the connective tissue of gingiva , also known as lamina propria is an important structure.

1. BY
VIOLA ESTHER
I YR MDS

2. INTRODUCTION
The gingival connective tissue is
largely a fibrous connective tissue
that has elements from oral
mucosa connective tissues as well
as from developing dental follicle
Bartold

3. LAMINA PROPRIA

4. PAPILLARY
LAYER RETICULAR LAYER
LAMINA
PROPRIA

5. PAPILLARY LAYER
 It is present in the papillary
projections between the rete
pegs
 Collagen fibers are loosely
arranged
 Many capillary loops are
present

6. RETICULAR LAYER
 Reticular – net like
 Contiguous with the periosteum
Collagen are arranged in thick bundles

7. PROTECTIVE SUPPORTIVE
ROLE ROLE
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
S

8. COMPONENTS
 CELLULAR ELEMENTS
 EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS
 BLOOD SUPPLY,LYMPHATICS,NERVES

9. Blood vessels
Nerve supply

10. CELLULAR ELEMENTS
fibroblasts
mast cells
macrophages,eosinophils,neutrophils
adipose cells
small foci of plasma cells & lymphocytes

11. FIBROBLASTS

12. FIBROBLAST
 Principle cell
 Mesenchymal origin
 Sleeper cell-active cell
 Sentinel cell
Perio 2000,vol 68

13. FUNCTIONS
 SYNTHESIS
 TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS
- regulation
- remodelling
 REPAIR
 WOUND HEALING

14. FIBROBLAST
TIMP
MMP
PGE2
COLLAGEN CYTOKINES
ECM
(inactive)
MMP(active)
cathepsin

15. RESIDENT
FIBROBLAST ACTIVATED FIBROBLAST
LPS
THROMBIN LPS PDGF
ECM DEGRADATION
ECM PRODUCTION
REPAIR

16. MAST CELLS
Micro villi
vesicles
histamine
heparin
CARRANZA,CABRINI 1955

17. MACROPHAGES

18. NEUTROPHILS
 Present in small amounts in clinically normal gingiva
 Accumulate at the site of infection
 Promote vascular injury
 Exocytosis—tissue damage in inflammatory disease

19. In clinically normal gingiva , small foci of plasma
cells & lymphocytes are found in the connective
tissue near the base of the sulcus
Lymphocytes and plasma cells are scattered
throughout the lamina propria in small numbers
normally
Their numbers increase during injury

20. EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS
 GINGIVAL FIBERS
 GROUND SUBSTANCE

21. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
COLLAGEN OXYTALAN ELASTIN

22. ELASTIN FIBERS
 These are rubber like protein produced by fibroblast
 The elastic properties are due to numerous
intermolecular cross links between lysine groups
formed by enzymes lysyl oxidase
 Developing elastic fibers are called as elaunin fibers
 Chemotactic activity towards monocytes & fibroblasts

23. OXYTALAN FIBERS
 They are immature elastic fibers
 They tend to run in an axial direction,one end being
embedded in the bone or cementum and the other in
the wall of blood vessels
 At the apical region, they form a complex network

24. COLLAGEN
 Collagen is a fibrous protein with 3 polypeptide
chains
 They are made up of
 Glycine
 Proline
 Hydroxyproline

25. COLLAGEN
 Collagens are the most abun
FIBROBLAST
TROPOCOLLAGEN
PROTOFIBRILS
COLLAGEN
FIBRILS
COLLAGEN FIBERS

26. The major component of gingival connective tissue are
collagen fibers(about 60% by volume)
Type I, III,IV, V,VI VII are present in gingiva
Type I – predominant
Type III- fetal collagen
Type IV- branches between type I
Type V-coat dense fibers of type I & III
Type VI-distributed within the elastin fibers
Type VII-anchoring fibrils

27. FUNCTIONS OF COLLAGEN
 It imparts strength,support to the tissues
 firm and resilient
 Proper alignment of cells for cellular proliferation
 Initiates thrombus formation
 Maintains structural integrity

28. COLLAGEN
DEGRADATION
COLLAGENASE
INDEPENDENT
INTRACELLULAR
ROUTE
COLLAGENASE
MEDIATED
EXTRACELLULAR
ROUTE
BROWN 1980

29. GINGIVAL
FIBERS
PRINCIPAL
FIBERS
SECONDARY
FIBERS
Kronfeld 1939

30. PRINCIPAL FIBERS
 Dentogingival fibres
 Alveologingival fibres
 Circular & semicircular fibers
 Transeptal fibers

31. SECONDARY GROUP FIBERS
 Transgingival fibres
 Intergingival fibers
 Interpapillary fibers
 Periosteogingival fibres
 Intercircular fibers
 Semicircular fibers

32. FUNCTIONS
 To brace the marginal gingiva
 To stabilize the attached gingiva to the tooth and bone
 To withstand force of mastication
 To unite the free marginal gingiva with the cementum
and attached gingiva

33. DENTOGINGIVAL FIBERS
DENTOGINGIVAL
FIBERS

34. ALVEOLOGINGIVAL FIBERS
ALVEOLOGINGIVAL
FIBERS

35. DENTOPERIOSTEAL FIBERS
DENTOPERIOSTEAL
FIBERS

36. CIRCULAR FIBERS
circular
fibers

37. SEMICIRCULAR FIBERS

38. INTERCIRCULAR FIBERS

39. TRANSEPTAL FIBERS

40. INTERPAPILLARY
TRANSGINGIVAL
INTERGINGIVAL

41. GROUND SUBSTANCE

42. GROUND SUBSTANCE
 Ground substance of extracellular matrix consists of
complex mixture of macromolecules
 It fills the space between fibers and cells
 Transportation
 Determination & maintenance of the structure
 It provides mechanical strength and rigidity
Engel 1953

43. GROUND SUBSTANCE
 WATER(90%)
 PROTEOGLYCANS
 GLYCOPROTEINS

44. PROTEOGLYCANS
It is composed of a core protein to which
glycosaminoglycan chains are attached by covalent
bond
10%
30%
Dermatan so4
(60%)
Core protein

45. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEOGLYCANS BY IOZZO
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
PROTEOGLYCANS CELL SURFACE
PROTEOGLYCANS
Hyaluronan binding proteoglycans
Small leucine rich proteoglycans
INTRACELLULAR
PROTEOGLYCANS

46. Hyaluronan binding
proteins
Small leucine rich
proteoglycans
Aggrecan
Neurocan
versican
brevican
 Decorin
 Biglycan
 Fibromodulin
 Lumican
 Osteoadherin
 epiphycan
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
PROTEOGLYCANS

47. CELL SURFACE PROTEOGLYCANS
 Syndecan
 Glypican
 Beta glycan
 Thrombomodulin

48. INTRACELLULAR PROTEOGLYCANS
 Hamatopoietic cells
 Serglycin
serine+glycine
secretory granule
 Enzyme packaging

49. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEOGLYCANS
 Regulator
 Cell migration
 Resilience
Lindhe

50. GLYCOPROTEINS
 It is a globular protein
covalently attached to shorter
branched oligosacharide
 Adhesion proteins

51. FUNCTIONS
 CELL ADHESION
 CELL MIGRATION
 ORGANISATION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS
 MAINTENANCE OF THE STRUCTURE

52. GLYCOPROTEINS
FIBRONECTIN
OSTEONECTIN
INTEGRIN
LAMININ
TENASCIN
THROMBOSPONDIN

53. FIBRONECTIN:
Present in plasma & fibrils
clotting process
cell adhesion
TENASCIN:
expressed in wound healing & tumorgenesis
inhibits cell attachment to fibronectin & laminin
THROMBOSPONDIN:
Activated platelet product
binds to fibrinogen
OSTEONECTIN:
SPARC
Antiadhesive
wound healing
endothelial culture shock protein

54. LAMININ:
Major component of basement membrane
interact with type IV collagen
7 types are present
interact with ECM components
INTEGRIN:
transmembrane receptors
B1 integrins- interaction between cell surface &
ECM molecules
B2 integrins- leukocyte integrins
B3 integrins- vascular system
they are expressed in
diapedesis
clot formation
fibroblast migration

56. BLOOD SUPPLY
SUPRAPERIOSTEAL ARTERIOLES
Egelberg1967
VESSELS OF PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
ARTERIOLES FROM THE CREST OF INTERDENTAL
SEPTA Folke 1967

57. SUPRAPERIOSTEAL ARTERIOLES

58. VESSELS OF INTERDENTAL SEPTUM

59. VESSELS OF PDL

60. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Jugulodigastric submandibular
Nodes
Submental
nodes

61. NERVE SUPPLY
Meshwork of argyrophilic fibers
Encapsulated spindles
Meissner type tactile corpuscles
Krause type end bulbs
Avery,Rapp 1959

62. MAXILLARY GINGIVA
Sup labial nerve
Post sup alveolar nerve

63. MANDIBULAR GINGIVA
Mental nerve
Buccal nerve

64. AGING
 Coarser & denser
Wentz, Maier 1952
Soluble-insoluble collagen
Collagen stabilization
Mechanical strength
Mackenzie 1996
Cellular elements
rate of collagen synthesis

65. REPAIR OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 HIGH TURNOVER RATE
 GOOD HEALING AND REGENERATIE CAPACITY
 LITTLE EVIDENCE OF SCARRING
Melcher1976

66. Connective tissue is deranged in
 Inflammation
type V
new collagen type I trimer appears
degradation of proteoglycans
chondritin so4
 Gingival overgrowth
GF ECM
 GENETIC DISORDER:
Ehlers Danlos syndrome

67. CONCLUSION
The unique feature of periodontium is
that,although each component is separate
structurally,they function together as one
unit.An understanding of molecular
compostion of the normal tissues is essential
for requirements of tissue repair &
regeneration,as well as for recognizing the
effects of tissue degradation

68. REFERENCES
 CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY- CARANZA
 CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY & IMPLANT
DENTISTRY- JAN LINDHE
 BIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL CONNECTIVE
TISSUES- BARTOLD
 PERIO 2000, VOL24&68

69. THANK YOU