The document summarizes water issues and conflicts in South and East Asia, focusing on the Himalayan region. It discusses how the Himalayas are a key water source for major rivers through glacial melt and seasonal monsoon rains. Billions depend on this water but population growth and urbanization are increasing demand while climate change is reducing supply by causing glacial retreat. This creates tensions, as seen in territorial disputes and conflicts over dam construction between countries that share these cross-border rivers. Future food and water security could be threatened for over 3 billion people in the region unless these issues are effectively addressed.
This document appears to be a Malay language workbook for teaching young children to write letters of the alphabet. It includes exercises for coloring and writing individual letters, as well as exercises for distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase letters. For each letter from A to J, there are instructions to color the letter, write the letter with the corresponding word, and complete uppercase and lowercase identification activities.
Contested planet resource booklet june 2010Sally Longford
The document provides information about the challenges facing biodiversity in Pacific small island developing states (SIDS). Key points include:
- Pacific SIDS have high levels of biodiversity but it is threatened, with up to 50% of species at risk. Threats include habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
- Coral reefs, forests, and marine life are ecologically and economically important but vulnerable to threats like overfishing, logging, and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
- Climate change poses severe risks like sea level rise, which could make some low-lying Pacific islands uninhabitable.
This document provides feedback on essays and guidance for improvement. Key points include:
1) Students must thoroughly review comments and grading rubrics to understand where marks were lost.
2) Essays should be several pages long and include a variety of recent, global case studies from different sources to earn high marks.
3) Introductions need to clearly establish the purpose and include relevant context. Conclusions should thoroughly summarize case studies.
4) Analysis must discuss both positive and negative impacts on people and consider a range of perspectives, rather than simplistic statements.
This document contains data analysis from sampling points in the Lace Market/Creative Quarter area. It includes bipolar raw and mean data from 20 points, as well as counts of pedestrians, cycles, cars, and other vehicles at each point. Additional data sections provide information on graffiti, vegetation, activity surveys, and a pie chart showing land use percentages.
This document contains resource materials for an exam on global challenges, including figures and data related to topics like natural disasters, climate change, globalization, migration, population change, and technological innovation. Specifically:
- Figure 1 shows the increasing number of reported natural disasters per year from 1900 to 2000.
- Figure 2 outlines the differences between climate change mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (preparing for consequences).
- Figure 5 presents UK immigration and emigration statistics from 1998 to 2008 that show immigration increasing while emigration decreases.
- Figures 7 and 10 illustrate the growth and changing distribution of world megacities, showing their increasing numbers, sizes, and locations over time.
This document contains notes from progress tests on various topics:
1. The grade boundaries for the progress test, ranging from A to E. Most students were expected to score between A-C.
2. Key points about average income and variations between countries. Developing countries rely on manufacturing or trade, while quality of life is improving. Oil wealth contributes significantly to variations between some countries.
3. Factors affecting internet connectivity between Europe and Africa. Physical barriers like mountains and deserts impact Africa more, while certain coastal areas and countries have better connectivity.
That's a high-level summary of the key information provided in the document in 3 sentences. Let me know if you need any clarification
Ethiopia belongs to the LDCs or Less Developed Countries. An example of an NIC is South Korea. NICs are middle-income industrializing nations like South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil. Figure 4 shows evidence of a two speed world with wide differences in GDP per capita between advanced economies like the OECD nations and developing nations like the LDCs and NICs.
This document appears to be a Malay language workbook for teaching young children to write letters of the alphabet. It includes exercises for coloring and writing individual letters, as well as exercises for distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase letters. For each letter from A to J, there are instructions to color the letter, write the letter with the corresponding word, and complete uppercase and lowercase identification activities.
Contested planet resource booklet june 2010Sally Longford
The document provides information about the challenges facing biodiversity in Pacific small island developing states (SIDS). Key points include:
- Pacific SIDS have high levels of biodiversity but it is threatened, with up to 50% of species at risk. Threats include habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
- Coral reefs, forests, and marine life are ecologically and economically important but vulnerable to threats like overfishing, logging, and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
- Climate change poses severe risks like sea level rise, which could make some low-lying Pacific islands uninhabitable.
This document provides feedback on essays and guidance for improvement. Key points include:
1) Students must thoroughly review comments and grading rubrics to understand where marks were lost.
2) Essays should be several pages long and include a variety of recent, global case studies from different sources to earn high marks.
3) Introductions need to clearly establish the purpose and include relevant context. Conclusions should thoroughly summarize case studies.
4) Analysis must discuss both positive and negative impacts on people and consider a range of perspectives, rather than simplistic statements.
This document contains data analysis from sampling points in the Lace Market/Creative Quarter area. It includes bipolar raw and mean data from 20 points, as well as counts of pedestrians, cycles, cars, and other vehicles at each point. Additional data sections provide information on graffiti, vegetation, activity surveys, and a pie chart showing land use percentages.
This document contains resource materials for an exam on global challenges, including figures and data related to topics like natural disasters, climate change, globalization, migration, population change, and technological innovation. Specifically:
- Figure 1 shows the increasing number of reported natural disasters per year from 1900 to 2000.
- Figure 2 outlines the differences between climate change mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (preparing for consequences).
- Figure 5 presents UK immigration and emigration statistics from 1998 to 2008 that show immigration increasing while emigration decreases.
- Figures 7 and 10 illustrate the growth and changing distribution of world megacities, showing their increasing numbers, sizes, and locations over time.
This document contains notes from progress tests on various topics:
1. The grade boundaries for the progress test, ranging from A to E. Most students were expected to score between A-C.
2. Key points about average income and variations between countries. Developing countries rely on manufacturing or trade, while quality of life is improving. Oil wealth contributes significantly to variations between some countries.
3. Factors affecting internet connectivity between Europe and Africa. Physical barriers like mountains and deserts impact Africa more, while certain coastal areas and countries have better connectivity.
That's a high-level summary of the key information provided in the document in 3 sentences. Let me know if you need any clarification
Ethiopia belongs to the LDCs or Less Developed Countries. An example of an NIC is South Korea. NICs are middle-income industrializing nations like South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil. Figure 4 shows evidence of a two speed world with wide differences in GDP per capita between advanced economies like the OECD nations and developing nations like the LDCs and NICs.
This document provides feedback on a mock exam. It includes:
- Grade boundaries for the exam of A=50, B=46, C=43, D=40, E=37.
- Feedback on student responses to different exam questions about rebranding an area, providing evidence from photos and discussing players involved.
- Tips for improving responses, such as being precise about sources and locations, and mentioning results from fieldwork and research.
Assessing the 4 options against the criteria in figure 10Sally Longford
The document assesses 4 energy options - nuclear power, shale gas, bioethanol, and concentrated solar power (CSP) - based on environmental impacts, cost, security of supply, and reliability. Nuclear power scores well on reliability but poorly on environmental impacts and cost. Shale gas has low costs in some areas but environmental and supply security concerns. Bioethanol could increase food prices and rely on harvests. CSP is expensive initially but long-lasting and reliable, relying on solar resources in stable regions.
This document provides an overview of key themes and considerations for choosing energy solutions in Europe:
1. Climate change is driving the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming, as required by the Kyoto Protocol.
2. European countries want energy solutions that support economic growth while keeping costs low.
3. Solutions must achieve sustainable development by meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Cutting energy demand through measures like insulation, efficiency improvements, and renewable energy adoption can also help address these issues. No single solution can resolve the challenges, and all options have pros and cons.
The Lace Market area in Nottingham has undergone various regeneration projects since the 1970s with some successes in attracting new developments like the National Ice Centre and Nottingham Contemporary arts center to boost the local economy, but full regeneration is still a work in progress as evidenced by mixed evidence found on street views of the area and businesses reporting increased foot traffic but galleries saying increased awareness will take more time.
The summary provides feedback on a student's mock AS exam, identifying several areas in need of improvement:
1) The student performed poorly and needs significant revision, as an A Level requires advanced understanding beyond GCSE.
2) Common mistakes included not knowing key topics, lacking examples, misreading questions, and weaknesses in understanding concepts like El Nino, volcanic eruptions, food insecurity and migration push/pull factors.
3) To improve, the student must thoroughly review mistakes, learn definitions, basics of topics like climate change and hazards, and study required case studies in detail.
Global Challenges Mark Scheme January 2012Sally Longford
The document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam on global challenges. It outlines the general marking guidance instructing examiners to mark candidates positively and use the full range of marks. It also provides specific guidance on marking for individual questions on the exam, identifying what examiners should award marks for in candidate responses.
(1) Landslides and avalanches are natural hazards found in mountainous areas.
(2) Landslides occur where there are steep slopes and cliffs near the coast or inland, and their risk is increased by earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and human activities like deforestation.
(3) Avalanches are more common in areas with heavy snowfall and glaciers at high elevations. The risk of these hazards affecting people is greater in locations that are inhabited.
The document provides instructions for a webquest to visualize and understand differences in development levels between countries over time using the Gapminder website. It guides the user to select countries and view graphs of changes in life expectancy and GDP per capita historically, and to capture screenshots of the graphs to paste into a Word document. It also directs the user to access maps and data on the Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Inequality-Adjusted HDI on the UNDP website to further understand development gaps between nations.
This document summarizes information about the concentration of global economic power. It finds that power is concentrated in transnational corporations based mostly in North America and Europe. It also finds that the world's richest people and most influential global cities are predominantly located in these regions as well, suggesting economic power remains unevenly distributed globally, concentrated in Western nations.
Nottingham has undertaken several urban rebranding efforts to change its image and regenerate parts of the city. These include rebranding the Lace Market area near the new tram stop through environmental improvements and attracting new commercial and residential developments. Another project, The Hub, aimed to rebrand the run-down railway station area through a £60 million investment that included refurbishing the station, improving retail, and regenerating surrounding land. A third rebranding involved transforming the old canal district through landscaping and developments like the contemporary art gallery that boosted local business and tourism.
This document discusses various case studies of rural rebranding efforts:
1) National Forest in Great Britain was rebranded by planting millions of trees to attract tourism and make the area more sustainable.
2) Newstead Village was struggling after coal mine closure but won funds to build attractions like fishing lakes to employ youth and reduce crime.
3) Wirksworth in England rebranded through cultural festivals and events to attract artists and professionals and boost the local economy.
This document provides information about an exam board and qualifications offered, as well as contact details for subject advisors. It includes a mark scheme for a geography exam that provides guidance to examiners on marking answers. The mark scheme outlines the types of responses expected and how marks should be awarded. It also provides examples of responses that should not receive credit.
This document provides a mark scheme for the January 2012 GCE Geography (6GE02) Paper 01 Geographical Investigations exam. It outlines the general guidance on marking, including looking for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalize. It also provides the specific level descriptors and indicative content for each question on the exam.
The document provides guidance for marking the GCE Geography exam paper. It outlines general marking principles and additional comments specific to the exam. It also provides a mark scheme for Question 1, including indicative content for parts (a) and (b) and level descriptors for scoring candidate responses.
This document provides a mark scheme for a GCE Geography exam from Edexcel. It outlines the general guidance examiners should follow when marking responses, including looking for what students do correctly rather than faults. It then provides indicative content and descriptors to guide examiners for each question on the exam. The mark scheme emphasizes rewarding students' understanding and use of geographical concepts and terminology.
This document provides information about Edexcel, an examining and awarding body, and details about their GCE qualifications and support services. It outlines Edexcel's network of UK and international offices that provide support to centres, and lists contact details for subject-specific questions about GCE content and exams. The document establishes Edexcel as an examining body and provides their contact information.
The document summarizes the Mark Scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It provides information about Edexcel as the examining body, details on how to contact them for subject specific questions, and lists the question topics that will be covered in the exam, including describing characteristics of storms and investigating weather conditions through fieldwork. The document serves to outline the format and expectations of the exam.
This document provides feedback on a mock exam. It includes:
- Grade boundaries for the exam of A=50, B=46, C=43, D=40, E=37.
- Feedback on student responses to different exam questions about rebranding an area, providing evidence from photos and discussing players involved.
- Tips for improving responses, such as being precise about sources and locations, and mentioning results from fieldwork and research.
Assessing the 4 options against the criteria in figure 10Sally Longford
The document assesses 4 energy options - nuclear power, shale gas, bioethanol, and concentrated solar power (CSP) - based on environmental impacts, cost, security of supply, and reliability. Nuclear power scores well on reliability but poorly on environmental impacts and cost. Shale gas has low costs in some areas but environmental and supply security concerns. Bioethanol could increase food prices and rely on harvests. CSP is expensive initially but long-lasting and reliable, relying on solar resources in stable regions.
This document provides an overview of key themes and considerations for choosing energy solutions in Europe:
1. Climate change is driving the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming, as required by the Kyoto Protocol.
2. European countries want energy solutions that support economic growth while keeping costs low.
3. Solutions must achieve sustainable development by meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Cutting energy demand through measures like insulation, efficiency improvements, and renewable energy adoption can also help address these issues. No single solution can resolve the challenges, and all options have pros and cons.
The Lace Market area in Nottingham has undergone various regeneration projects since the 1970s with some successes in attracting new developments like the National Ice Centre and Nottingham Contemporary arts center to boost the local economy, but full regeneration is still a work in progress as evidenced by mixed evidence found on street views of the area and businesses reporting increased foot traffic but galleries saying increased awareness will take more time.
The summary provides feedback on a student's mock AS exam, identifying several areas in need of improvement:
1) The student performed poorly and needs significant revision, as an A Level requires advanced understanding beyond GCSE.
2) Common mistakes included not knowing key topics, lacking examples, misreading questions, and weaknesses in understanding concepts like El Nino, volcanic eruptions, food insecurity and migration push/pull factors.
3) To improve, the student must thoroughly review mistakes, learn definitions, basics of topics like climate change and hazards, and study required case studies in detail.
Global Challenges Mark Scheme January 2012Sally Longford
The document provides a mark scheme for a geography exam on global challenges. It outlines the general marking guidance instructing examiners to mark candidates positively and use the full range of marks. It also provides specific guidance on marking for individual questions on the exam, identifying what examiners should award marks for in candidate responses.
(1) Landslides and avalanches are natural hazards found in mountainous areas.
(2) Landslides occur where there are steep slopes and cliffs near the coast or inland, and their risk is increased by earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and human activities like deforestation.
(3) Avalanches are more common in areas with heavy snowfall and glaciers at high elevations. The risk of these hazards affecting people is greater in locations that are inhabited.
The document provides instructions for a webquest to visualize and understand differences in development levels between countries over time using the Gapminder website. It guides the user to select countries and view graphs of changes in life expectancy and GDP per capita historically, and to capture screenshots of the graphs to paste into a Word document. It also directs the user to access maps and data on the Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Inequality-Adjusted HDI on the UNDP website to further understand development gaps between nations.
This document summarizes information about the concentration of global economic power. It finds that power is concentrated in transnational corporations based mostly in North America and Europe. It also finds that the world's richest people and most influential global cities are predominantly located in these regions as well, suggesting economic power remains unevenly distributed globally, concentrated in Western nations.
Nottingham has undertaken several urban rebranding efforts to change its image and regenerate parts of the city. These include rebranding the Lace Market area near the new tram stop through environmental improvements and attracting new commercial and residential developments. Another project, The Hub, aimed to rebrand the run-down railway station area through a £60 million investment that included refurbishing the station, improving retail, and regenerating surrounding land. A third rebranding involved transforming the old canal district through landscaping and developments like the contemporary art gallery that boosted local business and tourism.
This document discusses various case studies of rural rebranding efforts:
1) National Forest in Great Britain was rebranded by planting millions of trees to attract tourism and make the area more sustainable.
2) Newstead Village was struggling after coal mine closure but won funds to build attractions like fishing lakes to employ youth and reduce crime.
3) Wirksworth in England rebranded through cultural festivals and events to attract artists and professionals and boost the local economy.
This document provides information about an exam board and qualifications offered, as well as contact details for subject advisors. It includes a mark scheme for a geography exam that provides guidance to examiners on marking answers. The mark scheme outlines the types of responses expected and how marks should be awarded. It also provides examples of responses that should not receive credit.
This document provides a mark scheme for the January 2012 GCE Geography (6GE02) Paper 01 Geographical Investigations exam. It outlines the general guidance on marking, including looking for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalize. It also provides the specific level descriptors and indicative content for each question on the exam.
The document provides guidance for marking the GCE Geography exam paper. It outlines general marking principles and additional comments specific to the exam. It also provides a mark scheme for Question 1, including indicative content for parts (a) and (b) and level descriptors for scoring candidate responses.
This document provides a mark scheme for a GCE Geography exam from Edexcel. It outlines the general guidance examiners should follow when marking responses, including looking for what students do correctly rather than faults. It then provides indicative content and descriptors to guide examiners for each question on the exam. The mark scheme emphasizes rewarding students' understanding and use of geographical concepts and terminology.
This document provides information about Edexcel, an examining and awarding body, and details about their GCE qualifications and support services. It outlines Edexcel's network of UK and international offices that provide support to centres, and lists contact details for subject-specific questions about GCE content and exams. The document establishes Edexcel as an examining body and provides their contact information.
The document summarizes the Mark Scheme for the January 2009 GCE Geography exam for Edexcel. It provides information about Edexcel as the examining body, details on how to contact them for subject specific questions, and lists the question topics that will be covered in the exam, including describing characteristics of storms and investigating weather conditions through fieldwork. The document serves to outline the format and expectations of the exam.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. SECTION B Figure 2: Countries of South and East Asia
The following resources relate to Question 6.
WATER CONFLICTS
WATER RESOURCES IN THE HIMALAYA
Within Asia the Himalaya mountain range and
Tibetan Plateau are key sources of water supply.
The highest and largest plateau in the world,
it contains over 45,000 glaciers. The area has
huge stocks of water in the form of snow and
ice, with a total area of 35,110 km2 of glacier and
ice cover. Rivers rising within this mountainous
region, many of them transboundary in nature,
supply millions of people with their fresh water
(Figure 1) and include the Yangtze, Mekong,
Ganges and Hwang Ho.
Figure 3: Selected territorial disputes
Figure 1: River basins in the region
India / Long running dispute over Jammu
Pakistan and Kashmir
Dispute over Aksai Chin area on
India / China India’s NW border and Arunachal
Pradesh on its NE border
Disputed border in the Kalapani
India / Nepal
area of western Nepal
India / Numerous disputed enclaves and
Bangladesh border lines
Disputes along the border
China /
between Bhutan and Chinese
Bhutan
1 Indus 6 Mekong occupied Tibet e.g. the Kula Kangri
2 Ganges 7 Red Cambodia / Several disputes including the
3 Brahmaputra 8 Pearl Thailand temple area at Preah Vihear
4 Irrawaddy 9 Yangtze
5 Salween 10 Hwang Ho Annual precipitation in the region is highly
seasonal (Figure 4). In many locations the
The countries of South and East Asia which monsoon can be extremely variable in terms
rely (wholly or in part) on Himalayan water had of strength and timing. Some 2 billion people
a population of over 3 billion people in 2008 depend on rivers fed by snow and ice from the
(Figure 2). The mountainous and jungle borders mountain and plateau region.
of the region have a long history of territorial Water resources in the region show wide
disputes, many of which remain unresolved variations. Some countries have ample
(Figure 3). Himalayan melt water is especially renewable water per capita (Figure 5) whereas
important for river discharge outside of the main others fall well below the world average. In
monsoon seasons. addition, many countries depend on water
sources which originate outside the country
(Figure 6).
3
W39941A
Turn over
4. Figure 4: Annual precipitation Figure 5: Water resources
Total renewable water per capita % of total
(m3/ year) renewable
freshwater
resources
1988-92 2003-07 used in
2002
Bangladesh 10000 7000 7
Bhutan 177000 115000 0.5
Cambodia 46000 33000 1
China 2400 2100 22
India 2100 1600 34
Laos 75000 55000 1
Burma 25000 21000 3
Nepal 10500 7500 5
Pakistan 1900 1300 75
Thailand 7000 6500 20
Vietnam 13000 10000 8
WORLD 34100 25300 20
(Source: FAO Aquastat database)
Figure 6: Percentage of total renewable water
resources originating outside the country
In common with many rivers originating in the Laos 43%
Himalaya Range, the Ganges is increasingly Bangladesh 91% Burma 16%
engineered to control flow and divert water. The Bhutan 0% Nepal 6%
Tehri Dam, which became operational in 2006, Cambodia 75% Pakistan 77%
diverts 270 million gallons of drinking water China 1% Thailand 49%
per day. The Farakka Barrage, only 18km from India 34% Vietnam 59%
the Bangladeshi border, reduced the average
monthly discharge of the Ganges from over 2000 Figure 7: Projected population growth in 4
m3/sec to under 400 m3/sec. Increasingly, the countries
Himalayan nations are building dams for flood Population Population
control, water supply and hydropower. Nepal, %
(millions) (millions)
Pakistan, India and Bhutan had constructed increase
2002 2025
(working or being built) around 150 dams by
India 1049 1330 27%
2008 and had plans for over 400 more projects
Pakistan 151 269 78%
(Source: Mountains of Concrete: Dam Building in
Bangladesh 138 180 30%
the Himalayas, International Rivers 2008).
Vietnam 82 110 34%
Some of the countries in the region are There are a number of threats to future water
expected to experience significant increases supply within the region. These are likely to
in population by 2025 as shown in Figure 7. In intensify in the future. Figure 8 shows that
addition, increasing numbers of people in many within the region, agriculture is the dominant
Himalayan countries are moving to urban areas end use of most water but this may change over
from the countryside. time. Industrial water demand is rising in some
countries as they move towards a more industrial
and urban way of life. Industrialisation
increases water use. Some transnational
companies, such as Coca-Cola in India, have
caused controversy by allegedly using local
water supply unsustainably.
4
W39941A
5. Figure 8: Water use by sector Figure 9: Projections for 2025
Irrigated
Water supply
cereal area
requirement
(million
(km3 / yr)
hectares)
1995 10.3 178
Pakistan
2025 12.2 203
Vietnam, 1995 6.3 39
Cambodia,
Thailand 2025 8.7 61
1995 74 359
China
2025 103 504
Source: (Water Use for Agriculture in Priority River Basins,
WWF, 2003)
Climate change in the Himalaya region has
caused increasing alarm and controversy, with
(Source: FAO Aquastat 1998-2002 data)
questions raised over the accuracy of some data
Urban development also places pressure on in the 2007 IPCC 4th Assessment. Despite this,
water resources. In India the urban population there is a consensus that glaciers in the Himalaya
swelled to 325 million by 2001 – a similar Range and Tibetan Plateau are in retreat, as they
picture is being repeated across South and East are elsewhere in the world (Figure 10).
Asia. In many locations urban authorities have Figure 10: Mass balance change for glaciers in
struggled to keep pace with demand. Delhi, with four regions
a population of 16 million people in 2008, suffers
from a number of problems:
· Old, leaking and inadequate water mains
which mean 40% of incoming supply is lost.
· Illegal connections to water mains which
siphon off up to 25% of supply and is not
metered or paid for.
· A daily need for around 4275 million litres of
water, but a supply of only 3375 million litres.
· 1000s of unregulated and illegal wells, which
have left 75% of groundwater supplies
depleted and water table levels falling by up
to 10 metres per year.
· Up to 4300 million litres of waste and sewage
discharged into rivers daily.
Agricultural water demand is set to rise
significantly in the region as populations grow (Source: adapted from ‘Settling the Science on Himalayan
and increasing wealth leads to more protein- Glaciers’, Nature, 2010)
rich diets. In many farming areas the crops are Other possible climate changes reported by
‘thirsty’ cereals which rely on irrigation. Figure the IPCC include rising average temperatures,
9 shows one estimate of expanded irrigated a decline in summer precipitation over the
crop area and water demand. About 60% of the central parts of arid and semi-arid Asia, leading
discharge of the Ganges is diverted for large to periodic severe water stress conditions.
scale irrigation. Increasing rainfall intensity, particularly during
the summer monsoon, is leading to rising flood
risks in Asia (e.g. the Pakistan floods of 2010).
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Turn over
6. Figure 11: Three water management schemes
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY
· Multiple Use Water Systems have been built
in Nepal supported by the NGO, Practical
Action. They use local materials and simple
technology to bring water to where it is
needed.
· Gravity, and a system of pipes, move water
from springs and streams to supply agriculture
and people. This can provide families with over
1000 litres of water per day for a multitude of
uses – water that previously had to be carried
by hand.
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Lower Mekong River:
Mekong River Commission (MRC)
Formed in 1995, the MRC is an agreement between
Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. These
countries share the waters of the Mekong River. In
1995 the four countries signed the “Agreement on
the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of
the Mekong River Basin”. China (where the Mekong
rises) and Burma are not formal members. The
Mekong is critically important to the countries that
share it:
· 50% of Thailand’s arable land lies just west of
the Mekong
· 17 million people live in the Mekong Delta
and it supports over 50% of Vietnam’s rice
production
· half of all Cambodians rely on water, fish and
other resources from Lake Tonle Sap, which the
Mekong fills.
Upstream, the Mekong in Laos and China has
significant HEP and water supply potential which
the MRC is designed to manage.
LARGE DAMS
Pakistan Water and Power Development
Diamer-Bhasha dam, Pakistan
Authority EIA of Diamer-Bhasha dam:
Plans to construct a multi-purpose dam on the
Environment Impact Assessment
River Indus in Diamer Province upstream of the
• 32 villages affected
existing Tarbela dam date back to the 1980s. The
• 4228 households affected
4500MW hydropower dam would store water (for
• 30,350 population affected
irrigation, domestic and industrial consumption)
• 2660 hectares of agricultural land
and contribute to flood and drought management.
submerged
Cost estimates range from US$ 8-13 billion if
• 100km of major highways
the project is started as planned in 2010 for
submerged
completion in 2016. It has been reported that the
• More than 33,000 prehistoric rock
World Bank has refused to fund the mega-project
carvings submerged
and that it may be funded, and built, by China.
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7. View 1 View 5
“The gross per capita water availability in India “China has rejected claims that its dams on
is projected to decline from about 1,820 m3/yr the Mekong River are to blame for record low
in 2001 to as little as 1,140 m3/yr in 2050, as water levels in downstream nations. Speaking
a result of population growth. Another study at a summit in Thailand, China’s vice foreign
indicates that India will reach a state of water minister said drought and not hydropower
stress before 2025, when the availability is was to blame for the reduced river flow.
projected to fall below 1,000 m3 per capita. Parts of the river are at their lowest levels
These changes are due to climatic and in 50 years. Further downstream, drought,
demographic factors. The relative contribution salt deposits and reduced soil nutrients are
of these factors is not known.” threatening food production in the rice bowls
Climate Change and Water (Technical Paper of Cambodia and Vietnam. China has eight
of the IPCC, Geneva, 2008) planned or existing dams on the river and says
it wants more.”
View 2 BBC News website, 2010.
“Initial studies of how the rivers will respond
to ice loss show modest changes in stream View 6
flow - far from the IPCC report’s dire scenario “The primary benefit of dams and reservoirs
of rivers running dry. Even if the glaciers in the world is water supply. Most dams are
were lost completely, flows down the Indus built for several purposes including irrigation
would drop about 15% overall, with little or for agriculture (food supply), flood control,
no change in the dry-season flow, one recent hydropower, inland navigation and recreation.
study found.” This produces a broad range of domestic and
Settling the science on Himalayan glaciers economic benefits from a single investment.
(Nature, 2010) An additional local benefit is the employment
opportunities during the multiple year
View 3 construction of a reservoir project.”
“Problems of water stress are already prevalent Swiss Committee on dams, 1999
in the region, due to the increasing demands
of domestic, agriculture, industry and the Websites for further research:
growing population. Rapid urbanisation,
population explosion and haphazard http://www.mrcmekong.org/
development are the main causes of the The website of the Mekong River Commission.
increasing pressure on our vulnerable
freshwater resources. Thus, any reduction http://practicalaction.org/
in the availability of freshwater could have Practical Action (formerly the ITDG) is an NGO
serious consequences for food security, which works worldwide on development
people’s livelihoods, industrial growth and issues.
environmental sustainability the world over.”
An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, http://www.internationalrivers.org/
and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and International Rivers is a non-profit NGO
China (WWF Nepal Program, 2005) founded in 1985 to address the impact of
dams.
View 4
“China has already built 4 dams on the Mekong http://www.wapda.gov.pk/
without really consulting its downstream The website of the Pakistani Government’s
neighbours, and plans many more. What Water and Power Development Authority.
the Chinese are doing shows a selfish lack of
concern for the serious damage their dams will
ultimately do to downstream countries.”
Anonymous view from Cambodia
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