The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life over billions of years according to scientific theories. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago, then galaxies, stars, and planetary systems formed. Around 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed from accretion in our solar system. Early life emerged around 3.8 billion years ago, evolving into complex organisms over time. The document provides timelines of these cosmic and biological events from the birth of the universe to the present.
The document provides information about astrophysics and the universe. It discusses the solar system including the sun and planets. It then discusses galaxies including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. It also covers constellations, nebulae such as the Eagle Nebula and Crab Nebula, and supernovas.
The document discusses different types of distributions in graphs of test score data:
- Positive skew occurs when a small number of high scores stretch the graph out to the right, with the mean higher than the median and mode.
- Negative skew is the opposite, with a small number of low scores stretching the graph left and the mean lower than the median and mode.
- A symmetrical distribution has scores evenly distributed on both sides of the median, with the mean, median and mode close together.
This document provides information about India's Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). It discusses the objectives and importance of the mission, its successful orbital insertion around Mars, the instruments it carries to study the Martian atmosphere and surface, and concludes that the mission represents an important technological achievement for India, making it the first nation to successfully reach Mars on its first attempt.
This document discusses various units used to measure astronomical distances and time. It describes key units like the astronomical unit (distance from Earth to Sun), light year, parsec, and solar mass. Parallax is introduced as a key method to measure distances to stars based on their apparent shift against background objects when observed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit. Standard candles like Cepheid variables are also discussed as important tools for determining extragalactic distances. A variety of timekeeping systems are outlined, including universal time, sidereal time, and their local variations important for astronomical observations and calculations.
Mars has two small moons called Phobos and Deimos. It has icy poles and channels that may have once held life. Temperatures average around -83C but can reach a high of 20C and a low of -140C. The surface is characterized by debris, rocks, boulders, canyons, inactive volcanoes, and red dust. The northern hemisphere is smoother due to repeated lava flows. Mars weighs 6.4185x1023 kg and has a diameter of 6800 km.
The document discusses the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The Sun is a big ball of gases that is the source of all energy. It takes 8.4 minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. The Earth orbits the Sun and is the only planet that supports life. The Moon orbits the Earth and reflects light from the Sun, taking 28 days to revolve around the Earth. Day and night on Earth occur due to its rotation, while the year occurs due to its revolution around the Sun.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life over billions of years according to scientific theories. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago, then galaxies, stars, and planetary systems formed. Around 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed from accretion in our solar system. Early life emerged around 3.8 billion years ago, evolving into complex organisms over time. The document provides timelines of these cosmic and biological events from the birth of the universe to the present.
The document provides information about astrophysics and the universe. It discusses the solar system including the sun and planets. It then discusses galaxies including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. It also covers constellations, nebulae such as the Eagle Nebula and Crab Nebula, and supernovas.
The document discusses different types of distributions in graphs of test score data:
- Positive skew occurs when a small number of high scores stretch the graph out to the right, with the mean higher than the median and mode.
- Negative skew is the opposite, with a small number of low scores stretching the graph left and the mean lower than the median and mode.
- A symmetrical distribution has scores evenly distributed on both sides of the median, with the mean, median and mode close together.
This document provides information about India's Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). It discusses the objectives and importance of the mission, its successful orbital insertion around Mars, the instruments it carries to study the Martian atmosphere and surface, and concludes that the mission represents an important technological achievement for India, making it the first nation to successfully reach Mars on its first attempt.
This document discusses various units used to measure astronomical distances and time. It describes key units like the astronomical unit (distance from Earth to Sun), light year, parsec, and solar mass. Parallax is introduced as a key method to measure distances to stars based on their apparent shift against background objects when observed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit. Standard candles like Cepheid variables are also discussed as important tools for determining extragalactic distances. A variety of timekeeping systems are outlined, including universal time, sidereal time, and their local variations important for astronomical observations and calculations.
Mars has two small moons called Phobos and Deimos. It has icy poles and channels that may have once held life. Temperatures average around -83C but can reach a high of 20C and a low of -140C. The surface is characterized by debris, rocks, boulders, canyons, inactive volcanoes, and red dust. The northern hemisphere is smoother due to repeated lava flows. Mars weighs 6.4185x1023 kg and has a diameter of 6800 km.
The document discusses the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The Sun is a big ball of gases that is the source of all energy. It takes 8.4 minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. The Earth orbits the Sun and is the only planet that supports life. The Moon orbits the Earth and reflects light from the Sun, taking 28 days to revolve around the Earth. Day and night on Earth occur due to its rotation, while the year occurs due to its revolution around the Sun.
Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They have an event horizon surrounding a singularity of infinite density. There are three main types - stellar black holes formed by collapsed stars, supermassive black holes millions of times the sun's mass at galaxy centers, and miniature black holes theorized to have formed in the early universe. Scientists can observe black holes indirectly by their effects on nearby stars and gas. In 1915, Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted black holes, and breakthroughs by scientists like Hawking and Chandrasekhar helped establish our modern understanding of these mysterious cosmic objects.
This document provides an overview of several topics in astrophysics, including:
1. It discusses stars and their properties like mass, luminosity, temperature, and the proton-proton chain reaction.
2. It covers neutrinos and their characteristics.
3. It describes neutron stars and their properties, how they are formed in supernovas, and provides some details about Supernova 1987A.
4. It discusses pulsars and their discovery, and properties of neutron stars.
Chapter 1 of the History of Astronomy discusses prehistoric astronomy and early astronomical observations. It describes how early civilizations noticed the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars and used them for timekeeping. It then discusses the development of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers like Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus to Renaissance scientists like Brahe, Kepler and Galileo. Key developments included determining the Earth and Moon's sizes, the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The growth of astrophysics in the 18th-19th centuries led to new discoveries and technologies.
The document discusses the factors that determine the four seasons:
1) The tilt of the Earth's axis, which is at an angle of 23.5 degrees, combined with its yearly revolution around the Sun causes the seasons.
2) The summer and winter solstices occur when the North Pole is either tilted most directly towards or away from the Sun, resulting in the longest and shortest days of the year respectively in each hemisphere.
3) The spring and fall equinoxes happen when the amount of daylight and nighttime are equal, as the North Pole is tilted neither directly towards nor away from the Sun.
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
This document provides information about the solar system and astronomy. It begins by discussing important astronomers throughout history and their contributions. It then provides facts about the solar system, including that it formed 4.6 billion years ago from a nebula and consists of the sun and objects that orbit it. The document outlines the terrestrial and gas giant planets, providing details about each. It also discusses the moon's phases and constellations. In the end, it lists the top 10 closest stars to our solar system.
Since Mars was discovered, mankind has been interested in this planet. Many people find that saving humanity depends on the colonization of the Red Planet. Here are 10 interesting facts about the Mars.
Scientists use their knowledge of Earth to search for evidence of past habitability on other planets like Mars. Students learned about this by comparing the atmospheres, hydrospheres, geospheres, and biospheres of Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Their analysis found that Mars is most similar to Earth, especially in its geosphere, as there is evidence volcanoes once erupted there and it has frozen water at its poles. This suggests Mars could be the best place in the solar system to search for signs of past life. The unit will have students analyze real Mars data to answer how scientists can search for evidence other planets were once habitable by applying what they know about the conditions needed for life from Earth.
The document discusses the effects of geomagnetic storms on power systems. Geomagnetic storms are caused when coronal mass ejections from the sun interact with the Earth's magnetosphere. This interaction can induce geomagnetically induced currents in long-distance power lines that can cause equipment damage, power outages, and blackouts. Key impacts include transformer heating, damage from harmonic currents, increased reactive power consumption, and protection system malfunctions. Case studies of historical geomagnetic storms that caused power outages are presented. Approaches to mitigate risks include installing blocking devices, power flow management, and load shedding.
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It begins by defining astronomy and describing early astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo. It then discusses concepts like the universe, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. The bulk of the document is focused on defining and describing components of the solar system, including the sun, planets like Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and units like light years and astronomical units. It provides details on concepts like planetary orbits, rotations, and transits. The summary concludes with an overview of the key topics covered.
Astronomy lunar phases eclipses and tidesMaria Donohue
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing positions of the sun, Earth, and moon relative to one another. A new moon occurs when the moon is between the Earth and sun so its night side faces Earth. A full moon happens when the moon is on the opposite side of Earth from the sun, so its full day side faces Earth. Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon align so that one passes in front of the other, casting a shadow. Lunar eclipses happen during a full moon when Earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon. Solar eclipses occur during a new moon when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, casting its shadow on Earth. The moon
The document provides information about the Moon and its exploration history. It describes the Moon's size and distance from Earth. Key events in lunar exploration included Soviet missions in 1959 and US missions in the 1960s including Rangers, Lunar Orbiters, and Surveyors. The Apollo 11 mission in 1969 was the first to land humans on the Moon. The document discusses lunar geology, noting differences from Earth like the lack of an atmosphere, water, or plate tectonics. It describes lunar features such as maria, highlands, craters, and rilles. The formation of the Moon is also summarized.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3,500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: Matter, Dark Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadro's Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascal's Law, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light (Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faraday's Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics-Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy (The 11th Hour)
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
I'm not fully convinced yet, but the evidence of a triangle-shaped landform is consistent with both flowing lava and flowing water processes. More evidence is still needed to determine which process best explains the formation of the channel on Mars.
Scientists believe our solar system began 5 billion years ago when a nearby star exploded, sending a cloud of dust and gas that condensed into the Sun and 9 planets. The 9 planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto - each have unique characteristics and formed as smaller pieces of the original cloud collided. The document provides a basic overview of how the solar system was formed and identifies the 9 planets and some of their distinguishing features.
A short glimpse of geology of the planet Mars. Good for undergraduate and post-graduate students of geology, geography, earth and planetary sciences, astronomy.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including definitions and basic information about the sun and eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It discusses the inner and outer planets, types of planets, and includes 1-2 paragraph descriptions of each planet covering attributes like composition, rotation, moons, and exploration history.
The document summarizes a chapter about investigating a mystery object on Mars using scientific argumentation. It discusses how scientists make claims and support them with evidence. Students analyzed images of Mars and considered two claims about a mysterious object: that it was a jelly donut or a rock. By examining additional evidence images, they determined the rock claim was better supported and most scientists agree with that conclusion. The process of gathering multiple lines of evidence and revising conclusions is key to scientific argumentation.
Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They have an event horizon surrounding a singularity of infinite density. There are three main types - stellar black holes formed by collapsed stars, supermassive black holes millions of times the sun's mass at galaxy centers, and miniature black holes theorized to have formed in the early universe. Scientists can observe black holes indirectly by their effects on nearby stars and gas. In 1915, Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted black holes, and breakthroughs by scientists like Hawking and Chandrasekhar helped establish our modern understanding of these mysterious cosmic objects.
This document provides an overview of several topics in astrophysics, including:
1. It discusses stars and their properties like mass, luminosity, temperature, and the proton-proton chain reaction.
2. It covers neutrinos and their characteristics.
3. It describes neutron stars and their properties, how they are formed in supernovas, and provides some details about Supernova 1987A.
4. It discusses pulsars and their discovery, and properties of neutron stars.
Chapter 1 of the History of Astronomy discusses prehistoric astronomy and early astronomical observations. It describes how early civilizations noticed the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars and used them for timekeeping. It then discusses the development of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers like Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus to Renaissance scientists like Brahe, Kepler and Galileo. Key developments included determining the Earth and Moon's sizes, the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The growth of astrophysics in the 18th-19th centuries led to new discoveries and technologies.
The document discusses the factors that determine the four seasons:
1) The tilt of the Earth's axis, which is at an angle of 23.5 degrees, combined with its yearly revolution around the Sun causes the seasons.
2) The summer and winter solstices occur when the North Pole is either tilted most directly towards or away from the Sun, resulting in the longest and shortest days of the year respectively in each hemisphere.
3) The spring and fall equinoxes happen when the amount of daylight and nighttime are equal, as the North Pole is tilted neither directly towards nor away from the Sun.
Mars is approximately half the size of Earth and has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano and canyon in the solar system. Early concepts suggested canals and life on Mars but spacecraft like Mariner 4 revealed only impact craters and naturally occurring channels. Viking landers found no clear evidence of living microbes. However, past rover missions like Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity continue to find evidence that water once flowed on the Martian surface, making the possibility of past life an ongoing area of investigation. Future exploration plans aim to further understand Mars' potential for habitability.
This document provides information about the solar system and astronomy. It begins by discussing important astronomers throughout history and their contributions. It then provides facts about the solar system, including that it formed 4.6 billion years ago from a nebula and consists of the sun and objects that orbit it. The document outlines the terrestrial and gas giant planets, providing details about each. It also discusses the moon's phases and constellations. In the end, it lists the top 10 closest stars to our solar system.
Since Mars was discovered, mankind has been interested in this planet. Many people find that saving humanity depends on the colonization of the Red Planet. Here are 10 interesting facts about the Mars.
Scientists use their knowledge of Earth to search for evidence of past habitability on other planets like Mars. Students learned about this by comparing the atmospheres, hydrospheres, geospheres, and biospheres of Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Their analysis found that Mars is most similar to Earth, especially in its geosphere, as there is evidence volcanoes once erupted there and it has frozen water at its poles. This suggests Mars could be the best place in the solar system to search for signs of past life. The unit will have students analyze real Mars data to answer how scientists can search for evidence other planets were once habitable by applying what they know about the conditions needed for life from Earth.
The document discusses the effects of geomagnetic storms on power systems. Geomagnetic storms are caused when coronal mass ejections from the sun interact with the Earth's magnetosphere. This interaction can induce geomagnetically induced currents in long-distance power lines that can cause equipment damage, power outages, and blackouts. Key impacts include transformer heating, damage from harmonic currents, increased reactive power consumption, and protection system malfunctions. Case studies of historical geomagnetic storms that caused power outages are presented. Approaches to mitigate risks include installing blocking devices, power flow management, and load shedding.
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It begins by defining astronomy and describing early astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo. It then discusses concepts like the universe, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. The bulk of the document is focused on defining and describing components of the solar system, including the sun, planets like Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and units like light years and astronomical units. It provides details on concepts like planetary orbits, rotations, and transits. The summary concludes with an overview of the key topics covered.
Astronomy lunar phases eclipses and tidesMaria Donohue
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing positions of the sun, Earth, and moon relative to one another. A new moon occurs when the moon is between the Earth and sun so its night side faces Earth. A full moon happens when the moon is on the opposite side of Earth from the sun, so its full day side faces Earth. Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon align so that one passes in front of the other, casting a shadow. Lunar eclipses happen during a full moon when Earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon. Solar eclipses occur during a new moon when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, casting its shadow on Earth. The moon
The document provides information about the Moon and its exploration history. It describes the Moon's size and distance from Earth. Key events in lunar exploration included Soviet missions in 1959 and US missions in the 1960s including Rangers, Lunar Orbiters, and Surveyors. The Apollo 11 mission in 1969 was the first to land humans on the Moon. The document discusses lunar geology, noting differences from Earth like the lack of an atmosphere, water, or plate tectonics. It describes lunar features such as maria, highlands, craters, and rilles. The formation of the Moon is also summarized.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3,500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: Matter, Dark Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadro's Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascal's Law, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light (Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faraday's Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics-Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy (The 11th Hour)
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
I'm not fully convinced yet, but the evidence of a triangle-shaped landform is consistent with both flowing lava and flowing water processes. More evidence is still needed to determine which process best explains the formation of the channel on Mars.
Scientists believe our solar system began 5 billion years ago when a nearby star exploded, sending a cloud of dust and gas that condensed into the Sun and 9 planets. The 9 planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto - each have unique characteristics and formed as smaller pieces of the original cloud collided. The document provides a basic overview of how the solar system was formed and identifies the 9 planets and some of their distinguishing features.
A short glimpse of geology of the planet Mars. Good for undergraduate and post-graduate students of geology, geography, earth and planetary sciences, astronomy.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including definitions and basic information about the sun and eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It discusses the inner and outer planets, types of planets, and includes 1-2 paragraph descriptions of each planet covering attributes like composition, rotation, moons, and exploration history.
The document summarizes a chapter about investigating a mystery object on Mars using scientific argumentation. It discusses how scientists make claims and support them with evidence. Students analyzed images of Mars and considered two claims about a mysterious object: that it was a jelly donut or a rock. By examining additional evidence images, they determined the rock claim was better supported and most scientists agree with that conclusion. The process of gathering multiple lines of evidence and revising conclusions is key to scientific argumentation.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is named after the Roman god of war. It has an average distance from the Sun of 230 million km and an orbital period of 687 Earth days. Past missions include the first successful flybys by Mariner 4 in 1965 and the first orbiter, Mariner 9, in 1971. Current missions include the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter which arrived in 2006 to map terrain and weather to identify landing sites for future landers.
The Solar System by VI - Edison (PASAY CITY WEST HIGH SCHOOL, 2012)Fatimah Sol Jalmaani
We did last year (2012), with my classmates Gloriele and Abegail for a report. Anyone can get information from it, but if you plan to use ALL OF IT, make sure to site the source, okay????! That's all! :D
1. This document provides information about celestial objects in the solar system, including details about the sun, inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), and their characteristics.
2. It compares Earth to other planets, noting Earth has more water, living things, and seasons. Other planets have less water and no life.
3. The similarities between Earth and other planets are that they are located in the solar system and are classified as planets. The document concludes Earth is the best planet for human life due to its abundant water and oxygen.
2. • Güneş Sistemi'nin en içteki yörüngelerde
bulunan dört gezegenine iç gezegenler
adı verilir. Bunlar Merkür, Venüs, Yer, ve
Mars'tır. Bu dört gezegen katı yapıdadır ve
Yer benzeri gezegenler olarak da
adlandırılırlar.Merkür ile Jüpiter arasında
küçük gezegenler diğer adıyla asteroid
kuşağı bulunur.
4. Güneş’e en yakın
gezegendir.Bu yüzden
sıcaklık çok fazladır ve
canlılar yaşamlarını
sürdüremezler.Uydusu
yoktur. Büyüklük açısından
8 gezegen arasından son
sırayı alır
5. • Merkür, Güneş'e uzaklığı yaklaşık
46 milyon ile 70 milyon kilometre
arasında değişen oldukça eliptik bir
yörünge izler. Plüton 'dan sonra
Güneş Sistemi'nin gezegenleri
arasında gözlenen en yüksek
dışmerkezlik değerine sahip bu
yörüngenin milyonlarca yıllık bir
çevrim içinde zaman zaman daha da
basıklaşarak dışmerkezlik
derecesinin günümüzdeki 0,21'den
Merkür
0,5 düzeyine dek yükselebildiği
sanılmaktadır.
6. YÜZEY ŞEKİLLERİ
• Merkür (Mariner 10 dan çekilmiş) Merkür
yüzeyinin en dikkat çeken özelliği tüm
gezegen üzerine dağılmış irili ufaklı
çarpma kraterleridir. İlk bakışta Ay
yüzeyine benzetilebilecek bu görünümün,
daha dikkatli bir incelemede birçok
farklılıklar içerdiği anlaşılır. Ay'da olduğu
gibi kraterlerin yoğun bir şekilde iç içe
geçtiği alanlar arasında, krater
yoğunluğunun çok düşük olduğu,
yumuşak engebeli geniş düzlükler yer
alır.
7. Güneşe uzaklık bakımından
2. gezegendir.Halk arasında
“Çoban Yıldızı” olarak
bilinir. Uydusu yoktur.
Kendi ekseni etrafında,
Güneş Sistemindeki diğer
tüm gezegenlerin aksi
istikamette döner.
8. • Gündüz-gece çizgisi üzerinde
kalan Venüs atmosferinin güneş
ışınları ile aydınlanması, gezegenin
evresinin beklenenden daha büyük
olarak algılanmasına neden olur.
Venüs'ün herhangi bir dönemde
Güneş'le yaptığı açıya dayanarak Venüs
hesaplanan evre ile gözlenen
evresi arasındaki bu 'faz kayması'
bazen 3 günü bulur ve Schröter
etkisi olarak adlandırılır. Venüs'ün
karanlık yüzünün yeryüzüne dönük
olduğu alt kavuşum anında, Bir Venüs Örümcek Ağının
arkadan aydınlanan atmosferin, Magellan uzay sondası
ortası karanlık bir halka şeklinde tarafından çekilen radar
görüntüsü. Venüs'e özgü bu
görülebildiği saptanmıştır. jeolojik yapının niteliği tam
olarak bilinmemektedir
9. • Bugüne dek çok değişik
açıklamalar getirilmiş
olmasına rağmen nedeni
bilinmeyen bu atmosfer
aydınlanmasının, elektriksel
etkinliklerle veya kutup
ışıklarına benzer bir
mekanizma ile ortaya
çıkabileceği öne
sürülmüştür.Venüs atmosferi
gaz küreler gibi diferansiyel
dönme (Kutup ve Eşlek-
ekvator- bölgelerinin farklı Venüs ile Dünya'nın boyutsal
karşılaştırması
hızlarda dönmesi)
gösterir.Venüs'ün
atmosferinde sürekli olarak
devam eden asit yağmurları
yağmaktadır.
10. Güneş’e uzaklık bakımından 3.
gezegendir.Su ve atmosfer
bulunduğu için canlıların yaşam
sürdürebildiği tek gezegendir. Tek
uydusu Ay’dır.
11. • Yapılan araştırmalar sonucu
gezegenimizin yaşı 4,467 milyar
yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır.Geçen
bu zaman dilimi, karmaşık bileşik
yapılar ve içerdiği elementler
göze alındığında, Güneş, Dünya
ve diğer gezegenler dahil Güneş
Sistemi'ndeki yapıları oluşturan
moleküler bulutsunun kaynağı,
ömrünü önceden tamamlamış bir
genç tip yıldız'ın dağılmış
artıklarının ve yıldızlar arası
maddenin bir merkez etrafında
dönerek gittikçe yoğunlaşmasıyla
oluşmuştur.
12. • Dünya'nın dış kabuğu ile bu kabuğun
üzerindeki atmosfer(hava) ve hidrosfer
(okyanuslar ve denizler)katmanları doğrudan
gözlemle incelenebilir. Oysa Dünya'nın iç
bölümlerine ulaşarak yapısını doğrudan
inceleme olanağı yoktur. Dünya'nın iç
yapısına ilişkin bütün bilgiler depremlerin
incelenmesinden ve Dünya'nın içinde var
olduğu düşünülen maddeler üzerindeki
deneylerden elde edilmiştir. Yanardağların
varlığına ve yerkabuğunun yüzeyindeki ısı
akışı ölçümlerine dayanarak Dünya'nın iç
bölümlerinin çok sıcak olduğunu biliyoruz
13. • Yerkabuğunun derinliklerine doğru
indikçe kayaçların sıcaklığı her
kilometrede 30 °C kadar yükselir.
Böylece; kabuğun en alt katmanlarının
çok daha üstünde yer alan kayaçlar
kızıl kor haline dönüşür. Aslında
Dünya'nın büyüklüğüne oranla
yerkabuğu çok incedir. Eğer Dünya'yı
bir futbol topu büyüklüğünde
düşünürsek kabuğu da ancak topun
üzerine yapıştırılmış bir posta pulu
kalınlığındadır. Kabuğun altında kalan
kayaçlar ise akkor sıcaklığına kadar
ulaşır
14. Güneş’e uzaklık bakımından 4.
gezegendir.Yaşam yoktur. 2
adet uydusu vardır. İnce bir
atmosferi olan Mars gerek
Ay’daki gibi meteor kraterlerini,
gerekse Dünya’daki gibi volkan,
vadi, çöl ve kutup bölgelerini
içeren çehresiyle bir yerbenzeri
(dünyasal gezegen)gezegendir.
Ayrıca rotasyon periyodu ve
mevsim dönemleri
Dünya’nınkine çok benzer.
15. Jeoloji
Uydu gözlemleri ile Mars
meteorlarının incelenmesi Mars
yüzeyinin esas olarak bazalttan
oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Bazı
kanıtlar. Mars yüzeyinin bir
kısmının tipik bazalttan ziyade,
yeryüzündeki andezit kayalarının
benzeri olabilecek zengin silisyum
oluşumlarından meydana geldiğini
göstermektedir; fakat
gözlemlerdeki veriler bunların
silisli cam olduğu şeklinde de
yorumlanabilir.
16. Toprak
• Haziran 2008’de Phoenix uzay gemisi tarafından
gönderilen veriler Mars toprağının hafifçe alkalin
olduğunu ve hepsi de organik maddenin gelişmesi için
elzem olan magnezyum, sodyum, potasyum ve klorür
içerdiğini ortaya koydu. Bilim insanları Mars’ın kuzey
kutbuna yakın toprağın kuşkonmaz gibi bitkilerin
yetiştirilebileceği bir bahçe oluşturulması için elverişli
olduğu sonucuna vardı.
17. Akşam yıldızı olarak bilinen gezegen
hangisidir?
A)Jüpiter B)Neptün C)Dünya D)Merkür
18. GENEL ÇEKİM KANUNU
• Newton’un Genel Çekim Kanunu:
• Newton’a göre;
• 1. Gezegenlerin yörüngeleri Kepler Kanununda
• tanımlandığı gibi elips değildir.Elipsden daha çok
• çembere yakındır.
• 2. Gezegenler, yarıçapları Kepler Kanununda
• tanımlanan ortalama yarı çapa eşit olan çembersel
• yörüngelerde hareket yaparlar.
20. • Kütlesel Çekim Kuvveti:
• Evrendeki bütün cisimler, birbirlerini
kütleleriyle doğru,
• aralarındaki uzaklığın karesiyle ters
orantılı olarak çekerler.
• Kütleler ister eşit ister farklı olsun
cisimlerin birbirlerini
• çekme kuvvetleri daima birbirine eşittir.
F1,2=F2,1
F = G. m .m
1 2
2
R
21. • Genel Olarak Çekim Potansiyel Enerjisi:
• Newton’nun evrensel çekim kanununa göre, yer
• merkezinden r kadar uzakta bulunan m kütleli cisim ile yer
• küre birbirlerini;
• F = G. m.M yer kuvveti ile çekerler.
r2
• Bu şekilde birbirlerini çeken iki cismi birbirinden ayırmak için
• is yapmamız gerekir.
22. İki cisim arasındaki uzaklığı r değerinden
sonsuz değerine
kadar artırmak için yapılacak is grafiğin
altındaki alana eşittir.
Bu alanın değeri g m.M ‘dir.
r
23. • Birbirinden r kadar uzakta olan iki
cisimden oluşan sistemin potansiyel
enerjisi;
• Ep =-G m.M
r
r : metre cinsinden cisimler arasındaki uzaklı
m,M : kg cinsinden cisimlerin kütleleri
Ep : Joule olarak sistemin potansiyel enerjisi
24. iki cisim birbirlerinden r uzakta iken hareket halindeler ise
sistemin toplam enerjisi:
E = Ek + Ep
Yerden sonsuz uzakta olan cisim yere doğru hareket
ederse evrensel çekim kuvvetinden dolayı hızlanır. Hız
artınca kinetik enerji artar. Sistemin toplam enerjisi sabit
olduğu için; kinetik enerji artınca potansiyel enerji azalır.
25. 7-) Bir roketin üzerine etkiyen yer çekimi kuvvetinin, roketin yer
üzerindeki ağırlığının ¼ katı olması için roket yeryüzünden kaç R
uzaklıkta olmalıdır?
A) R B) R C) R D) 4R E) 2R
4 2
26. Cevap:
g
G M dünya
r2
4= X2 X=2
g G Mdünya CEVAP E
4 X2
27. Kepler Kanunu
Gezegenlerin Güneş etrafındaki
hareketleri üç kanunla
ifade edilmiştir.
1. Yörüngeler Kanunu:
Her gezegen, odaklarından birinde
Güneş bulunan elips
şeklinde bir yörünge izler.
28. 2. Alanlar Kanunu:
Gezegeni Güneş’e birleştiren vektör eşit zaman
aralıklarında esit alanlar tarar. Şekilde ki t
zamanında
taranan S1 alanı, gene t zamanında taranan S2
alanına
eşittir.
Gezegen Güneş’e yaklaştığında hızlı,
uzaklaştığında ise
daha yavaş hareket eder.
29. • 3. Periyotlar Kanunu:
• Bütün gezegenler için ortama yörünge yarıçapı
küpün
• ( R3 ),bir dolanma süresinin karesine ( T2 ) oranı
sabittir.
3
• R = K = 3,4.1018 m3/s2 dir.
2
T
30. • Ortalama yörünge yarıçapın gezegenin Günes’e
olan
• maksimum ve minimum uzaklıklar toplamının
yarısıdır
R max + R min
R ort
2
31. • Bir Gezegenin Çekim Alanı:
• Bir gezegenin çevresinde bulunan diğer
cisimlere çekim
• kuvveti uygulayabildiği uzay parçasına çekim
alanı denir.
• R = ¥ ⇒ F çekim = 0 olduğundan gezegen
kendisinden
• sonsuz uzaktaki cisimlere çekim kuvveti
uygulayamaz.
32. • Alan şiddeti ( çekim İvmesi ):
• Bir gezegenin çekim alanı içinde herhangi bir
noktada
• bulunan bir birim kütleye uyguladığı çekim
kuvvetine çekim
• ivmesi denir. ( g ) ile gösterilir, vektörel bir
büyüklüktür.
g= F çekim
m
33. • Özellikler:
• Gezegenin çekim ivmesi, yarıçapı ve yoğunluğu
ile orantılıdır.
• Gezegenin yüzeyinden yükseklere doğru
çıkıldıkça çekim kuvveti azalır ve buna bağlı
olarak çekim ivmesi de azalır.
• Gezegenin merkezinden yüzeye doğru gidildikçe
çekim ivmesi zayıflar ve tam merkezde sıfır olur.
• Çekim ivmesinin en büyük olduğu yer gezegenin
yüzeyidir.