diversity practitioners, such as seminars for school leaders and guidelines for best practices.
This document discusses how economic factors affect educational planning. It begins by defining key economic concepts like investment, saving, consumption, and production, and how they relate to educational planning. It explains that educational planning requires understanding economics because resources are limited and choices must be made. The document also discusses applying economic concepts to educational planning, characteristics of analyzing education through an economic lens, and some weaknesses of economic influences on education. Overall, the document analyzes how economics influences educational planning and decision making.
Stages and Approaches to educational planningReina Antonette
This document outlines the key stages and approaches to educational planning. It discusses the stages of the educational planning process which include collecting statistical information, evolving policy proposals, making projections and programming, costing educational plans, and making decisions, implementing, and evaluating plans. It also analyzes the traditional and strategic approaches to educational planning and contrasts their differences. The major approaches covered are the social demand, cost-benefit analysis, and manpower planning approaches.
Social reconstructionism focuses on using education to eliminate social inequities. It aims to inform students about issues in their society, equip them with skills to enact change, and encourage them to improve society. The curriculum presents social challenges and problems to stimulate critical thinking and a desire for reform. It incorporates action-oriented lessons to teach civic responsibility. Teachers facilitate learning and foster democratic discussion to empower student voices for change.
The Level of Mutual Trust Between Principals and Educational Stakeholders and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the level of mutual trust between principals and educational stakeholders in public secondary schools in Cameroon. It utilized a survey design with questionnaires and interviews to collect data from principals, teachers, PTA executives, and SMB members. The findings suggest there is generally a high level of mutual trust between principals and stakeholders, except in financial matters where the level of trust is lower. It provides recommendations to policymakers and practitioners to improve interpersonal relationships and trust between school leaders and other stakeholders.
Latest report summary on school governancedownhousel
This document summarizes a report on effective school governance. It finds that the most effective governing bodies 1) have positive relationships with school leaders based on trust and transparency, 2) are well-informed about student achievement through high-quality data, and 3) provide meaningful support and challenge to school leaders through regular monitoring and questioning. The report identifies several key characteristics of outstanding governance, including efficient use of time, clear roles and responsibilities, and a focus on continuous self-improvement.
THE DEGREE OF ARAB SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' COMMITMENT WITHIN THE GREEN LINE TO THE...indexPub
The document discusses the Code of Ethical Conduct for teachers in the Green Line region of Israel. It outlines 34 standards that teachers are expected to uphold in their professional responsibilities and interactions with students, parents, colleagues, and the community. The standards address topics like impartial treatment of students, maintaining student and family privacy, professional development, handling disciplinary issues appropriately, promoting parental involvement, and treating colleagues with respect. Adherence to these ethical standards is intended to guide teachers in carrying out their mission to educate students and serve the community.
The document discusses three approaches to educational planning: the social demand approach, manpower requirement approach, and cost-benefit analysis approach. The social demand approach focuses on meeting public demand for education. The manpower requirement approach forecasts future workforce needs. The cost-benefit analysis approach views education as an investment and analyzes private and social rates of return. Each approach has strengths in guiding educational resources but also limitations, such as not accounting for economic factors.
The social demand approach to educational planning requires education authorities to provide schools and facilities for all students who demand admission and are qualified. It views education as a social service demanded by people. The key factors that influence social demand for education include the costs of education, both direct and indirect; the benefits of education; government policies around fees and financial aid; distance to schools; quality of schooling; demographic data; and cultural factors. While this approach provides a starting point for planning education to meet social needs, it ignores cost constraints and employment needs. It can also lead to overproduction of some skills and underproduction of others if not balanced with other approaches.
1) The document discusses advocating for standards in student affairs departments at African universities, using the University of Botswana as a case study. It argues that establishing standards can help professionalize student affairs and add value to higher education institutions in Africa.
2) Some benefits of professionalizing student affairs discussed include developing a common language of assessment, gaining legitimacy from internal and external stakeholders, and better addressing students' personal needs through comprehensive support services.
3) The document examines characteristics of a profession and how student affairs has evolved from a practice to a profession in Africa. Developing professional organizations and standards can help student affairs professionals gain confidence and promote student success.
Good Governance for Improving the Quality of Higher Education in Bangladesh Md. Nazrul Islam
After completion of the presentation, the participants will be able to know:
- Definition of Governance in higher education
- Concept and Dimension of Governance
- Overview of the good governance in HE
- Program Management
- Organizational Setup
- Documentation
- Academic leadership and autonomy
- Peer Observation and Feedback Process
- Internal Quality Assurance Process
- Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference t...YogeshIJTSRD
Education was regarded as one of the basic sectors of the economy and due importance was given to it in all five year plans. Research, with the virtue of its broad perspective, is it essentially imperative in every field of life. The education is no exception to it. The various commission and policies initiated by the Government of India have emphasized to enhance quality education focusing on the different aspects of education. The National Education Policy 2020 is another effort in this direction, which contemplates transmuting nation into a vibrant knowledge society through high quality education for all. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze National Education Policy 2020. The main focus is research and development, with several recommendations highlighting the importance of research activities, also recommends for the establishment of the National Research Foundation. National Research Foundation recommends in NEP 2020 to enhance the quality and quantity of research. Although much has been focused still remain some areas which need more attention. This paper establishes the relation between the recommendations and present status of research it also brings the future perspective for the same. Farheen Rafat | Sayedil Islam "Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference to Research and Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38711.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38711/critical-appraisal-of-national-education-policy-2020-with-special-reference-to-research-and-development/farheen-rafat
The document discusses various economic factors that impact educational planning and financing. It explains that economic stability, consumer behavior, taxation, interest rates, and exchange rates all impact the education sector. Educational planning requires understanding economics since resources are limited and choices must be made. Expanding secondary education, for example, is more expensive than primary education due to needs for better facilities, equipment and higher-paid teachers. While economics influences decisions, public interests are also considered in developing an educational system. Planning involves making choices within limited resources, similar to economic decision-making.
This research paper examines teacher policy recommendations from international organizations and whether evidence supports allocating resources primarily to teacher salaries. It assesses Brazil's FUNDEB policy which dedicates 60% of education funds to teacher salaries and finds mixed results on improving student learning. The paper aims to evaluate which measurable teacher characteristics have the strongest empirical support in relation to boosting student achievement outcomes.
Developing strategic planning in a special education serviceLira Lei Ann Bondoc
Strategic planning is necessary for organizations to thrive, but conventional strategic planning does not account for change. For a special education service, the environment faces great uncertainty from changing regulations. Their internal situation includes geographical dispersion of staff and conflicting demands between the service and host schools. Externally, the Education Reform Act introduced local school management and funding changes. Given this turbulent environment, incremental planning is better than synoptic planning, which relies on comprehensive analysis that cannot be achieved. Flexibility is needed to adapt to changes.
The document discusses educational planning and types of plans. It defines educational planning as preparing for post-secondary education by making arrangements to facilitate learning and skill development. There are three main elements in educational planning: predetermined objectives, use of scarce resources, and decision making. Educational planning ensures coordination of the education system and helps achieve goals like universal primary education. Strategic plans define long-term goals and priorities over 3-5 years while financial plans help achieve life goals through proper investment and money management.
This document summarizes a research study on managing massification at Gulu University in Uganda. The study examined how institutional autonomy and governance can help address challenges from rapid increases in student enrollment. Key findings include:
1) While organs like the University Council and Senate are established as required by law, they were found to be slow in responding to staff and student concerns and did not fully satisfy stakeholders.
2) Respondents felt that the Council and Senate did not promptly implement views and concerns related to issues like procuring more educational resources and hiring more faculty.
3) The research concluded that Gulu University has faced challenges in applying corporate governance practices to effectively manage the effects of massification, such as large class
This document discusses the evolution of public administration in the Philippines from traditional to modern approaches. It outlines key theories and principles from classical thinkers like Woodrow Wilson and Max Weber that emphasized distinguishing politics from impartial administration. Approaches then shifted to development administration in the 1950s-60s focusing on social change, and new public administration added considerations of social equity. The 1980s brought new public management principles of decentralization, community empowerment, and results-oriented governance. Current public administration emphasizes governance beyond government through institutional participation and transparency. The document stresses the importance of education in developing righteous leadership to solve the Philippines' administrative problems and regain public trust.
Building a Quality Management System in Higher Educationijtsrd
Undergraduate research on issues of women's empowerment can be promoted in institution. Programmes on population education and premarital counselling can be important activities, which will greatly help college students both boys and girls The quality management systems in higher education can be developed specific to the location objectives of the institution, social environment, expectations of the students and locally available resources. Importantly, more can be learned from each other's experience. Upgradation of quality education in colleges is a universal need. If average colleges feel the need to adopt new initiatives, the better colleges need to create new systems. Prominent institutions in the society need to compete with their own ambitious goal of total quality education. This is the basic purpose of the mass movement towards quality education initiated by assessment and accreditation exercise Mr. Khatik Abdul Raheem ""Building a Quality Management System in Higher Education"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23986/building-a-quality-management-system-in-higher-education/mr-khatik-abdul-raheem
Nais state of diversity practice public summaryhamlard
The document provides the results of a survey conducted on diversity practitioners in independent schools. It finds that while most schools' mission statements include diversity, practitioners face challenges in achieving diversity goals. It reports on practitioners' backgrounds, roles and responsibilities, needs, and the level of support they receive from their schools. The executive summary outlines initiatives NAIS is undertaking to better support diversity practitioners, such as seminars for school leaders and guidelines for best practices.
This document discusses how economic factors affect educational planning. It begins by defining key economic concepts like investment, saving, consumption, and production, and how they relate to educational planning. It explains that educational planning requires understanding economics because resources are limited and choices must be made. The document also discusses applying economic concepts to educational planning, characteristics of analyzing education through an economic lens, and some weaknesses of economic influences on education. Overall, the document analyzes how economics influences educational planning and decision making.
Stages and Approaches to educational planningReina Antonette
This document outlines the key stages and approaches to educational planning. It discusses the stages of the educational planning process which include collecting statistical information, evolving policy proposals, making projections and programming, costing educational plans, and making decisions, implementing, and evaluating plans. It also analyzes the traditional and strategic approaches to educational planning and contrasts their differences. The major approaches covered are the social demand, cost-benefit analysis, and manpower planning approaches.
Social reconstructionism focuses on using education to eliminate social inequities. It aims to inform students about issues in their society, equip them with skills to enact change, and encourage them to improve society. The curriculum presents social challenges and problems to stimulate critical thinking and a desire for reform. It incorporates action-oriented lessons to teach civic responsibility. Teachers facilitate learning and foster democratic discussion to empower student voices for change.
The Level of Mutual Trust Between Principals and Educational Stakeholders and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the level of mutual trust between principals and educational stakeholders in public secondary schools in Cameroon. It utilized a survey design with questionnaires and interviews to collect data from principals, teachers, PTA executives, and SMB members. The findings suggest there is generally a high level of mutual trust between principals and stakeholders, except in financial matters where the level of trust is lower. It provides recommendations to policymakers and practitioners to improve interpersonal relationships and trust between school leaders and other stakeholders.
Latest report summary on school governancedownhousel
This document summarizes a report on effective school governance. It finds that the most effective governing bodies 1) have positive relationships with school leaders based on trust and transparency, 2) are well-informed about student achievement through high-quality data, and 3) provide meaningful support and challenge to school leaders through regular monitoring and questioning. The report identifies several key characteristics of outstanding governance, including efficient use of time, clear roles and responsibilities, and a focus on continuous self-improvement.
THE DEGREE OF ARAB SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' COMMITMENT WITHIN THE GREEN LINE TO THE...indexPub
The document discusses the Code of Ethical Conduct for teachers in the Green Line region of Israel. It outlines 34 standards that teachers are expected to uphold in their professional responsibilities and interactions with students, parents, colleagues, and the community. The standards address topics like impartial treatment of students, maintaining student and family privacy, professional development, handling disciplinary issues appropriately, promoting parental involvement, and treating colleagues with respect. Adherence to these ethical standards is intended to guide teachers in carrying out their mission to educate students and serve the community.
Strategies applied by the board of management to enhance students academic pe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies applied by Boards of Management (BoM) to enhance student academic performance in secondary schools in Mandera County, Kenya. It finds that most BoM members lack formal education and management skills, resulting in challenges like lack of monitoring, political interference, and mismanagement that negatively impact student performance. The document recommends that BoM members be appointed based on merit and receive management training, and that communication and resource utilization be improved to enhance student academic performance.
School policies and discipline of students: A case study of selected Secondar...Turyamureeba Silaji
School policies and students discipline are the heart of any education institution. Education is the basis of the official
policy on the purpose and programs of Education. White papers’ articulation of the purpose of Uganda’s education
system continues to be supreme guidance for the sector. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence
School policies on students’ discipline, to establish the influence of school policies on students’ discipline, to identify
the causes of students’ indiscipline in secondary schools and to establish the effects of school administration on
students’ discipline in Fort portal Municipality in Kabalore District. The study was carried out using a crosssectional
survey design to investigate the attitudes, opinions and feelings as well as experiences of teachers, students
and head teachers of the secondary schools of Fort portal Municipality, purposive sampling was used to get the
sample of respondents from head teachers and leaders of the locals while questionnaires was the main instrument of
data collection in this study, which was structured, and self-administered. The study found out that 81 respondents
accounting for 23.9% said that Universal secondary education is one of the influence of school policies, 60
respondents accounting for 17.9% supported compulsory Science subjects as another influence, 52 respondents
accounting for 15.4% supported trained teachers, 46 respondents accounting for 13.5% supported games and sports
or physical education, 28 accounting for 8.2% supported vocational subjects while 71 respondents accounting for
21.1% supported not registering students with division 9 at UCE school policies. The most effective strategy to
maintain discipline in school is by use of dialogue and creating an understanding among students especially their
leaders about the need to live in a disciplined environment both at school and beyond. Appreciation of this philosophy
is a key to discipline maintenance. Discipline issues should be a collective responsibility. Naturally this approach go
hand in hand with good academic performance.
An Appraisal Of The Use Of Education Management Information System (Emis) And...Claire Webber
This document discusses a study on the use of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) and their effects on effective secondary school management in Cameroon. The study aimed to examine how EMIS affects school planning, how principal's use of ICT tools in EMIS impacts management, and strategies to improve EMIS effectiveness. The study found that EMIS significantly relates to school planning and enhances management when ICT is integrated. It recommended training information managers to design school-specific MIS systems and providing ICT tools and professional development for principals.
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
The document discusses the impact of the Education and Economic Development Act (EEDA) legislation on schools and students in South Carolina. EEDA aims to enhance student success, graduation rates, and career preparation. It requires schools to implement career clusters and pathways, increase career counseling, and involve parents in students' career plans. Since EEDA was established, dual enrollment has increased 100% at one high school and their graduation rate has risen 10%. EEDA also supports character education and bullying prevention to improve school climate.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
The document analyzes the determinants of successful strategy implementation in public schools in South Africa. A survey was conducted of 165 respondents using a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The results found compensation management, managerial behavior, institutional policies, and resource allocation all had a statistically significant association with successful strategy implementation based on the chi-square tests and Cramer's V coefficients. The study provides insights into factors that can enhance effective strategy implementation in public schools.
Problems in implementing education policies in pakistanNighat Shaheen
This document summarizes the key problems in implementing education policies in Pakistan. It identifies 10 major gaps: 1) poor communication, 2) weak administration, 3) poor policy evaluation, 4) financial gaps and irregularities, 5) attitudes of public servants, 6) inefficient bureaucratic structure, 7) failure of decentralization measures, 8) lack of political will, 9) leadership vacuum, and 10) deeply entrenched corruption. The document also provides recommendations to address these gaps such as involving stakeholders, strengthening accountability, and providing training. It concludes that lack of direction, consistency, and commitment have hindered effective policy implementation in Pakistan's education system.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...iosrjce
The study investigated supervision as a determinant of public secondary school teachers’
effectiveness in Central Senatorial District of Delta State. Seven research questions were raised and answered
and seven hypotheses were formulated and tested to guide the study. The study used the correlational research
design. A sample of 997 teachers was utilized for the study. The research instrument used for data collection
was the questionnaire titled teachers’ supervision and teachers’ effectiveness (TSTE) questionnaire. The data
collected were analyzed using simple percentage for the socio-demographic data and simple regression and
correlation statistics for the research questions and hypotheses. The seven hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level
of significance. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ supervision and
their teaching effectiveness, there was a significant relationship between teachers’ educational qualification and
their teaching effectiveness, and there was a significant relationship between teachers’ teaching experience and
their teaching effectiveness, hence supervision was seen as a vital and critical element of teaching effectiveness.
The document discusses implementing a balanced scorecard approach to improve teacher performance management in Nigeria. It provides background on the importance of education for national development. The balanced scorecard is presented as a strategic performance management tool that can align institutional objectives with strategies and metrics across financial, customer, internal process, and learning/growth perspectives. The document proposes a 7-step process for building and implementing an education-focused balanced scorecard, including selecting a team, clarifying strategy/objectives, developing measures, implementing initiatives, and reviewing outcomes. It recommends the Nigerian government adopt this approach to better evaluate teachers and administrators.
This document proposes an evaluation plan for the Girls' Empowerment through Education and Health Activity (ASPIRE) project in Malawi. ASPIRE aims to improve education and health outcomes for 125,000 adolescent girls through activities like health education, teacher training, infrastructure improvements, and community sensitization. The evaluation will assess progress toward short-term outcomes after one year and gather feedback to improve program implementation before expanding to more schools. Key evaluation questions focus on outcomes achieved, unintended impacts, participant satisfaction, and implementation challenges encountered.
Organizational Effectiveness of Naval State University: Proposed Institutiona...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research sought to study the organizational
effectiveness of Naval State University (NSU), Biliran,
Philippines. It was intended to answer the organizational
effectiveness of the delivery of service by the present
academic organizational set-up in terms of: Instruction,
Research, and Community Extension. The study used the
descriptive survey method through the aid of focus group
discussion and researcher-made guided questions as the
main instrument for data collection. There were items in
the instrument that were patterned from the accreditation
activities by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges
and Universities in the Philippines (AACUP). The
researcher tapped a third party who was an expert in
conducting focus group discussions. The expert researcher
who conducted the FGD was not connected with the Naval
State University to avoid any biases. The activity of FGD
was recorded with the consent of the key informants. The
key informants were the key officials of the university. And
they come up with only one answer in each item or
indicator. The data were recorded according to the
frequencies and corresponding percentage. After analyzing
and interpreting the processed data, the Organizational
Effectiveness of NSU in the areas of: Instruction, Research
and Community Extension were rated as very effective. But
some indicators were identified for needed improvements.
And the institutional capacity building as designed in the
study should be implemented accordingly.
Budgetary Control And Financial Performance In Public Institutions Of Higher ...inventionjournals
The objective of the study is to establish effect of budgetary control on financial performance of public institutions of higher learning. This study was conducted in institutions of higher learning in Vihiga, Kakamega, Bungoma, and Busia Counties. Finance Officers, Accountants, Bursars and principals were the respondents. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. The target population was 109. The questionnaire return rate was 91.7 %.Data was analyzed and presented using regression analysis. The study attained a Cronbach’s Alpha of coefficient was 0.863 for all items, which was way above the recommended 0.7 in social sciences. the study established that budgetary control had a statistically significant effect on financial performance in public institutions of higher learning. This study will be significant to public institutions of higher learning in providing a basis for policy, and in showing direction for management of these institutions, management in providing explanation to the government for the current financial scenario, researchers and academicians. Public institutions of higher learning management may use the findings of the study in designing proper budgetary policies and examining the financial performance. Academicians will also find the study useful in adding to the existing literature on budgetary control and financial performance.
This study aimed to explore the survival of school financing management
during the COVID-19 pandemic, to assure the quality of teaching and
learning continuously. This study used a qualitative design, and data
collection is carried out by observing resource persons and in-depth
interviews, analysis or analysis of documentation and a combination of the
three as triangulation method. The collected data were analyzed using an
interactive model. The results showed that financial management strategies
in managing school finances effectively and efficiently, through
transparency, accountability and responsibility, are considered to have
contributed to the prospects, quality, progress and sustainability of education
in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is based on the fact that many
quality and good schools eventually experience setbacks due to the lack of
transparency, accountability and responsibility in the management of
education funds. Openness in schools can promote accountability and fight
corruption in education, if it is implemented effectively and any malpractice
is dealt with clear consequences. The implication is the strategies of
education financing management in terms of transparency, accountability and
accountability need to be carry out consistently to ensure the improvement of
school quality runs in a sustainable manner.
Objectives of performance management systemPandiani74
The document discusses implementing a balanced scorecard approach to improve performance management of teachers in the Nigerian education sector. It outlines a 7-step process for building and implementing a balanced scorecard, including selecting a team, clarifying strategy and objectives, designing a strategic map, developing performance measures, championing new initiatives, implementation, and post-implementation review. The document recommends adopting a balanced scorecard system for teachers, establishing a national committee to design strategic maps for different education levels, and phasing in implementation over 12-24 months with support from government.
The document discusses implementing a balanced scorecard approach to evaluate teacher performance in Nigeria. It begins by establishing the importance of education for national development. It then discusses the traditional performance appraisal method for teachers and its shortcomings. The document introduces the balanced scorecard concept developed by Kaplan and Norton to use financial and non-financial metrics across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth. It adapts this framework for the education sector and argues a balanced scorecard can better align teacher performance with institutional mission, improve accountability, and inform budgeting decisions. Finally, it outlines a seven-step process for building and implementing a balanced scorecard for teachers.
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...inventionjournals
This study aimed to identify factors involved in developing Entrepreneur school and understanding the Executive requirements of these schools in Educational system of Iran (Case Study of MAZANDARAN province). Relying on the theory of organizational entrepreneurship and data based theory (Grounded Theory) the factors effective in creating a school for entrepreneurs were identified. The population of the study in Interview section was 20 experts in the Field of educational sciences from the University of Educators, entrepreneurship teachers and school administrators and for qualitative validation were 20 faculty members of University of Educators and school administrators. The research tools were open interview and content analysis techniques .The research findings indicate that the two groups factors of inside and outside organization and 3 dimensions of personal, organizational and environmental abilities and 16 components of Features (psychological , attitude, motivational), management style, organizational ,Mental and interpersonal skills, new methods of reward, management support, Delegate, deadline, curricula system , strategic orientation, entrepreneurial culture, entrepreneurship education, space and equipments, government policies, socio-economic and cultural conditions, financial and non-financial support are effective in building this kind of entrepreneur school. Also the results of qualitative validation or questionnaire distribution in the first step have resulted to the Removal of the concepts of parental education; parental social status and evaluation system due to an average of less than 4.In the implementation of the second round questionnaire, Kendal correlation coefficient was calculated and Kendall's w = 0.705 was obtained, suggesting a strong consensus among panel members in the research.
Similar to Good Governance Implications on Principals' Effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31722 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1768
(SWAPE, 2006). In education, poor governance results in
ineffectiveness and inefficiency of service provision, and in
some cases no service at all. Lack of standards, information,
incentives, and accountability cannot only lead to poor
provider performance but also to corruption, the “use of
public office for private gain” (Bardhan,1997).However,the
line between poor governance and corruption is often
blurred. Therefore, improving governance anddiscouraging
corruption in education ultimately aims to increase the
efficiency of education services so as to raise educational
quality, and ultimately, improve students’ achievement.
Furthermore, instances of favouritism, nepotism, peddling,
embezzlement, and examination malpractices result inpoor
management of school resources and poor quality of school
products. Therefore good governance practices would go a
long way to solve these bad administrative practices by
delivering good products which in turn lead to good
performance. It also ensures safety, legal performance and
safeguards stakeholders’ interest (teachers, students,
parents. Consequently, the government is making many
efforts to implement good governance and anti-corruption
strategies in the governing of educational institutions in
keeping with principles of good governance. The National
Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC) established by
presidential decree N0 2006/088 of March 11, 2006 has as
its mission to monitor and evaluate the effective
implementation of the government’s anti-corruption
program. Since its inception, CONAC have been launching
integrity campaigns in schools. Likewise, governance
structures have been established in schools to curb
corruption and promote effective management of resources
(human, material, financial and time). The governance
structures include the Parent Teacher Association (PTA).
The formation of PTAs in all primary and secondary schools
in Cameroon was authorized through Inter-ministerial
circular No.242/L/729/MINEDUC/JMSof25th October,1979
organizing curricular and co-curricular activities in schools.
In the same vein the School Management Board (SMB) was
created by Ministerial decree No 2001/01 of 19th February
2001. The primary role of school management boards is one
of governance.Theirgovernanceisaboutprovidingdirection
and oversight for schools, while ensuring that the right of all
members of the school community is upheld and that the
school is accountable to stakeholders.Themajorfunctionsof
the board may be categorized under three different
headings: Policy setting and strategic planning, monitoring
the implementation of policy, strategy and plans and
supporting the principal and his/her staff (Mbake, 2013).
The concept of good governance has been acknowledged
nationally and internationally as having the potential of
contributing to school effectiveness. According to African
Development Bank (ADB) 2014, the issue of good
governance is centred on five main principles namely
participation, accountability, transparency, the rule of law
and human rights. According to the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) (1997) article: 4-5,
characteristics of good governance include; participation,
rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, a consensus of
orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency,
accountability, and strategic vision. But for the purpose of
this study, four out of these nine attributes were used
because of their implications and applicability in this study.
They are: participation, accountability, transparency and
rule of law.
BACKGROUND
Good Governance implies many different things in many
different contexts. The concept of "governance"isnotnew.It
is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance"
means: the process of decision-making and the process by
which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).
Governance can be used in several contexts such as
corporate governance, international governance, national
governance, local governance and institutional governance.
This study is focused on good governance in schools. The
spine of governance is the process of decision-making and
the process by which decisions areimplemented,ananalysis
of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors
involved in decision-making andimplementingthedecisions
made and the formal and informal structures that have been
set in place to arrive at and implement the decision (UN-
ESCAP, 2018). In international development, good
governance is a way of measuring how public institutions
conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a
preferred way. Contrarytogoodgovernancedadgovernance
is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causesof all
evil within the societiesthatyieldcorruption,embezzlement,
nepotism among others.
The concept of good governance refers to government
agencies conduct in implementing innovative policies and
programmes to increase the quality of public service with
the ultimate aim of increasing economicgrowthaccordingto
Grindle, Hellman, Schankermann, & Rivera-Batiz, (2000).
Good governance compliance is currently a world-wide
phenomenon. Such innovative policies and programmes
address governance aspects such as transparency,
accountability, participation, and professionalism (Liddle &
Mujani, 2005). Improvedpublicperformanceisonemeansto
enhance returns to public education investments. It canalso
reduce disparities in education provision if targeted
properly. The essentiality of good governance is that it can
discourage corruption, an outgrowth of poor governance,
which directly affects principals’ performance in schools.
Good governance is a term that has become a part of the
vernacular of a large range of development institutions and
other actors within the international arena. The term good
governance was frequently used in the late 1990s and
especially by the World Bank and the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP)aswell asotherinternational
and regional organisations and local communities.Although
good governance is not irrefutably defined in international
law, there are specific indicants in various international
documents about its meaning in an international legal
context.
For example, work by the World Bank and other multilateral
development banksongoodgovernanceaddresseseconomic
institutions and public sector management, including
transparency and accountability, regulatory reform, and
public sector skills and leadership. Other organisations, like
the United Nations, European Commission and OECD, are
more likely to highlight democratic governance and human
rights, aspects of political governance avoided by the Bank.
Some of the many issues that are treated under the
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governance programmes of various donors include election
monitoring, political party support, combating corruption,
building independent judiciaries, security sector reform,
improved service delivery, transparency of government
accounts, decentralization, civil and political rights,
government responsiveness and “forward vision”, and the
stability of the regulatory environment for private sector
activities (including price systems, exchange regimes, and
banking systems).
This can be seen, for example, in the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 21, which
identifies and stresses the importance of participation in
government and in Article 28, which states that everyone is
entitled to an international order in which the rights and
freedoms therein the Declaration can be fully realized.
Various UN Committees have also acknowledged the
significance and definition of good governanceintheirwork.
For example, General Comment 12 by the Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rightsontherighttoadequate
food, states that “good governance” is crucial to the
realization of all human rights, including the eradication of
poverty. The Committee on the Rights of the Child and the
Human Rights Council also mention good governance in
relation to legal security and justice. The termis alsodefined
as “the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources
for development” (World Bank, 1992).
Thus, good governance is a way of measuring how public
institutions conduct public affairs and manage public
resources in a preferred way. Governance is "the process of
decision-making and the process by which decisions are
implemented (or not implemented)". Good governance in
this context can apply to a way of measuring how public
secondary schools conduct public affairs and manage public
resources in a preferred way as undertaking by the
principals to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. The
attention is centred on the responsibility of principals to
meet the needs of the objectives of schools.From the above
definitions, good governance among other things, involves
participation, transparency, accountability, rule of law,
effectiveness, efficiency, and equity in governance activity.
Additionally, Kaufmann, Aart, & Mastruzze (2007), stated
that good governance examines the “traditions and
institutions by which authority in a country is exercised for
the common good”, which includes the process of selecting
those in authority, capacity of the government to manage,
and respect for the state (Daniel, Traay, & Massimo, 2007).
Dimmock & Walker (2000), posit that good governance has
eight major features which are: participatory, consensus
oriented, accountable, transparent,responsive, effective and
efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.
It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of
minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the
most vulnerable in society are heardindecision-making.Itis
also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
While desirable and perhaps necessaryfortheeconomicand
social wellbeing of countries, these factors are neither
necessary, nor sufficient to ensure effective publicprovision
of education. Good governance in education requires
enabling conditions: the existence of standards, information
on performance, incentives for good performance, and,
arguably most importantly, accountability, transparency,
participation in decision making and the rule of law are the
keys that have been used by others. These independent
variables were inspired by ADB (2004) report in Cameroon
where attention on good governance was laid on key
elements of accountability or the obligation to render
account, transparency, stakeholder participation, reform of
the legal and judicial framework including the defence of
human rights (ADB, 2004). In this light, the focus in this
study will be limited to these four attributes/principles
(participation, accountability, transparency and rule of law)
are considered as key elements in good governance in the
administration of schools in Cameroon.
Participation in Decision Making: Participatory Decision-
making is one of the nine tenets of good governance as
identified by UNDP. It has been defined differently by
various authors focusing primarily on the process involved
in choosing the best option among alternatives. Titanji
(2017), describes participatory decision-making processes
as one of the attributes of good governance. He argued that
participatory processes are vivid indicators of democracyin
action with positive individual and organisational outcomes.
Increasing and louder callsforparticipatorydecisionmaking
are based on three assumptions.
1. Employees desire participation in theprocessofmaking
decisions that affects them
2. If invited to participate, the quality of decisions made
will likely be better and those involved will be more
committed to their implementation. This is because
there is likely going to be a stronger feeling of collective
ownership of the resulting decisions, and this will also
boost commitment to implementation.
3. It is not an expensive way to motivate workers and
other stakeholders. It provides an opportunity for
educators who have spentconsiderable numberofyears
of their lives acquiring specialised knowledge to have
their voices heard in activities and processes that affect
their lives giving them an opportunity to share their
views on critical issues is a vivid testimony of respect,
and this is consistent with theories of adult learningand
development.
Duze (2007), Described decision making as the process by
which educational managers (principals) choose the best
action or most preferred course of action among alternative
sources of action with the purpose of solving problems and
achieving set goals effectively and efficiently. Therefore,
principals’ who manage secondaryschoolsshouldhavedeep
and expert knowledge of decision making in coordinating
individuals or group members in specifying the nature of
particular problem and selecting among available
alternatives in order to solve the problem and produce a
desired result. Lowin (1968), defined participation in
decision-making as "a model of organisational operations in
which decisions as to activities are arrived at by the very
persons who are to execute those decisions. "When an
individual first enters a job, he is dependent up on his
superiors for the satisfaction of certain needs. Superiors
have control over the essential things he must have. For all
practical purposes they control the amount of pay, the
physical conditions under which he works, the continuance
of employment, the social needs of group membership and
relations with others, and the need satisfaction that an
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individual finds on the job, that is, recognition for
accomplishment, participation in decision-making, chance
for advancement, and being necessary to the organisation
(Maslow, 1954). Decision making as an attribute of good
governance is a core responsibility of all principals of public
secondary schools. Deciding is a “sine qua non” of
educational administration because the school, like any
formal organisation is basically a decision-making structure
(Mbua, 2002).
Barth (2013), states that “if the principal tries to do all of it,
much of it would be left undone by anyone”. Lowin (1968),
supported this by emphasizing that principals should to a
greater extent encourage the participation of subordinates
(teachers) in decision making in schools so as to encourage
decentralization and implementationof participatoryschool
governance. This suggestion is equally the view of many like
Chan, & Chui (1997); Walker and Dimmock, (2000). Doran
(1999), says that formal change in the function of school
governance that led to a more democraticapproachinwhich
planning and decision making are devolved in theindividual
school management known as school-based management
(SBM).
Regardless of how decisions are made or who makes them,
an organisation cannot operate unless decisions are
rendered. Practicing participation in decision making has
long been acknowledged as an essential ingredient in the
quest for effective school leadershipandschool effectiveness
as a whole. Ukeke, Akabogu, & Ndu (1992), opined that
“participation in decision making” improves the quality of
decisions, increases the understanding of the groupandalso
their commitment to the decisions. Furthermore, Simon
(1976), in Mbua (2003), observed that the effectiveness of
organisational decisions could be maximized by increasing
the rationality of organisational decisions. Any school is as
strong as the leadership and administration that runs it.
School effectiveness is only possible with effective leaders.
Being an effective leader is a difficulttask becauseitrequires
principals who can build trusting relationships with their
schools, staff, students, parents and other pertinent
community members in terms of making quality decisions
that would affect the achievement of school goalseffectively.
Teacher participation in school decisionmakinghasitsroots
in organisational and management literature. The historical
discussion of teacher participation in decision-making
process has many considerations. The motivation was to
increase productivity, commitment and more satisfied
teachers in schools. Through the literature on leadership,
one can historically trace the factors. These factors show
didactic motivations from rulesfortheinclusionor exclusion
of teachers in decision making to a moremeaningful belief in
teacher empowerment. Typically, the traditional idea of
management which involved deciding when and whom to
include was seen in Bridge’s (1967) view that leaders
needed to administer tests of relevance and expertise,
increased satisfaction, better implementation of decisions
(Bridges, 1967), acceptance range of decision involvement
from clearly acceptable to clearly unacceptable, increased
satisfaction, greater commitment and better decision (Kunz
& Hoy, 1976). It also increased alienation – a measure of
perceived influence on decision making related to the sense
of efficacy, sense of empowerment and self-efficacy(Malore,
1987). Empowerment – a measureofactual affectindecision
making from empowered, involved, engaged to disengaged,
increases the sense of efficacy for the low impact teacher
(Tashakkori & Teddie, 2003).
After almost a decade of experimentation, researchers have
reported that participation in decision making brings both
benefits and challenges and that principals remain a key
figure who must not only master new skills, but make sense
out of ambiguous new roles and relationships (Lipham,
1974). The principal, therefore, must encourage synergy in
participation in decision-making as Piper (1974), asserts
that participatory decisionsaremoreappropriatethanthose
made by individuals. Consequently, the purpose of shared
decision-making is to improve effectiveness and student
learning by increasing staff commitment and ensuring that
schools are more responsive to the needs of their students
and community (Goodlad & Johnlange, 1971).
Participatory decision-making is an inclusive concept to
grasp. It involves fundamental changes in the way schools
are managed, and alterations in the roles and relationships
of everyone in the school community. It is a process of
making educational decisions in a collaborative manner at
the school level (Lew & Glickman, 1992). According to Piper
& Ramey (1974), the concept of participation in decision
making emphasizes several common beliefs: First, those
closest to the children and “where the action is” will make
the best decisions about the children’s education. Second,
teachers, parents and school staff should have more say
about policies and programs affecting their schools and
children. Third, those responsible for carrying out decisions
should have a voice in determining those decisions. Finally,
change is most likely to be effective and lasting when those
who implement it feel a sense of ownership and
responsibility for the process. When the secondary school
principals’, grasps and implementstheschools’programmes
and policies through participatory decision making and
collegiality, they will enhance the effectiveness of the school
administration.
The elements of participation in decision making are;
collaboration (Fullan, 1993), collegiality(Lieberman,1986);
Empowerment (Glickman, 1990); Shared Leadership
(Meadows, 1992); and the use of win/win Strategies
(Glickman, 1993). Empowerment on the other hand, which
encompasses professionalism, builds respect (Glickman,
1990). At the same time, the roles of participants are
redefined (Meadows, 1992) resulting in a win/win attitude
(Maeroff, 1988). These elements are the same ones that
many writers advocate to be fundamental for successful and
effective school administration.
The Role of Principals in Participatory Decision-Making
Process
According to Sparkes & Wendell (1981), the modern-day
principal is described as a team leader, who shares
responsibilities by involving parents, pupils, teachers,
department heads and vice-principals in policy-making
decisions. The approach calls for teacher involvement in
decision making and discusses administrator-teacher
relationship in the collective bargaining process and
applicability of collegial and hierarchical models of decision
making. Viewed in the context of the secondary schools,
participation in decision making will examine how the
principals should strive as leaders to collectively involvethe
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teachers, parents, and students in bargaining for the best
alternative among school decisions that will lead to the
effective administration of the school.
Again, Loever (2009), says an effective principal includes all
stakeholders in the decision-making process. She further
explains that these principals are cognizant of the fact thatit
takes teamwork to build an effective school. They are fully
aware that they cannot do it alone and therefore willingly
share power by delegatingauthoritytoothermembersof the
school and intervening only when necessary. They are good
listeners, who often incorporate the input of staff members
when making pertinent decisions. A principal who strivesto
do everything on his own, excluding the advice and
suggestions of others, is considered a dictator, and
dictatorship is never advantageous to any organisation.
In addition, Stronge, Richard, & Catano (2008), identified
eight qualities of an effective principal, two of which are:
Human Resource Administration; and Community and
Community Relations. According to the former, “the
principal fosters the effective human resource
administrationthroughtheselection,induction,support, and
retention of quality instructional and support personnel.”
The latter stipulates that the principal foster the success of
all students by collaborating effectivelywithall stakeholders.
Such effective collaborationinvolvesshareddecisionmaking
and implementation.Theprincipal isthemostimportantand
influential person in school. His functions are clearlyspelled
out in the Handbook for Heads (MINEDUC, 1996). They
include; administrative, pedagogic, financial and social
functions.
In the execution of these functions effectivelyandefficiently,
the principal must make decisions related to each of the
above functions and such decision can only lead to effective
school administration if they involve all the stakeholders of
the schools (teachers, heads of departments, inner council,
student representative S.M.B and P.T.A.). Principals are a
powerful catalyst for school effectiveness and good schools
are led by good principals. It istheprincipals’leadershipthat
sets the tone for the school, the climate for teaching and
learning, the level of professionalism,moraleofteachers,the
kinds of decision making and the attainment of goals. The
principal is the main link between the larger world and the
school (MINEDUC, 1996).
The advocates of participative management generally view
the conditions of modern industrial life as frustrating the
needs of most employees. An integral part of job satisfaction
is the participation of the employee in decisions that will
affect him. White & Ruh (1973), in their analysis of
participation state the following:Eliminatingthis frustration
by increasing employee participation in decision-making is
seen as providing the organisationwith previouslyuntapped
energy or perhaps redirected energy, which had previously
been directed against the organisation. Furthermore, high
levels of participation in decision-making are assumed to
contribute to favourable responses for all, or at least most,
employees. McGregor (1960) and Brown (1966) have
devoted attention to the fact that an important part of
employee contentment is the participationthatanindividual
has in the decision-making process.Participationisa general
principle utilized by managers in an organisation.
Similarly, Vroom & Yetton (1973), indicated that the effects
of participation in decision-making may vary in accordance
with the differences in individual personality and in need
fulfilment. He concluded that when one looks at personality
variables, there are differences between those with weak
and strong personalities. Those with authoritarian type
personalities as well as persons with weak independence
needs apparently respond much differently to participation
in decision-making. On their part, Blankenship and Miles
(1968), examined the self-reported decision-making
behaviour of managers in the industry. Thestudyrelatedthe
decision behaviour of the manager to the size of the
respective organisation, the 54 spans of control, and the
manager's position in the organisation. In general, the
findings indicate that behaviour in decision-making is
related to the position of the individual in the hierarchy.The
decision interaction of the manager at the top was different
from what it was for a lower-level manager.Themanagersat
upper-levels showed a stronger pattern of reliance on their
subordinates. They tended to involve their subordinates in
the decision-making process to a greater degree than the
managers in lower-level positions. The pattern in this
research would suggest that organisations (schools) which
want lower-level managerstoputparticipative-management
concepts into practice must treat these managers as if they
were upper-level members of the organisation. The authors
failed to reach a definitive conclusion as desired and
recommended further study in this area which further
necessitated the choice of participation in decision making
among the other tenets of good governance to examine in
this study.
Related Contextual Issues
Legal
The government of Cameroon is decentralizing the
management of educational institutions as an
acknowledgment of the importance of getting other
stakeholders involved. It is for this reason that the Parent
Teachers’ Association of 1979 and the School Management
Boards of 2001 were created. The involvement of various
stakeholders (students, parents, teachers, administrators,
politicians, policymakers, employers, non-governmental
organisations, local councils, traditional leaders, religious
bodies, communities and international organisations) in
education is in line with greater calls for good governance
and decentralization. The provision of Basic, Secondary and
Teacher Training Education has been liberalized. As a
consequence, secondary schools are virtually being opened
in almost every sub-division in the country and secondary
education is managed by the Ministry of Secondary
Education. Thus, there is a need for good governance
practices to be implemented by principals of public
secondary schools to spur school effectiveness, principals’
effectiveness and educational quality as a whole.
The Cameroon Law No 98/004 of 14th April 1998, equally
emphasized the need for good school governance through
aspects as inculcating in students the love of effort and work
well done, the quest for excellence and team spirit, the need
for schools to provide learners with an introduction to
democratic culture and practice, the respectofhuman rights
and freedom, and the fightagainstall formsofdiscrimination
among others.
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Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
in December 1948, states that everyonehastherighttobasic
education. One of the major Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) of the United Nations Organisation was to ensure
Universal Primary Education byall Nationsby2015.This has
increased the demand for education at all the levels of the
educational sectors (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary)
which calls for good governance in schools so astobeable to
meet up with the challenges of Education for All.
However, the 2008 Millennium Development Goals
Monitoring National Report GESP (2009), suggests that
Cameroon would not be able to achieve the MDG goals in
general and even including universal primary education by
2015 because of mismanagement of resources (financial,
human, material and time). Being a signatory to
international education initiatives requires that Cameroon
demonstrates a commitment to their implementation. This
will require among other things effectivemanagementofthe
resources placed under the principals’ jurisdiction.
Economic
The falling standard of education at all levels (primary,
secondary and higher education) is largely pointed to poor
school administration. In this regard, the government has
made enormous strides in allocating a lot of resources to
ensure the effective function of education at all levels.
However, since resources are scarce, school administrators
(principals) of PSS must strive to employ better strategies to
effectively manage these resources and efficiently maximise
optimum results in the schools. It is against this backdrop
that the researcher was interested in finding out the extent
to which good governanceaffectsprincipals’effectiveness.In
Cameroon, one of the major objectives of the government’s
vision 2035 is to enhance national unity and consolidate
democracy by promoting the ideals of peace, freedom,
justice, social progress and national solidarity (Department
of Prospective and StrategicPlanning,February2009).Inthe
pursuits to accomplish vision 2035, the government has
specific objectives to promote goodgovernancein education
as well as to strengthen decentralisation through the
creation of local councils. To implement these objectives,
effective decisions have to be made by principals’ of PSS of
the national territory specificallyoftheSouth WestRegionof
Cameroon. Principals’ can effectively attain this objective by
increasing the participation of the educational stakeholders
(students, teachers and parents),indecisionmaking because
each has an importantcontributionintheaccomplishmentof
the objectives of secondary education. Principals’tooshould
be accountable and transparent to these educational
stakeholders, as well as to ensure theapplicabilityoftherule
of law. However, principals’ of PSS have an important roleto
play to enhance national unityandconsolidatedemocracy by
promoting good governance in their respective institutions.
It is this context that this study intends to informtheprocess
of principals’ effectiveness. Consequently, principals of PSS
have the challenge of implementing good governance
principles that will promote social progress, peace, justice
and unity in the South West Region of Cameroon. If such
challenges are met, it will immensely promote participation,
accountability, transparency and implementation of rule of
law which are important ideals of principals’ effectiveness
(Effective school administration as a whole). The principals’
by involving students, teachers and parents inthedaytoday
running of the school in their respective areas of interest,
also promotes decentralisation within the school which is a
symbol of unity.
In Cameroon the Ministries of Education (MINEBAS,
MINESEC and MINESUP) are organised by presidential
decrees and are charged with the creation of educational
policies and programmes. Presidential decree No.2005/139
of 25th April 2005 bearing on the Ministry of Secondary
Education for example created and organised servicesin the
Ministry of SecondaryEducationwitha viewofimprovingon
the administration of our secondary schools. An earlier
presidential decree No. 2002/004 of 4th January 2002
organising the MinistryofNational Education,nowknownas
the Ministry of Secondary Education had earlieroutlinedthe
functions of educational administrators of the central and
external services. According to this decree, principals of
schools have four major functions: pedagogic,
administrative, financial and social functions. The social and
administrative functions lay emphasis on interpersonal
relationship between the school and other services;
administration and staff, staff and students, administration
and parents, students and administration. Meanwhile the
pedagogic functions of the administrator, requires him/her
to displace intelligence, dynamism, pedagogic competence
open mindedness, team spirit, respect for others and
personal commitment. The principal is in charge of the
management of both personnel and material resource. The
financial function requireshim/herto effectivelymanage the
financial resources which are scarce. In exercising their
functions to effectively manage their institutions,principals’
of PSS should endeavour to exercise good governance
practices such as involving stakeholders’ participationinthe
decision making process which affects them.
Following the demographic data ontheschoolingpopulation
presented in the overall context of educational development
in Cameroon during the SectionWideApproachtoEducation
in 2005/2006, secondary education population was on a
steady increase. The student population is expectedtomove
from 1,674,600 and 1,003,400in 2004 to 2,234,400 and
1,379,600 students in 2015 respectively for both the first
and second cycle of secondary education. These statisticson
population trends in secondary education appeal for quality
management of secondary schools by principals who can
achieve this through the promotion of good governance in
secondary education, more specifically in PSS in the South
West Region of Cameroon. It is as result of such a challenge
that the researcher, in this study is interestedto examinethe
extent to which good governance practices affect principals’
effectiveness.
Cultural
Though corruption has become part of our culture, the
culture of corruption needs to be stamped out of secondary
schools. Some aspects of the culture of corruption in schools
include lack of school infrastructure, which is manifested by
overcrowding of students in classes, poor budget execution
which is manifested by perceptionofchargesforservicesnot
provided, over billing of payment order and
misappropriation of the institution assets. Late payment of
newly recruited state agents is manifested by the sale of
marks, sale of test papers, refresher courses payable in the
institutions, bribery and sexual harassment. Examination
malpractices such as entering examination halls with pre-
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prepared materials, giraffing, tattooing and exchange of
answered scripts among others. All of the above,callsforthe
need to use attribute of good governance to ameliorate the
ugly practices in the PSS in Cameroon.
Organisation of Secondary Education in Cameroon
According to Danielson (2002), “School organisation refers
to how schools arrange the resources of time, space, and
personnel for maximum effect on student learning.” School
organisation as related to this research work refers to
protective environments, the school ethosandculturewhich
would enable principals’ and othereducational stakeholders
to organise and manage schools and classrooms in a way
that would encourage students to attend school and to
actively participate in the learning and teaching process.
However, the organisation of schools provides foundation
for corruption through excessive centralization. This can be
glaringly seen by the lack of mastery of the number of
personnel in the system and the multiplicity of the status of
the teachers. The exercise of carrying out teachers’ census
often reveals lack of congruence between the number of
personnel counted in the schools and other educational
establishments and those often reported before the census.
This has been attributed to excessive centralization of
decision making concerning the transfer and paymentofthe
personnel (Titanji, 2017).
The Cameroon Secondary Education Sector is divided into
three main sub-sectors: General Secondary Education,
Technical/Vocational Secondary Schools, and Teacher
Training Colleges. General Secondary education has a
curriculum which is focused on subjects such as Biology,
History, Physics, and Chemistry, among other general
subjects. Technical / Vocational Secondary Schools are
concerned with the teaching and learning of Technical and
Vocational Subjects like plumbing, tailoring, carpentry,
masonry, electricity, and motor mechanics. As concerns the
Teacher Training Colleges, their subjects are based on the
primary school syllabus. This is because graduates from
these institutions are supposed to be teachers of the Basic
Education sub-system (Tambo, 2003). However, theteacher
training colleges have now been incorporated into the
Ministry of Secondary Education (MINESEC).
Just like secondary schools in most Sub Saharan Africa and
other African countries, the Cameroon Secondary education
has a duration of seven years which is divided into two
cycles. The Anglophonesub-systemrunsa five-yearprogram
for the first cycle and a two-year program for the second
cycle of secondary education while the Francophone sub-
system runs a four-year program for the first cycle and a
three-year program for the second cycle of secondary
education. At the level of the Teacher Training Colleges, the
duration is nine months for those entering with the
Advanced Level Certificate,twoyearsforthose enteringwith
the Ordinary Level Certificate plus one Advanced Level
Paper and three years for those entering with the Ordinary
Level Certificate only.
Good governance measures are therefore necessary to
ensure that parents, teachers,andstudentsaresatisfiedwith
their schools; the schools are successful in achieving their
explicit goals; and graduates of these schools exhibit
democratic values, attitudes, and behaviours.
The introduction of Education For All (EFA) at the primary
school level has led to an increase in the demand for
secondary education which is considered as the gateway
between primary and tertiary education. Moreover, within
an increasingly knowledge-driven economy, workers with
extensive knowledge, developed skills, as well as minds that
are creative and flexible, are critically needed. This calls for
quality education on the part of schools which will develop
the learners cognitively, socially, culturally economically,
and politically. These call for good school governance of
which the School Management Boards (S.M.B) and Parents
Teachers Association (P.T.A) are basedupon.BothS.M.Band
P.T.A is aimed at ensuring the prevalence of good
governance in schools.
In summary, this study is carried out within a backdrop of
growing demand for secondary education, increased
concerns for good governance, and the effectiveness of
principals.
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HIGHER
EDUCATION
Higher
Professional
Training
Institutions
FACULTIES
POST
SECONDARY
TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING
GCE A/L BAC
SECONDARY
2nd Cycle
General Technical
HIGH SCHOOL LYCEE
TECHNIQUE
Duration Duration
L6 - U6 F5, L6, U6General Technical
TEACHER TRAINING
GRADE I TECHNICAL
GRADE I
GCE O/L CAP
SECONDARY
General Technique
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
TECHNICAL
COLLEGE
Duration: 5 Yrs Duration
Form 1 - 5 Form 1 - 4
PRIMARY
Duration: 6 years
NURSERY
Duration: 2 years
F.S.L.C
OTHER
PROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING
Figure 1: Structure of the Anglophone Sub-System
Source: Draft Document of the sector wide approach/education 2005. pp.27
Statement of the Problem
Generally speaking, the benefits of good governance are attractive to all members of the school organisation because it is
considered to improve organisational effectiveness. Good governancepracticesareextremelyimportanttoprincipalsofPublic
Secondary Schools (PSS) who are to meet the challenges of increasingly diverse and challenging communities and inattaining
educational goals and objectives. In Cameroon, clarion calls for good governance structures such as the PTA, SMB and the
concept of clean schools recently instituted by the current MinisterofSecondaryEducationtocurbpoorpracticesin secondary
schools. Unfortunately, there has been growing dissatisfaction in schools as a result of corruption which manifests itself in
mismanagement of resources, poor budget execution, illicit enrichment, embezzlement, examination malpractices, bribery,
sales of marks and test papers, over billing of payment orders, trafficking in fake diplomas, falsification and reduction of age
amongst others. These problems hurt the educational system and if not well addressed by school principals, it renders them
ineffective. On the other hand, if these problems are properly addressed by the school principals they can become effective.
What caught the attention of the researcher was the absence of school principals, not implementing the principles of
participation in decision making, accountability, transparency and the rule of law. The study is therefore to findouthowthese
poor practices affect the principals’ effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon.
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Objectives of the Study
Specific Objective
To find out how participation in decision making affects principals’ effectivenessinpublicsecondaryschoolsintheSouth West
Region of Cameroon.
Research Question
To what extent does participation in decision making affect principals’ effective in public secondary School in the South West
Region of Cameroon?
Research Hypotheses
Research Hypothesis
Ha1 There is a significant relationship between participation in decision making and principals’ effectiveness.
Ho1 There is no significant relationship between participation in decision making and principals’ effectiveness.
METHODOLOGY
The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of good governance on principals’ effectiveness in public secondaryschools in
the South West Region of Cameroon.
The researcher employed a mixed research design. It is a methodology for conducting research that involves collecting,
analysing and interpreting quantitative and qualitative data through a survey.
The target population consisted of all principals, teachers, students and parents (given thateach student was represented bya
parent or guardian) of Public Secondary Schools in the South West Region. This is elaborated on table 5 that follows.
Table 1: Summary of Target Population for the Study
Division
No. of schools/
principals
Pop. of teachers and
administrators
Pop. of
students
Population of
parents
Total
Fako 30 1887 25909 25909 53735
Kupe Muanenguba 24 37 356 356 773
Lebialem 21 329 000 000 350
Manyu 41 520 2403 2403 5367
Meme 43 780 9722 9722 20267
Ndian 25 179 2068 2068 4340
Total 184 3732 40458 40458 84832
Source: Compiled from End of Year (2017/2018) Statistics Report from the Regional Service of School Mapping
(RDSE) – Buea
Thus, the target population was 84,832 and it comprised 3,732 school teachers/ administrators, 40,458 students and
40,458 parents. Table 6 that follows gives a summary of the accessible population for this study.
Table 2: Summary of the Accessible Population of the Study
Divisions
Public Secondary
Schools
Population of teaching
and administrative staff
Population
of students
Population
of parents
Total
Fako (9
schools
GHS Limbe 93 2109 2109 4,311
GBHS Limbe 165 2150 2150 4465
GHS Mbonjo 48 864 864 1776
GHS Bonadikombo 49 557 557 1,163
BGS Molyko 184 2696 2696 5,576
GHS Bokwango 92 1205 1205 2,502
GHS Buea Rural 81 1250 1250 2,581
GBHS Mutengene 117 1249 1249 2,615
GBHS Tiko 138 2113 2133 4,364
Manyu (1 School) GHS Mamfe 70 1211 1211 2,492
Meme (2 Schools)
CCAS Kumba 108 2433 2433 4,974
GBHS Kumba 90 1272 1272 2,634
Total 12 1235 19,042 19,042 39,319
Source: Regional Delegation of Secondary Education, Buea, Southwest Region (2017/2018)
Thus, the accessible population of the study was 39,319, comprising 1235 teachers/ school administrators, 19042 students
and 19,042 parents. The sample for this study was selected from this population.
The sample was drawn from an accessible population of 39,319. According to Krejcie andMorgan an accessible population of
39319 should be represented by a sample size of 380 respondents. Based on this, an equal number of 127 respondents from
school administrators/teachers, students and 126 parents were selected from the accessible population.
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The sampling techniques used for this study were the convenient, simple random and purposive/ judgmental sampling
technique. The convenient sampling technique was employed to select the divisions and schools because the sample was
selected from all the secondary schools which were functional at the time of data collection. This was due to the
prevailing socio- political situation in the South West and North West regions of Cameroon. The simple random sampling
technique was used because the researcher intended to give equal chances of all in the accessible population to be part of the
sample. The purposeful sampling technique was employed to include all the principals of the accessible schools, since
they possess the characteristics needed for the purpose of this study.
For the simple random sampling technique, the proportionate simple random sampling technique with the use of a table of
random numbers was used. This gave each element in the students, parents and teacher population an equal chance of being
represented and in a proportionate representation of the various segments of the accessible population.
In order to select the sample using a table of random numbers, eachmemberoftheaccessiblepopulationofa school wasassign
a numeral, running from 0001 to the last digit of that accessible population. For example, for the students of GHS Limbe, the
numerals ran from 001 to 2109. These values were read from a table of random numbers. Any assigned numeral which
corresponded to a four digit number on the column of random numbers moving downwards was selected. The exercise
continued until all the elements needed from each school was selected. The table that follows provides a summary of the
sample selected.
Table 3: Summary of sample for the study
Divisions Schools
Teachers & School
Administrators
Students Parents Total
Fako (9 schools)
GHS Limbe 10 14 14 38
GBHS Limbe 17 14 14 45
GHS Mbonjo 05 04 04 13
GHS Bonadikombo 05 06 06 17
BGS Molyko 19 18 18 55
GHS Bokwango 10 08 08 26
GHS Buea Rural 08 09 09 26
GBHS Mutengene 12 08 08 28
GBHS Tiko 14 14 14 42
Manyu (1 School) GHS Mamfe 07 08 08 23
Meme
CCAS Kumba 11 16 16 43
GBHS Kumba 10 09 09 28
Total 128 128 128 384
Source: Regional Delegation of Secondary Education, Buea, Southwest Region (2017/2018)
The instruments used for data collection were, the questionnaires and a guide forfocus groupdiscussion. A recorder was used
to record participants’ views during the group discussion. Questionnaires were administered to teachers/school
administrators, students and parents. The questionnaires were designedafteracareful reviewofrelatedliterature. They were
designed to gather information from respondents in relation to the variables of interest. In this light, they were designed in
sections. A common structure was adopted for all the questionnaires, which are for the parents, students and
teachers/school administrators. Preface to each questionnaire was a brief letter addressed to respondents explaining the
purpose of the instrument being administered and ensuring that confidentiality of their responses is guaranteed.
Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.For descriptivestatistics,frequencies,percentages, bar and pie-
charts were used to describe some data. Content analyses were also employed for qualitative data. For inferential statistics,
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient value was used to test the hypotheses. These statistical tools were
employed from the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 25.
FINDINGS
This study on good governance: implications on principals’ effectiveness in PublicSecondarySchoolsintheSouth WestRegion
of Cameroon, sought to address the extent to which participation in decision making affect principals’ effectiveness in Public
secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon
Administrators/teachers, parents and students’ opinions on the extent to which participation in decision-making affect
principals’ effectiveness were required to be expressed in a 4-point likertscale rank of StronglyAgree (SA), agree (A), Disagree
(D) and Strongly Disagree (SD); as seen on tables below.
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Table 4: Teachers' opinions on the Participation in Decision Making
Items
SA A D SD
F % F % F % F %
My principal has skills in determining the appropriate involvement of
other stakeholders in reaching decisions.
52 39.4 56 42.4 8 6.1 16 12.1
My principal involves others in decision making concerning school
budget and ensures greater accountability and transparency.
52 39.4 64 48.5 12 9.1 4 3.0
My principal involves other administrators and this enhances
reduction in school dropout rates (school wastage).
48 36.4 68 51.5 4 3.0 12 9.1
My principals’ adoption of participatory / shared /collective decision
making in disciplinary council meetings, enhances effective
management of school discipline
52 39.4 68 51.5 8 6.1 4 3.0
My principal encourages participation by parents in decision making
and this gives them a better place to follow up the teaching-learning
process in school and a proper follow up of their children at home.
76 57.6 48 36.4 4 3.0 4 3.0
Multiple response set (MRS)
280 42.4 304 46.1 36 5.4 40 6.1
584 (88.5%) 76 (11.5%)
Source: Field Survey, 2019
An examination of teachers’ views on stakeholders’ participation in decision making revealed that more than three quarter of
the respondents 108(81.8%) agreed that their principals have skills in determining the appropriate involvement of other
stakeholders in reaching decisions. This was contrariwise to 24(18.2%) of them. A similar proportion of them confirmed that
their principals involve others in decision making concerning school budget and ensures greater accountability and
transparency. It was also greatly supported that principals in these schools involve other administrators like the Vice
Principals, S.D.M., Counsellors, Teachers, representatives ofthestudentgovernment in theirdecisionmakingand thisenhances
reduction in school dropout rates (school wastage); accordingto 112(87.9%)ofthethemas against the remaining 16 (12.1%).
Moreover, the results found that almost all the teachers 120 (91%) could attest that their principals’ adoption of participatory
/ shared / collective decision making in disciplinary council meetings, enhances effectivemanagement ofschool discipline. As
well, they were sure that their principals encourage participation of parents in decision making and this gives them a
better place to follow up the teaching-learning process in school and a proper follow up of their children at home.
In overall, findings show that a majority of the teachers88.5%stronglyagreeandagreedthatprincipalsinvolvestakeholdersin
decision making while 11.5 of them disagreed and strongly disagreed.
Table 5: Parents' opinions on the Participation in Decision Making
Items
SA A D SA
F % F % F % F %
Parents participate in decision making. 47 35.6 69 52.3 10 7.6 6 4.5
The principal involves parents when drawing the school
budget.[P.T.A/S.M.B Exco]
18 13.6 40 30.3 36 27.3 38 28.8
Parents are invited for regular meetings to guarantee
the smooth running of the school
47 35.6 59 44.7 26 19.7 0 00
Reports on the use of PTA funds are published to enable
parents to be conversant with the use of PTA finances.
55 41.6 45 34.1 14 10.6 18 13.6
Parents work in synergy with the school administration
for the smooth running of the institution.
36 27.3 60 45.5 32 24.2 4 3.0
Multiple response set (MRS)
203 30.7 273 41.4 118 17.9 66 10.0
503 (72.1%) 157 (27.9%)
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Parents’ views on participation in decision making revealed that more than three quarters of the parents 116(87.8%) agreed
that parents participate in decision making in schools. The principals also involve parents when drawing the school budgets
during P.T.A/S.M.B Exco meetings according to 58(43.9%) of the parents. Parents are equally invited for regular meetings to
guarantee the smooth running of the school and reports on the use of PTA funds are published to enable parents to be
conversant with the use of PTA finances according to three quarter of the respondents 100(75.8%). Likewise, it was greatly
admitted that parents work in synergy with the school administration for the smooth running of the institution, advanced by
96(72.7%) of the respondents.
In overall, findings showed that 72.1% of theparentsindicatedthatprincipalsinvolvedthemindecisionmakingconcerningthe
school while 27.9% of them disagreed.
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Table 6: Students' views on Participation in Decision Making
Items
SA A D SD
F % F % F % F %
My principal involves students in decision making. 16 13.2 45 37.2 39 32.2 21 17.4
My principal invites parents to school in relation to poor
performance and indiscipline actions committed by their children.
51 42.1 62 51.2 5 4.1 3 2.5
My principal gives voice to students in budget allocation related to
school affairs such as school cooperative and inter class competitions
15 12.4 53 43.8 36 29.8 17 14
Multiple response set (MRS)
82 22.6 160 44.1 80 22.0 41 11.3
242 (66.7%) 121 (33.3%)
Source: Field Survey, 2019
With respect to students’ views, it was admitted by a great proportion of the students 61(50.4%) that their principals involve
them in decision making. The remaining 60(49.6%) of the respondents disagreed with the others.
Also, 113(93.3%) of the students agreed that their principals invite parents to school in relation to poor performance and
indiscipline actions committed by their children. The principals give voice to students in budget allocation related to school
affairs such as school cooperative and inter class competitions.
In overall, findings showed that while 66.7% of the students agreed that principals involve them and other stakeholders in
decisions making, 33.3% of them disagreed.
Figure 2: Teachers’, Parents’ and Students’ Perception of Participatory Decision Making by Principals
Findings on figure 2 show that teachers agreed more than parents and students with a proportion of 88.5% that principal
ensure participatory decisions making in school, followed by parents with a percentageof72.1%andlastlythestudentswitha
percentage of 66.7%.
Table 6: Other Aspects of Participation in Decision-Making that Improve on Good Governance according to
Administrators, Teachers, Students and Parents
Major Theme Sub-Themes
Collegiality at work
Principals should work in harmony with other experienced principals so as to learn
and practice how to involve colleagues in decision making.
Work with other collaborators in taking any school decision.
Involvement of student leaders in decision making.
The principal, SMB and PTA should work as a team.
Parents to form an arm during decision making
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Regular meetings
Involvement of parents and other stakeholders in elaborating school programmes.
Constant consultations with the PTA.
Meetings between principals, teachers and students to get their views before any
final decision is reached
Constant consultations with the PTA.
Meetings between principals, teachers and students to get their views before any
final decision is reached
An enabling environment
which fosters participation
Improvement of working environment for frank talking.
The school tone should be good enough to enable all the stakeholders participate
in decision-making.
A serene atmosphere is needed for consultations before decisions are arrived at
Construction of projects Parents should have a say in the construction of any school projects
Openness to everyone
Suggestion boxes are put in all schools to get peoples’ views on good decisions.
Forums of free talks are organized for staff, students and parents to get their
views on how to participate in decision-making.
The voices of teachers/other administrators should be heard.
The common man’s opinion on any decision should be heard.
School Discipline
Parents should be part of the disciplinary board.
Effective control for students who are not regular to school and their voices heard
Accountability
Consultation with others before rendering public any decision.
Enquiries about students’ needs and school needs be taken, purchased and
properly accounted for to authorities who require such.
Open doors in schools
Schools should have open doors each year to allow all stakeholders take major
decisions about school issues.
All parties should be involved in decision-making
Diverse issues
Parents are involved in the admission boarding of the school so that they too can
contribute their ideas.
The library should be open for teachers and student to visit, talk with each
other on issues of school work.
Parents are invited to contribute ideas on the discipline of their children.
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 6 above shows other aspects of decision-making that can improve on good governance. They were classified under the
major themes and such aspects were collegiality at work, regular meetings, creation of anenabling environment whichfosters
participation, consultations during construction of school projects, openness to everyone, school discipline, accountability,
institution of open door days in schools.
Table 7: Stakeholders perception on how major decisions are arrived at in the face of serious problems such as
riots (focus group discussion)
Major Theme Sub-Themes
Consultation
Consultations with collaborators to take a common decision.
Know the leaders spearheading the action and have a one to one discussion with them.
Get into a one to one dialogue to now their wants.
Call for a disciplinary council meeting.
Consult others who have handled similar problems
Attentiveness
to the problem at stake
Find out the cause of the problem and take the best measures to resolve it.
Get a representative spokesman who will x-ray the problem.
By holding extraordinary meetings to give them opportunities to express themselves.
Be calm and listen attentively so as not to make hasty decisions
Broad based meetings
Meetings with all students to calm them and dialogue together.
Meetings with PTA and student bodies to look for lasting solutions.
Meetings with the administrative disciplinary board
Delegation of powers
May ask the Vice Principal to work with the Disciplinary committee to look for a
solution.
Ask the Disciplinary department to probe into the matter and look for the solution
Work to remedy such
occurrences
Check on students records to sort out those with deviate behaviours, engage the
counselling service in an effort to avert future occurrences
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 7 above, shows what respondents stated in a focus group discussion on how major decisions are arrived at in the
face of serious problems like students’ riots. The major decisions were classified under major themes and they were
consultations, paying attentiveness to the problem at stake, holding broad based meetings, delegation of powers to others
and working to remedy such occurrences.
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Table 8: Other Aspects on how Administrators, Teachers, Students and Parents are involved in Decision-
Making
Major Theme Sub-Themes
Intermediary between
students and school
administrators
Teachers mediate between students and school administrators during
problems.
Teachers intervene during matters affecting students.
Teachers, school administrators intervene at home to solve problems
between parents and their children
During
Indiscipline
During riots, the staffs intervene and take major decisions.
When informed about a problem in school and at home.
During persistent absenteeism.
Misconduct from students and teachers
Administrative decisions
during meetings.
During school administrative meeting to examine the life of a school.
During PTA meetings to plan for school projects.
During SMB meeting to examining issues on the running of the school.
-To plan registration of students.
Findings on table 8 above show that school administrators, teachers, parents and students are involved on other decisions
making such as those that deal with indiscipline and administrative decision making.
Verification of Research Hypothesis
Recalling from chapter one, research hypothesis one was stated in both the alternative and null forms as indicated by Ha
and Ho respectively below:
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant relationship between participation in decision making and principals’
effectiveness.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant relationship between participation in decision-making and principals’
effectiveness.
Table 9: Relationship between Participatory Decisions Making and Principals’ Effectiveness
Variables N df
∑x
∑y
∑x2
∑y2
∑xy rxy comp. rxy crit.
Participation in decision making 369 367 3734
2107
50119
29063
51947 0.561 0.073
Principals’ effectiveness
P = 0.05
Results on table 9 show that at degree of freedom 367
and 95% confidence level, rxy- computed valuewas0.561.
The extent was determined by comparingit to themaximum
value of 1. Since rxy-computed value (0.561) is greater
than rxy-critical value (0.073) at alpha level of
significance of 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was
rejected following the decision rule. Inference made led to
the conclusion that, there is a significant relationship
between participation in decision making and principals’
effectiveness. The relationship was positive which implies
that the more principals practice participatory decision
making, the more effective they become in their
administration.
In summary, the findings show that there is a significantand
positive relationship between participation in decision
making and principals’ effectiveness. The positivity of the
relationship implies that principals are more likely to be
effective in their day to day management of their
institutions when they practice participatory decisions
making. From the findings, a majority of the teachers
admitted that their principals are skilful in determining the
appropriate involvement of other administrators like the
vice principals, S.D.M., counsellors, teachers in making
decisions; and this is done specifically in aspects of school
budgets to ensure greater accountability and transparency.
This is further confirmed by parents who greatly admitted
that the principals allow them to participate in decision
making in schools; by giving them opportunities when
drawing the school budgets during P.T.A/S.M.B Exco
meetings. Parents are equally invited for regular meetings
to guarantee the smooth running of the school and reports
on the use of PTA funds are published to enable parents to
be conversant with the use of PTA finances.
Likewise, students acknowledgedthat their teachers involve
them in decision making by giving them a voice especiallyin
situations like school cooperative and inter class
competitions. Results from the focus group discussion also
pointed to the fact that in case of serious problems like
students’ riots, principals consult the students, listen
attentively to the problems at stake by holding broad based
meetings and delegating powers to remedy such
occurrences.
It is clear from this results that principals in Public
Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon
allow all those who have a legitimate interest in the
educational affairs of their institutions (both the internal
and external stakeholders) to participate in decision
making. These stakeholders as defined by (Neave, 2000),
and Amaral and Magalhaes (2002), are internal affects who
are the full employees that are charged with making
decisions and taking the actions on a permanent, and
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regular basis; they are those who determine the outcomes,
which express the goals pursued by the organisation like
the vice principals, the teachers themselves and even the
counsellors of the school. On the other hand, the external
affects are non-employees who use their bases of affect to
try to affect the behaviour of the employees like the parents;
they are normally not involved in the daily work of the
institution. In essence, these principals highly recognise
the need to allow both stakeholders to contribute in taking
decisions; as recommended by Bjorkquist (2014), that a
stakeholder in the concept of education is anyone with a
legitimate interest in education who thereby has the right to
intervene in decision making in the school. These
stakeholders are given the opportunity to partake in the
drafting of the school budgets specifically during PTA and
SMB forums.
This result corroborate with those of Bridges (1967), who
accepted the premise that principals should share decision-
making with their teachers. He dealt with the "zone of
indifference" and related this toa teacher's acceptanceofthe
principals’ decisions. He believed teachers should be
involved in the general decision-making process. He found
that teachers prefer principalswhoinvolvethemin decision-
making.
This was further confirmed by teachers who believed that
principals’ adoption of participatory / shared / collective
decision making in disciplinary council meetings, enhances
effective management of school discipline. Their
involvement and that of other representativesof thestudent
like parents in the decision making processes helps to
enhance reduction in school dropout rates(school wastage).
As stated by the Stakeholder theory (Edward Freeman,
1980s), leaders value others participation in order to
preserve the rights of individuals or the various
stakeholders, granting them the freedom of speech, right to
be involved in making decisions affecting their lives and to
hold principals accountable for what happens in schools.
This gives various stakeholders the right to peacefully oust
inept, inefficient and corrupt principals while preserving
and protecting the more efficient and successful ones and
consequently improving good governance in schools.
Also, Meyers (2009), in an articleon participation in decision
making with regards to the issue of power and authority, a
strong commitment to the goal oftheschool must bepresent
on site. For principals to be effective, they must be willing
and committed to give up some management powers
traditionally entrusted to them. Teachers must be willing to
sacrifice more time and energy into working on issues and
topics not within the realm of their usual everyday travails.
Parents must also find time and commitment to be involved
even more so in topics affectingtheirchildren’s education. In
essence, a strong commitment by all towards participation
in decision making process must be present for school
principals to function effectively.
Other studies have shown that teachers tend to show
enthusiasm, devotion, ingenuity and high morale when they
participate in the planning process of the school. Wolf
(1978), supported this idea when he discovered in his study
that, teachers would want to participate in decisions that
affect them and they will readily implement a program they
helped to design. Students as well cannot be left out of this
process of participation in decision making. That is why
Udoh and Akpa (1994), said staff and student involvement
in decision making develop initiative cooperation and team
spirit. They also added that staff members’ input
encourages overall effectiveness of the system.
It could also be presumed from the findings that from the
management school of thought as stipulated by the
management theory Miles, (1975); the human relationship
among the stakeholders of Public Secondary Schools in
South West Region is dynamic and harmonious. The
subordinates (teachers, counsellors, parents) are given
opportunities to share information concerning the school
during decision making sessions with school leaders
(principals) and it helps to satisfy the basic needs of
belongings and individual recognition. According to Follet
(1941) and Mbake (2019), this will help to reduce friction
and make the school administrator’s job easier.
Subordinates will exercise responsible self-direction and
self-control in the accomplishment of worthwhileobjectives
that they understand better and have helped to establish.
Hence, Follet in his series of brilliant papers dwelling on the
human side of the administration believed that the
fundamental problem in all organisations was, developing
and maintaining dynamic and harmonious relationships.
Nonetheless, these findings did not indicate the extent to
which these stakeholders are given the decision making
power. As mentioned by critiques of stakeholder theory, it is
difficult to decide what weight should be given to the
different stakeholder interests. The nature of the stake is a
prerequisite for accountability, as such, Burrows (1999)
and Neave (2002), hold that the nature of the stake can be
financial, material and scholarly and different actors can be
allowed to contribute in their areas of specialisation. To
confirm this, Boyan (1966), advanced that the principal in
his leadership role no longer has an expertise differential
over the teacher. Many of the teachers of today are better
prepared to teach than the principal and today's teachers
know their subject matter, they understand pupil
behaviour and motivation, and they know how to teach.
Many of these teachers know more about their jobs than
their principal Ball, (1968). As a result, the teachers have
become more militant and less receptive to the principals’
desire for exercising instructional leadership Corwin,
(1968). This type of attitude amongteachersischaracteristic
of the problems with which a principal must cope if he is to
exercise his leadership role among professionals.
Another view shared by Goodlad (1971), contends that most
schools possess more authority than they think they have.
He contends that if we hold the principals accountable, then
they must possess the authority necessary to make
unencumbered decisions and not necessarily through
shared decision making. If necessary, we need to provide
an opportunity for those persons to learn decision-
making. The principal must have certain strengths and
talent in order to be a leader. This view corroborates with
that of Henshel (1971), who states that a leader possessing
certain qualities and knowledge may show more foresight
than other members in the organisation. He believes thatifa
person in authority capitulates to the less inspired
consensus of his subordinates, he may be discounting his
own values and betraying thosepersons who haveentrusted
16. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31722 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1782
him with power and responsibility. A person needs to stick
by decisions based on his expertise and better judgement.
Nonetheless, he mentions that by using his knowledge he
will make certain decisions that may appear impetuous,
radical, and dangerous to his subordinates; as such, it is
recommended that in carrying out his administrative
functions, he needs to work with many people.
Conclusion
This study on good governance and principals’ effectiveness
sought to examine specifically the extent to which
participation in decision making affects principals’
effectiveness in Public secondary schools in the South West
Region of Cameroon
The findings of the study led to the conclusion that being an
effective principal is a difficult task because it requires the
individual to build trusting relationships with their schools,
staff, students, parents and other pertinent community
members in terms of making quality decisions that would
affect the achievement of school goals effectively. Being a
principal is not easy, because it takes a special person that is
willing to put the educational needs of the students in front
of his own and put in the extra time needed to improve the
school. Because principals serve in this very important
position, there is a need to increase and improve the
effective leadership of principals. This can be achieved
through the advantage of shared decision-making which
improves effectiveness and student learning by increasing
staff commitment and ensuring that schools are more
responsive to the needs of their students and community.
Such that the extent to which principals can achieve
effectiveness in administration will greatly depend on the
rate at which they give opportunities for participatory
decision making. Participation in decision making will
require involving all stakeholders like teachers, parents,
students and others who have a legal interest in the
educational affairs of the school; although caution needs to
be placed on the dimension of participation as some of them
are novice in administration. This conclusion was drawn in
relation to the Stakeholder Theory of CorporateGovernance
by Edward Freeman (1980s), which stipulates that
companies are managed in the direct and indirect interestof
all its stakeholders. Suppliers and customers have a strong
direct interest in company performance while local
communities, the environment as well as society at large
have legitimate indirect interests. In the educational milieu,
such issues include participation in decision making by
students, teachers, parents and the community at large. It
also includes accountability, transparency, and rule of law,
effectiveness and efficiency to be exhibited by principals,
therefore leading to students learning outcomes
(achievements) and improved teachers’ commitment and
performances. What makes a principal is involving teachers
and other stakeholders to have the right to participate in
decisions that affect the teaching-learning process.
Charmaine Loever (2009), equally buttressed this as she
says an effective principal includes all stakeholders in the
decision-making process. She further explains that these
principals are cognizant of the fact that it takes teamwork to
build an effective school. They are fully aware that they
cannot do it alone and therefore willingly share power by
delegating authority to other members of the institutionand
intervening only when necessary. They are good listeners,
who often incorporate the input of staff members when
making pertinent decisions.
Recommendations
Based on these results,
Principals are advised regularly to use participatory
decision making to foster their effectiveness.
Principals are called upon to increase participation in
decision making by involving teachers, students and
parents as it gives each stakeholder the opportunity to
voice their opinions and to share their knowledge with
others.
Participation in decision making improves the
relationship between principals and education
stakeholders. It also encourages a strong sense of team
work and a sense of belonging amongst stake holders.
Principals are encouraged to train and develop
teachers, students and parentknowledgeandskills soas
to enable them to participate effectively in decision
making. In the course of participation in decision
making, more experienced and knowledgeableteachers
act as mentors to newly recruited teachers (improves
mentor-mentee relationship). Participation in decision
making does not only empower members of an
organisation to contribute to the success of the
institution but it also saves the institution’s time and
money in increasing productivity.
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