The document is a mark scheme for a GCE Geography exam administered by Edexcel in January 2009. It provides the questions, acceptable answers, and marks awarded for each question on the exam. The mark scheme offers guidance to examiners on how to evaluate students' responses for each question on the test, which covered topics such as plate tectonics, climate change, migration, and globalization. It aims to ensure examiners apply evaluation criteria consistently and accurately across all exam scripts.
Jan 2009 Global Challenges Mark SchemeHarpal Bains
The document is a mark scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam from Edexcel. It provides the exam questions, acceptable answers, and number of marks awarded for each question. The mark scheme serves to evaluate student responses on the exam in a standardized way. It aims to provide transparency around what constitutes a complete or partial answer for each question.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
This document provides a mark scheme for the January 2012 GCE Geography (6GE02) Paper 01 Geographical Investigations exam. It outlines the general guidance on marking, including looking for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalize. It also provides the specific level descriptors and indicative content for each question on the exam.
The document provides guidance for examiners marking the GCE Geography exam. It outlines the general principles of marking, including rewarding qualities over faults, and ensuring all candidates receive equal treatment. It also provides specific guidance on using the mark scheme, such as how marks are awarded for each question and acceptable versus unacceptable answers.
This document contains information about chapters 7 and 8 from a textbook. It includes multiple choice questions about land reclamation, land and water scarcity issues in Singapore, and methods used to overcome land and water constraints. Diagrams and a photograph are included to illustrate topics like reservoir locations, countries with high rates of land clearing, and a housing estate built on reclaimed land. The document tests understanding of concepts covered and requires analysis of diagrams and a photograph to answer questions.
This document contains a summary of Chapters 9 and 10 from an unknown text. It includes:
- A multiple choice quiz with 11 questions about various topics relating to pollution, its causes and effects, as well as individual and governmental efforts to reduce pollution.
- A section with basic data analysis questions about a graph showing forest fire hotspots in Sumatra.
- A section with structured questions analyzing a photograph showing coastal water pollution, extracts from a poem about noise pollution on a highway, and questions about the Kyoto Protocol and Singapore's efforts to reduce emissions.
The document tests the reader's understanding of pollution issues through different question formats requiring identification, analysis, and explanations. It covers various types of pollution
This document summarizes a study on the implications of biodiesel-induced land use changes for CO2 emissions. The study examined 12 case studies across tropical regions. The main findings were:
1) Converting high-carbon stock lands like peatlands or rainforests to biofuel production can result in "carbon debts" that may take decades or centuries to repay through CO2 savings from biofuel use.
2) The time needed to offset the carbon debt depends on the type of land converted and the yield of the biofuel crop. Oil palm generally had shorter repayment times than Jatropha or oil palm on peatlands.
3) Land use changes from biofuel production can neg
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
Jan 2009 Global Challenges Mark SchemeHarpal Bains
The document is a mark scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam from Edexcel. It provides the exam questions, acceptable answers, and number of marks awarded for each question. The mark scheme serves to evaluate student responses on the exam in a standardized way. It aims to provide transparency around what constitutes a complete or partial answer for each question.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
This document provides a mark scheme for the January 2012 GCE Geography (6GE02) Paper 01 Geographical Investigations exam. It outlines the general guidance on marking, including looking for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalize. It also provides the specific level descriptors and indicative content for each question on the exam.
The document provides guidance for examiners marking the GCE Geography exam. It outlines the general principles of marking, including rewarding qualities over faults, and ensuring all candidates receive equal treatment. It also provides specific guidance on using the mark scheme, such as how marks are awarded for each question and acceptable versus unacceptable answers.
This document contains information about chapters 7 and 8 from a textbook. It includes multiple choice questions about land reclamation, land and water scarcity issues in Singapore, and methods used to overcome land and water constraints. Diagrams and a photograph are included to illustrate topics like reservoir locations, countries with high rates of land clearing, and a housing estate built on reclaimed land. The document tests understanding of concepts covered and requires analysis of diagrams and a photograph to answer questions.
This document contains a summary of Chapters 9 and 10 from an unknown text. It includes:
- A multiple choice quiz with 11 questions about various topics relating to pollution, its causes and effects, as well as individual and governmental efforts to reduce pollution.
- A section with basic data analysis questions about a graph showing forest fire hotspots in Sumatra.
- A section with structured questions analyzing a photograph showing coastal water pollution, extracts from a poem about noise pollution on a highway, and questions about the Kyoto Protocol and Singapore's efforts to reduce emissions.
The document tests the reader's understanding of pollution issues through different question formats requiring identification, analysis, and explanations. It covers various types of pollution
This document summarizes a study on the implications of biodiesel-induced land use changes for CO2 emissions. The study examined 12 case studies across tropical regions. The main findings were:
1) Converting high-carbon stock lands like peatlands or rainforests to biofuel production can result in "carbon debts" that may take decades or centuries to repay through CO2 savings from biofuel use.
2) The time needed to offset the carbon debt depends on the type of land converted and the yield of the biofuel crop. Oil palm generally had shorter repayment times than Jatropha or oil palm on peatlands.
3) Land use changes from biofuel production can neg
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
This document contains notes from progress tests on various topics:
1. The grade boundaries for the progress test, ranging from A to E. Most students were expected to score between A-C.
2. Key points about average income and variations between countries. Developing countries rely on manufacturing or trade, while quality of life is improving. Oil wealth contributes significantly to variations between some countries.
3. Factors affecting internet connectivity between Europe and Africa. Physical barriers like mountains and deserts impact Africa more, while certain coastal areas and countries have better connectivity.
That's a high-level summary of the key information provided in the document in 3 sentences. Let me know if you need any clarification
This document provides feedback on essays and guidance for improvement. Key points include:
1) Students must thoroughly review comments and grading rubrics to understand where marks were lost.
2) Essays should be several pages long and include a variety of recent, global case studies from different sources to earn high marks.
3) Introductions need to clearly establish the purpose and include relevant context. Conclusions should thoroughly summarize case studies.
4) Analysis must discuss both positive and negative impacts on people and consider a range of perspectives, rather than simplistic statements.
This document contains data analysis from sampling points in the Lace Market/Creative Quarter area. It includes bipolar raw and mean data from 20 points, as well as counts of pedestrians, cycles, cars, and other vehicles at each point. Additional data sections provide information on graffiti, vegetation, activity surveys, and a pie chart showing land use percentages.
Argentina is the second largest country in South America and has a population of over 44 million people. It has a diverse geography that ranges from fertile plains to mountains. While Spanish is the dominant language, the local dialect of Rioplatense Spanish is most common. The population is predominantly descended from European immigrants, and Roman Catholicism is the majority religion. Argentina has a long history, first being colonized by Spain in the 16th century and gaining independence in the early 19th century.
This document contains resource materials for an exam on global challenges, including figures and data related to topics like natural disasters, climate change, globalization, migration, population change, and technological innovation. Specifically:
- Figure 1 shows the increasing number of reported natural disasters per year from 1900 to 2000.
- Figure 2 outlines the differences between climate change mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (preparing for consequences).
- Figure 5 presents UK immigration and emigration statistics from 1998 to 2008 that show immigration increasing while emigration decreases.
- Figures 7 and 10 illustrate the growth and changing distribution of world megacities, showing their increasing numbers, sizes, and locations over time.
The cross profile of a river changes in three key ways as it flows downstream:
(1) Near the source, the cross profile is narrow, steep-sided, and relatively deep. (2) Further downstream, the cross profile widens, becomes less deep, and the valley sides are less steep. (3) Closest to the mouth, the valley is especially broad, the sides are far from the river, and the landscape is gentle and low-lying.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
Mark Scheme Unit 1 Global Challenges May 2009Sally Longford
This document provides a mark scheme for the GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It outlines the answers and marks for each question on the exam. It provides details on what type of responses would be awarded marks and how many marks each response is worth. The mark scheme serves to ensure consistent and fair marking of the exams by defining the essential information and level of detail required in students' responses to receive marks. It also gives examiners guidance on question interpretation and scope to allow for accurate assessment of student answers.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
(1) Landslides and avalanches are natural hazards found in mountainous areas.
(2) Landslides occur where there are steep slopes and cliffs near the coast or inland, and their risk is increased by earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and human activities like deforestation.
(3) Avalanches are more common in areas with heavy snowfall and glaciers at high elevations. The risk of these hazards affecting people is greater in locations that are inhabited.
Mark Scheme (Results) June 2011 GCE Geography 6GE01 Global Challenges
1. This document provides the mark scheme for the June 2011 GCE Geography exam on global challenges, outlining the answers and marks awarded for each question.
2. General guidance is given on marking approaches, such as looking for what candidates get right rather than wrong and awarding marks for extended explanations.
3. For each question, the expected answers and mark allocations are clearly outlined, along with examples of responses that should not receive credit.
Global Challenges Mark Scheme January 2012Sally Longford
The document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam on global challenges. It outlines the general marking guidance instructing examiners to mark candidates positively and use the full range of marks. It also provides specific guidance on marking for individual questions on the exam, identifying what examiners should award marks for in candidate responses.
This document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam assessing students' understanding of global challenges. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions on topics like natural hazards, climate change impacts, population dynamics, and globalization. The mark scheme outlines the key points and level of detail required to earn marks for responses to each question. It also provides examples of responses that would or would not meet the marking criteria.
Jan 2009 Geog Investigation Mark SchemeHarpal Bains
The student's investigation into deprivation and environmental quality in a city has some limitations:
1. The data collection techniques of questionnaires and surveys are subjective and open to bias.
2. Presenting the data as maps and diagrams does not show correlations or causation between variables.
3. No information is provided about sampling strategies, so the reliability of the results is unclear.
The document summarizes the Mark Scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It provides information about Edexcel as the examining body, details on how to contact them for subject specific questions, and lists the question topics that will be covered in the exam, including describing characteristics of storms and investigating weather conditions through fieldwork. The document serves to outline the format and expectations of the exam.
Edexcel is a leading examining and awarding body that provides qualifications worldwide. It supports centers through a network of UK and international offices to help deliver education programs. Customers with subject questions can contact Edexcel's Customer Services or use the Ask The Expert email service for specialized help. This document outlines the January 2009 mark scheme for Edexcel's GCE Geography exam.
This document provides guidance for examiners marking the January 2010 GCE Geography exam. It outlines general principles for marking, such as rewarding correct application of knowledge rather than penalizing faults. It also provides specific guidance on how to apply the mark scheme for each question, including what type of responses are expected and how marks should be allocated. Examples of responses that should not receive credit are also given. The document aims to help examiners apply the mark scheme accurately and consistently across all exam scripts.
Each presentation should rely on lots of impressive visual photos an.docxbrownliecarmella
Each presentation should rely on lots of impressive visual photos and figures and maps. Please include a minimum of 5 slides including the following information:
1) Title / Introduction Slide—Discussion of the memorable event. When, What, Where? Tell us the story. Why did you chose this location? What happened? Recollect your personal experience of the event, the personal experience of a family member, and / or reports recorded by witnesses of the event. Please include a map of the region, including the nearest city impacted. (2 points)
2) Slide Two—Tectonic Setting of the chosen region. Where is the site of the hazard located with respect to the nearest plate boundary? Describe the plate boundary—what type of forces are present and what type of faults are most common given that plate boundary type? What is the rate of relative plate motion? Show us a map of the local and regional tectonic setting at this location. (2 points)
3) Geologic Setting—Describe the landforms... Is there a major river, mountain range, lake, volcano, ocean, etc.? How were these landforms created? What are the main rock types mapped in your area? Why are these rocks present and how did those rocks form? What is the long term history of geologic hazards at this location? Be sure to include vivid and information visuals. (2 points)
4) Cause of this Geologic Hazard—what happened to cause the incident and why? Please describe the chain of events from a science concept and geologic standpoint. [For example, if the event was a post-fire debris flow the chain of events probably is: a) the steep slope formed slowly over time, b) fire destroyed vegetation on this slope, c) roots that hold the soil together died off, d) major precipitation occurred, which rapidly coalesced on the ground as surface flow, e) surface water captured all the soil and rapidly moved it down the nearest channel is a massive slurry, e) this debris flow impacted houses and residents downstream.] (2 points)
5) What did geologists learn about geology from this event? How did the community adapt its safety plans since this event? What changes have people and businesses made to address future risk of similar hazards? (2 points)
.
This document contains mark schemes and answers for a geography exam. It provides:
1) Detailed answers and remarks for multiple choice and structured questions on topics like coastal processes, tourism surveys, and landforms.
2) Criteria for evaluating open-ended questions, dividing responses into three levels based on comprehensiveness and support.
3) Sample multi-paragraph responses exploring factors like sustainable tourism, its benefits, and how governments can regulate activities to protect the environment.
Ethiopia belongs to the LDCs or Less Developed Countries. An example of an NIC is South Korea. NICs are middle-income industrializing nations like South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil. Figure 4 shows evidence of a two speed world with wide differences in GDP per capita between advanced economies like the OECD nations and developing nations like the LDCs and NICs.
This document contains notes from progress tests on various topics:
1. The grade boundaries for the progress test, ranging from A to E. Most students were expected to score between A-C.
2. Key points about average income and variations between countries. Developing countries rely on manufacturing or trade, while quality of life is improving. Oil wealth contributes significantly to variations between some countries.
3. Factors affecting internet connectivity between Europe and Africa. Physical barriers like mountains and deserts impact Africa more, while certain coastal areas and countries have better connectivity.
That's a high-level summary of the key information provided in the document in 3 sentences. Let me know if you need any clarification
This document provides feedback on essays and guidance for improvement. Key points include:
1) Students must thoroughly review comments and grading rubrics to understand where marks were lost.
2) Essays should be several pages long and include a variety of recent, global case studies from different sources to earn high marks.
3) Introductions need to clearly establish the purpose and include relevant context. Conclusions should thoroughly summarize case studies.
4) Analysis must discuss both positive and negative impacts on people and consider a range of perspectives, rather than simplistic statements.
This document contains data analysis from sampling points in the Lace Market/Creative Quarter area. It includes bipolar raw and mean data from 20 points, as well as counts of pedestrians, cycles, cars, and other vehicles at each point. Additional data sections provide information on graffiti, vegetation, activity surveys, and a pie chart showing land use percentages.
Argentina is the second largest country in South America and has a population of over 44 million people. It has a diverse geography that ranges from fertile plains to mountains. While Spanish is the dominant language, the local dialect of Rioplatense Spanish is most common. The population is predominantly descended from European immigrants, and Roman Catholicism is the majority religion. Argentina has a long history, first being colonized by Spain in the 16th century and gaining independence in the early 19th century.
This document contains resource materials for an exam on global challenges, including figures and data related to topics like natural disasters, climate change, globalization, migration, population change, and technological innovation. Specifically:
- Figure 1 shows the increasing number of reported natural disasters per year from 1900 to 2000.
- Figure 2 outlines the differences between climate change mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (preparing for consequences).
- Figure 5 presents UK immigration and emigration statistics from 1998 to 2008 that show immigration increasing while emigration decreases.
- Figures 7 and 10 illustrate the growth and changing distribution of world megacities, showing their increasing numbers, sizes, and locations over time.
The cross profile of a river changes in three key ways as it flows downstream:
(1) Near the source, the cross profile is narrow, steep-sided, and relatively deep. (2) Further downstream, the cross profile widens, becomes less deep, and the valley sides are less steep. (3) Closest to the mouth, the valley is especially broad, the sides are far from the river, and the landscape is gentle and low-lying.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
Mark Scheme Unit 1 Global Challenges May 2009Sally Longford
This document provides a mark scheme for the GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It outlines the answers and marks for each question on the exam. It provides details on what type of responses would be awarded marks and how many marks each response is worth. The mark scheme serves to ensure consistent and fair marking of the exams by defining the essential information and level of detail required in students' responses to receive marks. It also gives examiners guidance on question interpretation and scope to allow for accurate assessment of student answers.
Global warming is occurring faster than predicted according to observed temperature rise data. The observed temperature rise line is steeper and more variable than the predicted rise line from 1950. Reasons for the faster than expected warming include higher than predicted greenhouse gas emissions and a lack of complete understanding of climate change feedback processes. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and variations in solar activity or Earth's orbit can also cause short-term temperature changes.
(1) Landslides and avalanches are natural hazards found in mountainous areas.
(2) Landslides occur where there are steep slopes and cliffs near the coast or inland, and their risk is increased by earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and human activities like deforestation.
(3) Avalanches are more common in areas with heavy snowfall and glaciers at high elevations. The risk of these hazards affecting people is greater in locations that are inhabited.
Mark Scheme (Results) June 2011 GCE Geography 6GE01 Global Challenges
1. This document provides the mark scheme for the June 2011 GCE Geography exam on global challenges, outlining the answers and marks awarded for each question.
2. General guidance is given on marking approaches, such as looking for what candidates get right rather than wrong and awarding marks for extended explanations.
3. For each question, the expected answers and mark allocations are clearly outlined, along with examples of responses that should not receive credit.
Global Challenges Mark Scheme January 2012Sally Longford
The document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam on global challenges. It outlines the general marking guidance instructing examiners to mark candidates positively and use the full range of marks. It also provides specific guidance on marking for individual questions on the exam, identifying what examiners should award marks for in candidate responses.
This document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam assessing students' understanding of global challenges. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions on topics like natural hazards, climate change impacts, population dynamics, and globalization. The mark scheme outlines the key points and level of detail required to earn marks for responses to each question. It also provides examples of responses that would or would not meet the marking criteria.
Jan 2009 Geog Investigation Mark SchemeHarpal Bains
The student's investigation into deprivation and environmental quality in a city has some limitations:
1. The data collection techniques of questionnaires and surveys are subjective and open to bias.
2. Presenting the data as maps and diagrams does not show correlations or causation between variables.
3. No information is provided about sampling strategies, so the reliability of the results is unclear.
The document summarizes the Mark Scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It provides information about Edexcel as the examining body, details on how to contact them for subject specific questions, and lists the question topics that will be covered in the exam, including describing characteristics of storms and investigating weather conditions through fieldwork. The document serves to outline the format and expectations of the exam.
Edexcel is a leading examining and awarding body that provides qualifications worldwide. It supports centers through a network of UK and international offices to help deliver education programs. Customers with subject questions can contact Edexcel's Customer Services or use the Ask The Expert email service for specialized help. This document outlines the January 2009 mark scheme for Edexcel's GCE Geography exam.
This document provides guidance for examiners marking the January 2010 GCE Geography exam. It outlines general principles for marking, such as rewarding correct application of knowledge rather than penalizing faults. It also provides specific guidance on how to apply the mark scheme for each question, including what type of responses are expected and how marks should be allocated. Examples of responses that should not receive credit are also given. The document aims to help examiners apply the mark scheme accurately and consistently across all exam scripts.
Each presentation should rely on lots of impressive visual photos an.docxbrownliecarmella
Each presentation should rely on lots of impressive visual photos and figures and maps. Please include a minimum of 5 slides including the following information:
1) Title / Introduction Slide—Discussion of the memorable event. When, What, Where? Tell us the story. Why did you chose this location? What happened? Recollect your personal experience of the event, the personal experience of a family member, and / or reports recorded by witnesses of the event. Please include a map of the region, including the nearest city impacted. (2 points)
2) Slide Two—Tectonic Setting of the chosen region. Where is the site of the hazard located with respect to the nearest plate boundary? Describe the plate boundary—what type of forces are present and what type of faults are most common given that plate boundary type? What is the rate of relative plate motion? Show us a map of the local and regional tectonic setting at this location. (2 points)
3) Geologic Setting—Describe the landforms... Is there a major river, mountain range, lake, volcano, ocean, etc.? How were these landforms created? What are the main rock types mapped in your area? Why are these rocks present and how did those rocks form? What is the long term history of geologic hazards at this location? Be sure to include vivid and information visuals. (2 points)
4) Cause of this Geologic Hazard—what happened to cause the incident and why? Please describe the chain of events from a science concept and geologic standpoint. [For example, if the event was a post-fire debris flow the chain of events probably is: a) the steep slope formed slowly over time, b) fire destroyed vegetation on this slope, c) roots that hold the soil together died off, d) major precipitation occurred, which rapidly coalesced on the ground as surface flow, e) surface water captured all the soil and rapidly moved it down the nearest channel is a massive slurry, e) this debris flow impacted houses and residents downstream.] (2 points)
5) What did geologists learn about geology from this event? How did the community adapt its safety plans since this event? What changes have people and businesses made to address future risk of similar hazards? (2 points)
.
This document contains mark schemes and answers for a geography exam. It provides:
1) Detailed answers and remarks for multiple choice and structured questions on topics like coastal processes, tourism surveys, and landforms.
2) Criteria for evaluating open-ended questions, dividing responses into three levels based on comprehensiveness and support.
3) Sample multi-paragraph responses exploring factors like sustainable tourism, its benefits, and how governments can regulate activities to protect the environment.
Similar to Global challenges mark scheme january 2009 (14)
Ethiopia belongs to the LDCs or Less Developed Countries. An example of an NIC is South Korea. NICs are middle-income industrializing nations like South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil. Figure 4 shows evidence of a two speed world with wide differences in GDP per capita between advanced economies like the OECD nations and developing nations like the LDCs and NICs.
Contested planet resource booklet june 2010Sally Longford
The document provides information about the challenges facing biodiversity in Pacific small island developing states (SIDS). Key points include:
- Pacific SIDS have high levels of biodiversity but it is threatened, with up to 50% of species at risk. Threats include habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
- Coral reefs, forests, and marine life are ecologically and economically important but vulnerable to threats like overfishing, logging, and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
- Climate change poses severe risks like sea level rise, which could make some low-lying Pacific islands uninhabitable.
This document provides feedback on a mock exam. It includes:
- Grade boundaries for the exam of A=50, B=46, C=43, D=40, E=37.
- Feedback on student responses to different exam questions about rebranding an area, providing evidence from photos and discussing players involved.
- Tips for improving responses, such as being precise about sources and locations, and mentioning results from fieldwork and research.
Assessing the 4 options against the criteria in figure 10Sally Longford
The document assesses 4 energy options - nuclear power, shale gas, bioethanol, and concentrated solar power (CSP) - based on environmental impacts, cost, security of supply, and reliability. Nuclear power scores well on reliability but poorly on environmental impacts and cost. Shale gas has low costs in some areas but environmental and supply security concerns. Bioethanol could increase food prices and rely on harvests. CSP is expensive initially but long-lasting and reliable, relying on solar resources in stable regions.
This document provides an overview of key themes and considerations for choosing energy solutions in Europe:
1. Climate change is driving the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming, as required by the Kyoto Protocol.
2. European countries want energy solutions that support economic growth while keeping costs low.
3. Solutions must achieve sustainable development by meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Cutting energy demand through measures like insulation, efficiency improvements, and renewable energy adoption can also help address these issues. No single solution can resolve the challenges, and all options have pros and cons.
The Lace Market area in Nottingham has undergone various regeneration projects since the 1970s with some successes in attracting new developments like the National Ice Centre and Nottingham Contemporary arts center to boost the local economy, but full regeneration is still a work in progress as evidenced by mixed evidence found on street views of the area and businesses reporting increased foot traffic but galleries saying increased awareness will take more time.
The summary provides feedback on a student's mock AS exam, identifying several areas in need of improvement:
1) The student performed poorly and needs significant revision, as an A Level requires advanced understanding beyond GCSE.
2) Common mistakes included not knowing key topics, lacking examples, misreading questions, and weaknesses in understanding concepts like El Nino, volcanic eruptions, food insecurity and migration push/pull factors.
3) To improve, the student must thoroughly review mistakes, learn definitions, basics of topics like climate change and hazards, and study required case studies in detail.
The document provides instructions for a webquest to visualize and understand differences in development levels between countries over time using the Gapminder website. It guides the user to select countries and view graphs of changes in life expectancy and GDP per capita historically, and to capture screenshots of the graphs to paste into a Word document. It also directs the user to access maps and data on the Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Inequality-Adjusted HDI on the UNDP website to further understand development gaps between nations.
This document summarizes information about the concentration of global economic power. It finds that power is concentrated in transnational corporations based mostly in North America and Europe. It also finds that the world's richest people and most influential global cities are predominantly located in these regions as well, suggesting economic power remains unevenly distributed globally, concentrated in Western nations.
Nottingham has undertaken several urban rebranding efforts to change its image and regenerate parts of the city. These include rebranding the Lace Market area near the new tram stop through environmental improvements and attracting new commercial and residential developments. Another project, The Hub, aimed to rebrand the run-down railway station area through a £60 million investment that included refurbishing the station, improving retail, and regenerating surrounding land. A third rebranding involved transforming the old canal district through landscaping and developments like the contemporary art gallery that boosted local business and tourism.
This document discusses various case studies of rural rebranding efforts:
1) National Forest in Great Britain was rebranded by planting millions of trees to attract tourism and make the area more sustainable.
2) Newstead Village was struggling after coal mine closure but won funds to build attractions like fishing lakes to employ youth and reduce crime.
3) Wirksworth in England rebranded through cultural festivals and events to attract artists and professionals and boost the local economy.
This document provides information about an exam board and qualifications offered, as well as contact details for subject advisors. It includes a mark scheme for a geography exam that provides guidance to examiners on marking answers. The mark scheme outlines the types of responses expected and how marks should be awarded. It also provides examples of responses that should not receive credit.
The document provides guidance for marking the GCE Geography exam paper. It outlines general marking principles and additional comments specific to the exam. It also provides a mark scheme for Question 1, including indicative content for parts (a) and (b) and level descriptors for scoring candidate responses.
This document provides a mark scheme for a GCE Geography exam from Edexcel. It outlines the general guidance examiners should follow when marking responses, including looking for what students do correctly rather than faults. It then provides indicative content and descriptors to guide examiners for each question on the exam. The mark scheme emphasizes rewarding students' understanding and use of geographical concepts and terminology.
This document provides information about Edexcel, an examining and awarding body, and details about their GCE qualifications and support services. It outlines Edexcel's network of UK and international offices that provide support to centres, and lists contact details for subject-specific questions about GCE content and exams. The document establishes Edexcel as an examining body and provides their contact information.
The document summarizes water issues and conflicts in South and East Asia, focusing on the Himalayan region. It discusses how the Himalayas are a key water source for major rivers through glacial melt and seasonal monsoon rains. Billions depend on this water but population growth and urbanization are increasing demand while climate change is reducing supply by causing glacial retreat. This creates tensions, as seen in territorial disputes and conflicts over dam construction between countries that share these cross-border rivers. Future food and water security could be threatened for over 3 billion people in the region unless these issues are effectively addressed.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
1. Mark Scheme January 2009
GCE
GCE Geography (6GE01)
Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750
Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH
3. 6GE01 Mark Scheme
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(a) West coast
Very high
Do not accept high
South coast
Accept: very low / low / quite low overall
Do not accept: medium / uneven
(2)
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(b) • EQs associated with plate boundary areas where
movement is occurring
• Simply lists the three types: constructive,
destructive, conservative (or synonyms)
• Conservative plate boundaries where tension builds
e.g San Andreas Fault
• Subduction at destructive boundaries e.g.
Philippines trench
• Constructive boundaries where faulting / rifting
e.g. the Mid-Atlantic ridge
• Minor EQs are possible wherever deep fault lines
occur e.g. under UK or in areas of volcanic
activity e.g. Hawaii
(4)
Question Answer Mark
Number
1 (c) El Nino
Cyclone
(2)
8GE01 GCE Geography 5
0901
4. Question Answer Mark
Number
1 (d) • Hotspot is a place where two+ hazard risks found
• California has fire and tectonics amongst others
while Philippines has tectonics and cyclones
amongst others pr other valid hotspot e.g. New
Orleans has river flooding and hurricanes
• The disaster occurs when vulnerable people
encounter a hazard and suffer losses (Philippines)
or experience losses despite the precautions they
have taken (California)
• More specific details (of the vulnerable people or
names of plate boundaries, etc.) should be credited
for the named example.
Only credit one example.
Point mark but only award up to three marks if the
human disaster element is omitted.
(4)
8GE01 GCE Geography 6
0901
5. Question Answer Mark
Number
2 (a) D (8.3)
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
2 (b) • Recognition of overall increase in rate / more
losses
• Levels off after 2005
• Uses data / quantification of trend
(2)
Question Answer Mark
Number
2 (c) • Climate change is causing ice melt / ablation and
may know facts / data
• Rising greenhouse gas emissions are almost certainly
the cause of enhanced global warming and
additional detail may be credited (e.g. types of
radiation or names different gases)
• Global warming is more pronounced in Arctic areas
because they are at higher latitude due to wind
patterns / warming of water as sea ice melts
• As ice melts, albedo falls meaning less light is
reflected so problem worsens and this is a positive
feedback / a possible tipping point
• Permafrost melting releasing GHG methane
• Credit unexpected but relevant ideas
Max 3 if no reference made to Arctic areas. Do not
credit ozone hole explanation (very minor role)
2+2 (4)
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(d) • Species diversity changes may offer e.g.
• Biomes / treeline shift pole-wards and may offer
e.g.
• Loss of polar bear habitats e.g. hunt seals at air
holes on sea ice
• Marine food webs modified e.g. describes how
tropic levels affected
• New species colonise and area has e.g.
• Any other genuinely ecological impact
Do not credit non-ecological impacts (e.g. shipping
routes) . If two distinct ideas appear anywhere in the
answer space, give credit.
(4)
8GE01 GCE Geography 7
0901
6. Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a) 3 metres
5 metres
(2)
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(b) • Businesses damaged / cease trading
• Transport services / infrastructure disrupted
• Tourists may stop visiting
• Housing damage / costs of re-building
• Costs for insurance industry
• Medical costs for possible flood victims
• Any other sensible economic suggestion
Point mark. Do not accept non-economic statements
(e.g. ‘lives are lost’)
(3)
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(c) • More storms and extreme events / risks increase over
time and links can be made with climate change
• General rise in sea-level e.g. due to thermal
expansion, melting land ice
• Knowledge was imperfect when first walls built /
people did not know how high walls needed to be
due to a lack of data showing possible extremes /
return periods
• More property is also at risk as time passes in London
so value of possible damage has increased
• In some places, risk risen due to population growth
worsened by urbanisation / coastal migration
• Additional ideas could apply for Thames or other
regions including the role of storm surges or
isostatic processes causing land subsidence
(5)
8GE01 GCE Geography 8
0901
7. Question Answer Mark
Number
4 (a) North America
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
4 (b) Overall profit of $45 billion for China
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
4 (c) Point mark from: migration, TNC investment, capital
flows, aid, information, internet, air travel, shipping,
tourism, media (music and cultural exchanges), oil, food,
any other sensible suggestion can be viewed as a flow, or
movement, or type of migration, or exchange.
Do not accept: any manufactured goods (e.g. toys). Max
2 for a list of similar types (e.g. all are types of
transport, all are communications, all foods, etc.)
(3)
Question Answer Mark
Number
4 (d) • Low costs of labour e.g. Malaysia attracts Dyson
• Other workforce qualities e.g. English spoken in India
or child labour allowed
• EPZ policies of governments and may offer e.g.
• Other detail of attractive regime for foreign investors
e.g. trade unions banned in Indonesia or relaxed
environmental laws
• Emerging markets in Asia that firms can to sell goods
direct to, e.g. Tesco in Thailand
• Physical resources may have aided growth of
manufacturing, e.g. China has coal supplies
• Good global location / global hub location e.g. Pacific
Rim aids exports
• Infrastructure has been improved in NICs, e.g. with
WB/IMF loans
• External factors such as US investment (in Cold War)
Award mark for each basic idea or marks for a point
that is extended or exemplified using named NICs / TNCs
(5)
8GE01 GCE Geography 9
0901
8. Question Answer Mark
Number
5(a) • Foreign players have risen over time
• Little change since 2002
• Quotes data (rises by 100)
• By 2007, more foreign than UK players
(2)
Question Answer Mark
Number
5 (b) B (economic migrant)
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
5(c) • Employment contribution; may give a specific
example of unpopular work
• Specific skills shortages also exist e.g. NHS recruits
Polish dentists
• Taxes are also paid by migrants
• They are consumers of services
• Elite groups e.g. foreign club owners make very high
tax / consumption contribution
• Migrants replace falling population numbers / help
tackle rising dependency; extended ideas may be
offered e.g. keep schools open
• Social benefits include the positive contribution made
to sports, arts and cultural life; examples may be
offered
• Any other sensible suggestion (including possible
impacts for source region)
Award mark for each basic idea or marks for a point
that is extended or exemplified
(4)
8GE01 GCE Geography 10
0901
9. Question Answer Mark
Number
5(d) • Europeans have right of entry to UK due to EU this
explains the freedom of movement seen
• Dating from 2004 for the A8 / eastern nations and
for western Europe since 1993
• Migrants had a preference for UK because of booming
economy e.g. house-building in early 2000s
• Exchange rate encouraged migrants
• UK has specific job vacancies and may encourage
migration NHS needs Polish dentists
• The pull of UK cultural life and may have e.g.
• Push factors from countries like Poland include high
unemployment
• Free movement of students under various sponsored
schemes
• UK did not exercise right to restrict entry in 2004
For full marks expect some reference to ‘recent years’
(e.g. mentions 2004). Do not credit non-European
examples. Max 2 for list of generic pull factors.
(4)
8GE01 GCE Geography 11
0901
10. Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a) A firm operating in more than one country / many
countries / spread across borders / operating
internationally / working globally
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(b) • Cheaper to transport goods shorter distances
• Perishable goods e.g. salad needed locally
• Might avoid import tariffs (or similar)
• Builds local goodwill, helping sales
• Local sourcing good PR
Do not accept “cheaper”.
(2)
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(c) • Tastes differ from place to place may provide
example(s)
• Religious / cultural objections may provide an e.g.
such as religious diet pork, beef
• No market advantage in offering a uniform product if
people don’t like it / they make more money this way
• Climatic variability could affects availability of food
ingredients and may have example
• Safety or design issues and has example
• Any other sensible suggestion and example -
(4)
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(d) • Jobs / better wages an improvement on days of
low-paid primary / subsistence work
• Wages boost local consumption / sales of goods this
is a multiplier effect
• Local suppliers benefit from linkages and other supply
chain ideas may quote an example of assembly
industries
• Business taxes can be levied, allowing investment in
health and education thereby improving human
resources for the region / virtuous circle
• Direct investment in a nation’s welfare or
infrastructure may have example
• Foreign investment reflects well / gives prestige and
might spark further investment e.g. McDonald’s
Golden Arches become a desirable acquisition
(4)
8GE01 GCE Geography 12
0901
11. Question Number Indicative content
7(a) Droughts – Figure 7 provides details of one example, but good
answers are likely to use others (e.g. California) and detailed
definitions of drought provided (note these are not a requirement for
a Level 3 mark).
People – Specific sectors of activity (agriculture and tourism) may be
directly affected; other sectors may be unaffected or indirectly
affected (e.g. if transport is interrupted). Health and mortality may
be discussed and / or any underlying vulnerability.
Environment – hydrosphere and biosphere are connected, many
examples can be given. Recovery times vary, some species may be
more resilient than others.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Little structure. One or two general ideas about the impact of
drought on people or the environment. Mostly repeats content from
Figure 7.
Level 2 5-7 Provides some structure. May lack balance describing impacts on
people and the environment but begins to explain impacts.
Level 3 8-10 Well-structured and balanced account. Good explanation of how
drought affects both people and the environment. Likely to be well
exemplified.
Question Number Indicative content
7 (b) Hydro-met hazards – there are several to possibly discuss (floods,
hurricanes / cyclones, storms, droughts, etc.)
Increased frequency– may quote database evidence for trends (e.g.
CRED, Munich Re)
Explanation – there is evidence of climate change bringing greater
unpredictability / extreme events may be the rise (warmer water for
hurricanes); population growth has put more people at risk; El Nino /
La Nina ideas
Reported frequency – media makes it all seem to be getting worse
due to increased reportage
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Little structure. Descriptive account with a few general reasons for
increasing frequency or mentions some hazards.
Level 2 5-8 Some structure. Describes different hazard types and asserts that
they have increased due to climate change or identifies some of the
causes for increasing frequency. Any details or examples likely to be
generalised.
Level 3 9-12 Structured answer that describes and attempts to explain increasing
frequency. Likely to consider several reasons and be supported by
examples. At the top end, shows sound understanding of the hazard
concept (may mention and / or improved reporting). Examples are
specific or help explanation.
Level 4 13-15 Well structured, covering a range of hazards and factors. Explanation
is offered of increasing frequency. Recognises the issue is complex.
Good details and /or examples.
8GE01 GCE Geography 13
0901
12. Question Number Indicative content
8 (a) Needs to be taken – evidence suggests we cannot continue to rely
on existing fossil fuel supplies and hope to slow rates of warming
Different scales - Figure 8 shows no mitigation technology is
universally appropriate / possible / cheap / reliable / popular – thus
a range will be needed for most societies, introduced across a range
of scales for action. May quote ‘think global, act local’ rationale.
Give appropriate credit to responses that include a range of
mitigation strategies other than the ones shown.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Little structure. A few general ideas on why action needs to be
taken. Unlikely to develop idea of scale. Or recognises climate
change needs fighting.
Level 2 5-7 Offers some reasons for action at a range of scales. Some structured
use of Figure 8 likely. May develop own ideas at top end.
Level 3 8-10 Well structured with a range of reasons for actions / responses
linked to different needs. Recognition offered that geographical
contexts and scales vary and that no single ‘silver bullet’ solution
yet exists.
Question Number Indicative content
8 (b) Governments – key players who need to work together if a global
agreement is to be effective. EU, US, China, Bangladesh are likely to
feature in students answers, as well as Kyoto. Urgency for Maldives,
etc.
More willing than others – not all nations have agreed to act to the
same level; economic growth is a priority (e.g. China); credit
crunch; financial resources to act may be lacking; possible regional
bias within the scientific community (US research community has big
business / TNC funding); the complexities are an issue / evidence
remains controversial for some governments and their people;
accept other reasons
Tackle – there is a difference between adaptation and mitigation
and the paths different governments favour.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 One or two statements about how not everyone agrees climate
change is that big a problem (or exists at all). Lacks examples.
Level 2 5-8 Some structure, with some reasons why governments differ in their
responses. Generalised examples, details lacking.
Level 3 9-12 Structured account dealing with the reasons for the different views
and actions of a range of governments. At top end may address
meaning of “tackle” (adaptation or mitigation). Examples are more
detailed.
Level 4 13-15 Structured explanation of how a range of governments (regional,
national and supranational e.g. EU) are responding to climate
change, and why willingness to act varies. Uses detailed examples
and real-world knowledge.
8GE01 GCE Geography 14
0901
13. Question Number Indicative content
9 (a) Changing distribution of world billionaires– invites discussion of the
places in the world where they are starting to be found in greater
numbers - notably the rise in Asia. However, north American
continues to dominate and best answers should distinguish between
absolute and relative rises in numbers shown. NB knowledge of
credit crunch changes not essential but reward if there.
Reasons – the global economy / globalisation / new technology all
provide great opportunities for wealth creation and investment.
Many billionaires are owners of large TNCs who are going “from
strength to strength”. Rise of middle-classes in Asia has boosted
consumerism there, making indigenous business community richer
(best answers may recognise not all modern TNCs have their origins
in Europe and America). Russian oil billionaires may feature in some
accounts.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Little structure. A series of statements which describe the resource
or generalise about globalisation creating more money.
Level 2 5-7 Some structure in a descriptive account which begins to explain
rising wealth on a regional basis (may mention Asian ‘miracle’). Can
identify different general factors (e.g. likely to mention role of TNCs
and new technology).
Level 3 8-10 Well-structured answer that suggests reasons for rising wealth in
different regions using a range of factors with some detailed
supporting knowledge.
8GE01 GCE Geography 15
0901
14. Question Number Indicative content
9 (b) Globalisation – globalisation integrates societies into the global
economy but has social / cultural effects too
Moral and social consequences – worker exploitation (sweat-shops
and agricultural sector, and even call centres); threat to cultural
diversities; possible adverse impacts on families, individuals (e.g.
girls in prostitution), credit moral concerns for the environment /
sustainable futures; accept other moral / social ideas [Do not expect
distinction to always be made between moral and social even in top
band].
Concern – a more equitable world is seen as desirable by many
people but may be difficult to achieve. Individuals, societies,
businesses can all show concern and for different reasons e.g.
businesses have image to uphold.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Little structure. One or two statements about sweatshops with a few
generalised details.
Level 2 5-8 Some structure and has some ideas about how globalisation has
moral / social consequences for some people. Examples named but
not detailed.
Level 3 9-12 Structured account that explains moral / social consequences
globalisation in different contexts. At the top end, may broaden to
include more than one industrial sector or more than one
interpretation of social (e.g. impact on indigenous cultures).
Examples have some details.
Level 4 13-15 Structured thoughtful explanatory account that moral / social
consequences of globalisation within a broader context. Well-
supported by detailed examples.
Question Number Indicative content
10 (a) Urgent need to improve - conditions are famously poor. The
illustration suggests a range of problems, all of which it may be
asserted are a cause for concern. Recognition may be shown that
this is a destination for rural-urban newcomers – and that problems
are likely to worsen if solutions are not found.
Residential slums – the political and economic reality for many
megacities is that the slums need to be ‘up-graded’ rather than
replaced with formal housing (due to costs). Residents are also the
life-blood of the city – providing workers for TNCs, etc.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 Some problems are described using information from map.
Level 2 5-7 Some structure – can offer categories for concern(e.g. health,
services, education and the legality of activity). At top end may
begin to recognise that developing these areas into ‘sustainable’
housing is a good management solution for lower-income nations /
is required for further economic progression.
Level 3 8-10 Structured examination of a range of problems and the need to
tackle them either in Mumbai or elsewhere. At this level, the
context of a megacity under pressure is made explicit –
8GE01 GCE Geography 16
0901
15. acknowledging that numbers will continue to rise, and that money
may not actually be available to replace slums with formal housing
for the city’s workers.
Question Number Indicative content
10 (b) Megacity – accept definitions of cities or urban conurbations in the
range 8 to 10 million and upwards
Explanation of growth– rural push factors (population growth in
rural areas, agricultural modernisation, lack of opportunities) and
urban pull factors (TNC / global hub ideas / development schemes);
also credit importance of technology and transport.
Many – not all megacities are growing as rapidly as others(e.g. New
York), and good answers may pick up on this. Treat London
conurbation as a megacity but not as an example of rapid growth.
Level Mark Descriptor
Level 1 1-4 One or two statements about why cities grow. Lacks examples.
Level 2 5-8 Some structure in a description of growth that relies on generic
urban push and pull factors. Context of megacity may not be
explicitly addressed. Names some cities but little detail.
Level 3 9-12 Structured examination that includes a range of push and pull
factors with details appropriate to the study of megacities (e.g.
hubs for major TNC investment). Examples are detailed.
Level 4 13-15 Structured thoughtful account that provides excellent details of
push-pull mechanisms. May show heightened awareness of local
conditions(e.g. relaxation of migration laws in China or slower
growth in some OECD megacities). Examples or details impress.
8GE01 GCE Geography 17
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