6. Start with a systemic survey using a
curvilinear probe to get an overview over the
different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Proceed with a high-frequency linear probe
to obtain details and focus on the actual
problem.
7. It is possible to scan the distal esophagus & GEJ by
tilting the probe cranially in the epigastrium.
The stomach is scanned in longitudinal and
transverse sections via a sub xiphoidal approach from
the cardia to the pylorus using the left lobe of the
liver as acoustic window
The fundus of the stomach can be demonstrated in a
translienal view (through the spleen).
10. The muscular layer of the stomach, especially
that of the antrum, is more pronounced than
in other parts of the intestine.
In a non-distended condition the mucosal folds
of the gastric corpus and fundus are well
demonstrable
12. The duodenum is identified by its “C-shaped”
course around the pancreatic head.
The first part of the duodenum is seen just
distal to the pylorus.
The third part of the duodenum lies between
the aorta and the superior mesenteric vessels
13. Duodenum 2nd & 3rd parts
Gall bladder
2nd part duodenum
Liver
Pancreas
3rd part duodenum
SMV
SMA
14. The jejunum is usually located in the left
upper and mid abdomen and the ileum in the
right mid and lower abdomen.
The right iliac vessels are a landmark of the
ileocecal region
15. The valvulae conniventes are typical of the
small intestine.
They decrease in number and height from the
proximal jejunum to the distal ileum.
They are best visible when bowel loops are
fluid filled
17. The colon is characterized by its haustration
which using US is best visible at the ascending
and transverse colon.
The left hemicolon is seen more often in a
contracted condition
19. Beginning at the right anterior superior iliac
spine and moving medially to the edge of the
rectus muscles in a sagittal plane, the right
common iliac vessels are identified.
20. Rotating anticlockwise to a transverse plane
and moving cranially, the first bowel loop
crossing from medial to lateral is identified as
the terminal ileum.
21. This is followed to the ileocaecal valve and
caecum.
The base of the appendix can be identified at
the deep margin of the caecum where the three
taenia coli meet
28. The ascending colon is followed up towards
the hepatic flexure.
The rest of the colon can be followed via the
transverse segment distally towards the
rectum.
29. Intercostal imaging may be required to
visualize the splenic flexure.
Elevating the left arm and rotating to a partial
right decubitus position with straight left leg
can improve image acquisition
30. Beginning at the left anterior superior iliac
crest and moving medially to the edge of the
rectus muscles in a sagittal plane, the left
common iliac vessels are identified.
31. Rotating clockwise to a transverse plane and
moving cranially, the first bowel loop crossing
from medial to lateral is identified as the
sigmoid colon.
The rectum is visualized through the filled
bladder
44. Wall thickness of the alimentary tract differs
from part to part and depends largely on the
state of distension or contraction.
Under normal conditions stomach thickness
measures from mm, small bowel from
mm, and the colon from mm.
45. 1. Inner hyperechoic layer: superficial mucosal
interface
2. Inner hypoechoic layer: mucosa
3. Middle hyperechoic layer: submucosa
4. Outer hypoechoic layer: muscularis propria
5. Outer hyperechoic layer: serosa and interface
to the serosa
46. 1 2
3
5
4
1. superficial mucosal interface
2. Mucosa
3. Sub mucosa
4. Muscularis propria
5. serosa
47. Small bowel diameter beyond 25 mm should
be regarded as abnormal particularly when
motility is reduced.
Small bowel diameter less than 10 mm should
also be regarded as abnormal
48. Normal colonic caliber ranges from cm,
with the largest diameter in the cecum
The remainder of the colon is dilated when it is
greater than cm
The cecum is considered dilated if larger than
cm in diameter
Editor's Notes
Both curvilinear & high-resolution linear probes can be used & actually they are both used in the same examination
as we will explain later
valvulae conniventes are the mucosal fold of the small intestine
The rectum is visualized through the UB, it can be filled with gases or empty
After we identify the different parts of the GIT, what will we comment on ??
After we identify the different parts of the GIT, what will we comment on ??
After we identify the different parts of the GIT, what will we comment on ??
After we identify the different parts of the GIT, what will we comment on ??
After we identify the different parts of the GIT, what will we comment on ??
By this we end this part about technique of examination & normal appearance & we will start to discuss the different pathological conditions affecting the GIT in the next talks ISA