This document discusses Rene Girard's theory of the scapegoat mechanism and how it can be applied to analyzing contemporary media scandals. Girard's theory proposes that mimetic desire leads to rivalry and violence within communities. To resolve crises, communities engage in the scapegoat mechanism - unanimously directing their violence towards a surrogate victim. The document compares Girard's theory to concepts in social sciences and examines how it can provide insight into phenomena like the proliferation of political scandals, the random selection of scapegoats, and the role of new media in mob-like behavior. It raises questions about whether scandals reveal evil or perpetrate damage, and implications for human rights.
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Observe Cyberculture as a revolutionary social experiment with the potential to create new identities, relationships, and cultures. Cyberfeminisms seek ways to link feminism with contemporary feminist projects and networks both on and off the Net.
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PAHC RTP 2019-20: Methods and Methodologies, Dr Dave Calvey, 30-10-19
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
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7. "Wemust understand that desire itself
is essentially mimetic, directed toward
an object desired by the model. [...] Two
desires converging on the same object
are bound to clash. Thus, mimesis
coupled with desire leads automatically
to conflict. However, humans always
seen half blind to this conjunction,
unable to perceive it as a cause of
rivalry" (Girard, 1977:146).
MIMETICDESIRE
1. @JuanCannata
9. "If acquisitive mimesis divides by
leading two or moreindividuals to
converge on one and the same object
with a view to appropriating it,
conflictual mimesis will inevitably unify
by leading two or more individuals to
converge on one and the same
adversary that all wish to strike down"
(Girard, 1987:26).
VIOLENCE
2. @JuanCannata
10. "The scapegoat murder ends the crisis,
since the transference against it is
unanimous". That is the importance of
the scapegoat mechanism: "it channels
the collective violence against one
arbitrary chosen member of
community" (Girard, 2006:62).
SACRIFICE
3. @JuanCannata
11. "Girard argues that ritual has primarily a
propitiatoryfunction: it renews the
therapeutic effects of the original
mobilization of surrogate victimage by
canalizing violence along sacrally
endorsed channels. Prohibition, on the
other hand, serves a predominantly
prophylacticfunction: it incarnates social
hierarchies and formsof differentiation
that prevent conflictual mimesis by
proscribing those behaviours that might
lead, or have led in the past, to social
disintegration" (Fleming, 2004:54).
INSTITUTIONS
4. @JuanCannata
12. It is impossible to see the innocence of
the victim in archaic cultures, but it has
been unveiled by Judaeo-Christian
tradition. In that context, it was possible
to recognize the crime of the founding
murder of a surrogate victim and, for the
very first time in history, a cultural
tradition could begin that for the first
time defends victims against accusers
(Girard, 2012; 1987:Book II).
RELEVATION
5. @JuanCannata
13. (a) ScandalProliferation
The seeking of culprits continues, but
the lynching has lost its medicinal
effect.
POST-SACRIFICIAL
6. @JuanCannata
(b)Victimization
“As soon as such people view themselves
as victims the aggression against
their enemies becomes limitless"
(Palaver, 2008:3-4)
19. FEATURESOF SCANDAL
(1)There must be a violation of fixed
values, norms or moral codes;
(2)the events in question must come
into public spotlight;
(3)there must be people shaken and
shocked by the 'scandalous situation';
(4)there must be players who are
willing to voice their criticism in public;
(5)and, finally, the situation must
threaten-even up to total destruction-
thereputation and political capital of
theaccused.
@JuanCannata
25. Allern& PollackHypothesis Girard’s Mimetic Theory
The hypothesis of increased incidence of
political scandals.
Proliferation of scandals.
The hypothesis of individualization. From 'all against all' to 'all against one'.
The hypothesis of sensationalizing the
trivial.
The random selection of the scapegoat.
The herd hypothesis. Mimesis and rivalry.
The command hypothesis. The 'first-stone' necessity and the accusers.
The gender hypothesis. Girard's 'patterns of persecution'.
The demonization hypothesis. Lynching of the victim.
@JuanCannata
26. Media organizations
act as judges and
arbiters of that ritual:
the problem is that
there is no right to
appeal to a supreme
court.
@JuanCannata
