This document discusses theories of international organizations, emphasizing the importance of understanding them as adaptive, open systems responding to environmental changes. It outlines critical concepts from organizational theory, the characteristics of international organizations like IGOs and NGOs, and various historical treaties and integrations, such as the European Union. Additionally, it reviews three primary theories of integration—functionalism, neofunctionalism, and intergovernmentalism—highlighting their approaches to the dynamics of state cooperation and regional integration.

1. Lecture 2 25.10.2020
THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

2. THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Organization theorists, especially from sociology, provide insights relevant
to studying international organizations as organizations.
ORGANIZATIONS are created to solve problems that require collaborative
action; they are not just mechanical tools doing what their founders
envisioned.
ORGANIZATIONS thus develop mechanisms for learning a new
developments in the environment; they search for means of action and to
decide what problems can and should be solved.
Organizations theorists see organizations as open systems that are
continually responding to the environment, developing and changing goals
through negotiations among the dominant coalitions, and utilizing various
technologies.

3. THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Four concepts drawn from organization theory are particularly useful
for studying IGOs, NGOs, and MNCs. These are;
1.Organizational Culture
2. Organizational Adaptation and Learning
3. Interorganizational Relations
4. Networks

4. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (IGOs)
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH IGO AND NIGO
• a permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of function
• voluntary membership of eligible parties
• a basic improvement stating goals, structure and methods of operation
• a broadly representative consultative conference organ
• a permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative,
research and information functions.
•NGOs are voluntary organizations formed by individuals to perform a variety of functions
and roles.
GLOBAL REGIONAL GLOBAL REGIONAL

5. CHIEF FUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION’S IS
TO;
• PROVIDE THE MEANS OF COOPERATION AMONG STATES
IN AREAS IN WHICH COOPERATION PROVIDES ADVANTAGES
FOR ALL OR A LARGE NUMBER OF NATIONS.
SUBFUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION’S IS TO;
•PROVIDE MULTIPLE CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION AMONG
GOVERNMENTS SO THAT AREAS ACCOMODATION MAYBE
EXPLORED AND ANY ACCESS WILL BE AVAILABLE WHEN
PROBLEMS ARISE.
•THOSE MOST PROBABLY WILL BE THE CHANNEL OF DIPLOMACY
AND PEACEFUL SETLLEMENT.
•IN ADDITION UN SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND REGIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE MULTIPLE AND CONTINUOUS CONTACT
POINTS THROUGH WHICH ACCOMODATION CAN BE EXERCISED.

6. AS OF 2019 THERE ARE;
193 NATION STATES
400 INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONs
5000 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONs
OPERATING IN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM.
ALMOST ALL THE LATTER HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED THE
PAST CENTURY, MOSTLY AFTER WW II.

7. IGOs and NGOs CAN BE THOUGHT AS GLOBAL and REGIONAL
GLOBAL REGIONAL
• UN
• League of Nations
• Universal Postal Union
• International Telegram Union
• World Health Organization
• World Trade Organization
• Hague Conference
• Concert of Europe
• ASEAN
• EUROPEAN UNION
• Organization of African Unity
• Leage of Arab States
• WEU
• OPEC
• NATO
• Rhein and Danube River Co
IGOs
Multipurpose - Alliance - Functional

8. IGOs and NGOs CAN BE THOUGHT AS GLOBAL and REGIONAL
GLOBAL REGIONAL
• Greenpeace
• Doctor’s Without Borders
• Friends of the Earth
• Journalists Without Borders
• Amnesty International
• Human Rigths Watch
• Part of the Some Global NGO
for regional function,
• UN credited NGOs
• Millenium Forum
•Peace,security,disarmament
•The eradication of poverty
•Human rights
•Sustainable development
and environment
•The challenges of
globalization
•Strengthening the UN
NGOs

9. Treaty of
Kadesh
1295 BC
Attica-Delos
Sea Union
476 BC
Hellenic
Union
338 BC
Peleponnesian
Union 461 BC
Treaty of Presburg,
1806 End of Roman
Empire
Hanseatic
Leageu
1356-1669
(1) Peleponnesian Wars (441-445 BC) For 30 year Treaty between Delos Union and Spartan in 445 BC.
(2) Tyucidides as first realist wrote his book “Peleponnesian War”
(3) While Attica-Delos established in lead of Athens, Peleponnesian Union Sparta.
(4) Macedon King Philippos II gathered all Greek city-states in Corinth Conference. Everey member states named “Helen”, Synedrion was common assembely to operate the
Union’s function. Synedrion was also a court. Hellenic Unon built up against Persian and defeated her at the end of the war. And Kallias Treaty was signed in 445 BC.
(5) Hanseatic League comprised of 100-160 Northern European Cities, was formed to facilitate common monetary, customs union and trade. It was a system of regional federation.
(6) Czar Nicholas II, convened two conferences to problem solving and preventing war. All European and non European states icluding Japan, Chine and Latin America.
Roman
Empire
Concert of
Europe 1815
THIRTY
YEAR’S
WAR
League of
Nations
Regional International Organizations
United
Nations
Hague
System
1890-
1907
WORLD
WAR
II
WORLD
WAR
I
CHART OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONs
Atlantic
Charter
Dumbarton
Oaks onvers.
Yalta
to
San
Fransisco
1648 1991
1945
1918
The Treaty of
Westphalia

10. TREATY of WESTPHALIA
CHART OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONs
PRE - WESTPHALIAN SOVEREIGNTY POST-
WESTPHALIAN
SOVEREIGNTY
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
POLITICAL
COOPERATION
ELIMINATING
WAR
Eliminating
Poverty
Disease
Hunger
BEYOND-
WESTPHALIAN
SOVEREIGNTY

11. WAR
AS A STATE POLICY PARAMOUNT EVIL TO BE ELIMINATED
Plato (427-347 BC
Aristotle (384-322 BC
St Augustine (354-430)
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Pierre Dubouis (1250-1322)
Hugo Grotious (1538-1645)
Confucius(551-479 BC)
Mo Ti (500’s BC)
Desiderus Erasmus (1466-1536)
W.Ellery Channing (1780-1842)
Norman Angell (1874-1967)
William Penn (1694
Jeremy Bentham (17
A Hobson (1902-
Richard Cobden (1804-1865)
Emeric Cruce(1623
Dante Alighieri
Cicero
Seneca
Abbe de St Pierre (1700’s
Emanuel Kant (1795
William Ladd (1840
UNIVERSALIST-WORLD GOVERNMENT

12. PLATO ;
State should not neglect its military defense, but the ideal state would be
an isolated, self sufficient unit with a little dependence on the rest of the
world as possible
ARISTOTLE ;
He generally opposed war except in self defense, but because he believed that
some people were suited only to serve as slaves, so he justified the conquest of
inferior people.
ST AUGUSTINE ;
He disapproved of war of conquest but accepted war of defense. The church
during the middle age generally accepted war under certain conditions. For
example war against infidel were approved, but among chiristians were
undesireable.
THOMAS AQUINAS;
Acceptance war is inhuman but crusaders.
DANTE – CICERO - SENECA;
Service to the world socıety, , universal and superior law of justice.

13. ABBE DE SAINT PIERRE ;
Both advice that establishment of general parliament or assembly to settle all
disputes by a three-fourths vote, with collective sancstions including armed
forces.
EMMANUEL KANT ;
Main element of him a federation open to voluntarily membership of any state, a
congress to settle dispute, no standing armies, free movement from one country
to another.
WILLIAM LADD ;
“Essay on a Congress Nations” He takes the US and Swiss government as a
mode. He advocated the establishment of a congress of nation and Court of
Nations with legislative and judicial.
PIERRE DUBOIS;
He suggest Christion Ruler under French leadership. War should be prohibited
among christians but encourages against infidel.
RICHARD COBDEN ;
His suggest is interdependence of states. Universal organization not limited to
christian ruler, promotion of trade.

14. INTEGRATION
THEORY
Integration is defined as the voluntary linking
in the economic domain of two or more
formerly independent states to the extend
that authority over key areas of domestic
regulation and policy is shifted to the
supranational level.

15. WHAT IS REGION ?
Groupings of countries that interact well
beyond what is expected on the basis of
countries relative contributions to world
import and exports.
If region has boundaries, these boundaries
are usually vast grey in tones and shades
rather than black and white.
(Richard Savage and Carl Deutsch, 1960)

16. THREE CRITERIA
FOR THE DEFINITION OF REGIONS;
. PHYSICAL PROXIMITY AND SEPARATENESS,
- Although related with the geography, even today it does not
follow automatically that the political and cultural patterns
shaped by geography have been eroded.
. INTERDEPENDENCE
- As economic terms, interdependency refers to interconnectedness of
among countries. A region in this sense is a zone where there is a
high density of economic transactions relative to other units.
HOMOGENITY
- A large number of variables fit within this framework;
similarity of of values, of economic systems, of political systems,
of way of life, of level of economic development and so on.
(Bruse Russett, International Regions and the International System, 1967)

17. Most political scientists studying integration
have been primarily interested in understanding
the institutional and policy dimensions of
integration.
INTEGRATION
They have sought to specify the political context
in which integration occurs and have provided
insightful accounts of the process of integration.

18. The critical question related with integration is;
Which forces drive the process of voluntary
integration?
INTEGRATION
There are basicly three types of so-called
explanations, mostly taking into consideration of
European Union. These are not wrong, but fail
basic tests of scientific inference. At least they
are insufficient.

19. It is said that politicians, hounted by the horrors
of the Second World War, were naturally driven
to devise a novel structure of European
governance capable of eradicating the very
roots of intra-European conflicts.
INTEGRATION
First;
The critical question related with integration is;
Which forces drive the process of voluntary
integration?

20. Charismatic leaders, it is alleged, managed to
transcend the narrow-mindedness and
selfishness of domestic pressure groups hostile
to integration and European unity.
INTEGRATION
Second;
The critical question related with integration is;
Which forces drive the process of voluntary
integration?

21. An ever-popular third explanation refers to
changed preferences. The timing of a new
application for membership, it is claimed, is
attributable to the pressure from growing
segments of society desirous of being
connected to the larger “Euro-culture.”
INTEGRATION
Third;
The critical question related with integration is;
Which forces drive the process of voluntary
integration?

22. TYPES OF INTEGRATION
At various times, social scientists have searched
for more rigorious explanations of economic and
political integration. In political science, three
major analytical framework for understanding
integration.
Functionalism,
Neofunctionalism,
Intergovermantalism.

23. TYPES OF INTEGRATION
Economists who study regional integration look
primarily at market relationship among goods and
factors of production within a region and assume
away the relevance of institutional and political
forces. They are interested in the welfare effects
of integration.
Customs union theory
Optimal currency area theory
The fiscal federalism theory

24. Other explanation of integration in political
science is neofunctionalism. It refers to regional
integration. It bring a critics to functionalism
which functionalism as a teleologic.
TYPES OF INTEGRATION
Intergovernmentalism is an alternative approach
to integration in political science. Unlike
neofunctionalism it assigns a central role to
heads of states.
One explanation of integration in political science
is functionalism. It refers global integration based
on world peace. Peace is more likely working
together in workshops and marketplace than by
signing pacts in chancelleries.

25. Optimal currency area theory specifies conditions
under which integration in the monetary domain is
economically efficient.
TYPES OF INTEGRATION
The fiscal federalism theory aIso seeks to issues
of regional integration.
Customs union theory seeks to understand the
welfare implications of integration in terms of
trade creation, trade diversion, and terms of trade.
Optimal currency area theory specifies conditions
under which integration in the monetary domain is
economically efficient.
Customs union theory seeks to understand the
welfare implications of integration in terms of
trade creation, trade diversion, and terms of trade.

26. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
Political Approaches Economical Approaches
Functionalism
Neofunctionalism
Intergovermentalism Customs
Union Theory
Optimal
Currency Area
Fiscal
Federalism

27. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
Political Approaches Economical Approaches
Functionalism
Neofunctionalism
Intergovermentalism Customs
Union Theory
Optimal
Currency Area
Fiscal
Federalism
Davit Mitrany
1943
Earns Hass
1958
Andrew Moravcsik
1993
A Working
Peace
System
Uniting of
Europe
Preferences & Power
in the EU Community

28. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
Political Approaches Economical Approaches
Functionalism
Neofunctionalism
Intergovermentalism Customs
Union Theory
Optimal
Currency Area
Fiscal
Federalism
Davit Mitrany
1943
Earns Hass
1958
Andrew Moravcsik
1993
A Working
Peace
System
Uniting of
Europe
Preferences & Power
in the EU Community
Jacop
Viner
1950
Robert Mundall
1953
A Theory of Optimal
Currency Area
The Customs
Union

29. Main proponent, (Roman academician)
Davit Mitrany,
The book,
A Working Peace System
FUNCTIONALISM

30. FUNCTIONALISM
Fundemental aspect of functionalism or
functional method is that “sovereignty can
not be transfered effectively through a
formula only through a function”.

31. FUNCTIONALISM
Functionalism begins with the assumption
that; supranationality is the only method
available to states to secure maximum
welfare and then proceeds to provide an
insightful account of how integration evolves
using concepts such as functional spillover,
updating of common interests , and
subnational and supranational group
dynamics.

32. FUNCTIONALISM
His assumptions is based on that nation
states capabilities doing things efficient less
than the capabilities of international
organizations.

33. “problem of our time is not how to keep
nations peacefully apart but how to
bring them actively together”
Peace “is more likely to grow through
doing things together in workshops and
marketplace than by singing pacts in
chancelleries”
FUNCTIONALISM

34. Mitrany claim that nationalism is threat to
world peace. He insists that dependencies
among nations based on mutually
cooperation and beneficiary agricultural,
health, transportation and other areas like
these should be reverse from national level
to international.
FUNCTIONALISM

35. Coactivity rather than national
coexistance defines the ideal of
peace.
He put his faith “not in protected
peace but in a working peace”.
FUNCTIONALISM

36. Functional cooperation does not start from the
political but from the low-key economic and
social plane such as the joint management of
scarce resources, unemployment, commodity
price fluctuations, labor standarts, and public
health.
FUNCTIONALISM

37. • Functionalism is applicable at both
regional and global levels and has been
important in explaining the evolution of
the European Union as a process of
economic integration, gradually spilling
over into limited political integration.
FUNCTIONALISM

38. FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION
Functional Integration, that is, the provision
of common rules, regulations, and policies
embodied in an integrated governance
structure, may begin with exchance rate
coordination.

39. The weaknesses of functionalism;
1. It is not properly speaking a theory of
integration but rather than a normative
method.
2. Integration is in fact sought to secure peace,
is not fully compelling. (Why were not all
European countries participating in the
peace-building effort from the begining?)
FUNCTIONALISM

40. John McCormick compares functionalism's fundamental principles with realism's thus:
Realism Functionalism
Dominant goals of
actors
Military security Peace and prosperity
Instruments of state
policy
Military force and
economic instruments
Economic instruments
and political acts of
will
Forces behind agenda
formation
Potential shifts in the
balance of power and
security threats
Initial emphasis on low
politics, such as
economic and social
issues
Role of international
organizations
Minor; limited by state
power and the
importance of military
force
Substantial; new,
functional international
organizations will
formulate policy and
become increasingly
responsible for
implementation
Comparing Functionalism to Realism

41. • One of its protagonists is Ernst B. Haas, a
US-political scientist. His book is “The
Uniting of Europe”.
• Unlike previous theories of integration,
functionalism; neofunctionalism declared
to be non-normative and tried to describe
and explain the process of regional
integration based on empirical data.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM

42. NEOFUNCTIONALISM
• In a significant departure from
functionalism, it shifts its analytical
focus from the teleology, a working
peace system, to the utilitarian
dimension of the functional method.
This makes it gain analytical clarity and
powerful implications.

43. NEOFUNCTIONALISM
Neofunctionalist approach is
concerned with explaining “how and
why nation-states cease to be wholly
sovereign, how and why voluntarily
mingle, merge, and mix with their
neighbors so as to lose the factual
attributes a sovereignty while acquiring
new techniques for resolving conflicts
between themselves.

44. • Neofunctionalism, describes a process”
whereby political actors in several distinct
national settings are persuaded to shift their
loyalties, expectations, and political activities
towards a new and larger center, whose
institutions possess or demand jurisdiction
over the pre-existing states.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM

45. • The actors
Interest groups, PP – NATION STATE – Supranational RI
• The motives
Good Europeans are not the main creators of the community
• The process
Spillover( functional, political ), upgrading common interests
• The context
Against functionalism, for neofunctionalism economy and
politics can not be separable.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
Neofunctionalism’s main analytical attributes are;

46. • BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
• PROCESS CONDITIONS
• CONDITIONS THAT ARE LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE OR
DISCOURAGE TASK EXPANSION
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
AS A COMPOSITE THEORY, NEOFUNCTIONALISM HAS THREE COMPONENTS
(Hass, and Schimitter, 1964)

47. • BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
–Neofunctionalism argued that integration was most likely
emerge to first among countries with a certain type of
domestic environment; liberal democratic countries with
advance capitalist economies, differentiated social structures,
and highly pluralistic interest group structures.
–In these societies class conflicts were to be muted, ethnic
rivalries less intense and warfare an obsolescent institution.
–Such countries would have much to gain from an
expansion of capitalism to the regional level.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
AS A COMPOSITE THEORY, NEOFUNCTIONALISM HAS THREE COMPONENTS

48. • PROCESS CONDITIONS
• PC’s entail dense network of economic
exchange, trade, labor migrations, tourism and
free flows of productive factors.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
AS A COMPOSITE THEORY, NEOFUNCTIONALISM HAS THREE COMPONENTS

49. • THAT ARE LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE TASK
EXPANSION CONDITIONS
• This phase involves spillover. Once integration begins in initial
settings (presumably least controversial ones), there are prospects for
expanding cooperative habits into other ares. This process is
labeled spillover.
• Spillover could be purely functional with linkages among different
sectors serving as the transmission belts of integration,(trade might
imply increasing ccordination of monetary policy for example) or it could rely
on tactical linkage among sectors by agent in a bargaining
process.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
AS A COMPOSITE THEORY, NEOFUNCTIONALISM HAS THREE COMPONENTS

50. • BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
1. Size of units, 2. Rate of transactions, 3. Pluralism, 4. Elite complimantarity
• PROCESS CONDITIONS
5. Decision-making style 6. Rate of transaction, 7. Adaptability of governments
• CONDITIONS THAT ARE LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE OR
DISCOURAGE TASK EXPANSION (ECONOMIC UNION)
8. Government purposes, 9. Independence of regional institutions.
(Hass, and Schimitter, 1964)
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
NINE VARIABLES FOR ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL UNION

51. If a group of countries maintains a high degree of
economic and social transactions,
and at the same time shares pluralist domestic
institutions with similar economic size and similar level
of development,
it will have a good chance of achieving political union.
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
LAST WORDS ON NEOFUNCTIONALISM

52. • Intergovernmentalism can best be
understood as a series of bargain between
the head of the governments of the leading
states of the region.
• The emphasis of intergovernmentalism on
head of states as central players is a key
difference between it and neofunctionaism.
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM

53. • While neofunctionalism starts with
transnational society and supranational
institutions, liberal intergovernmentalism
places states(central governments, usually
executively) at the center of analysis.
• This is not to say that interest groups are
unimportant. Albeit, crucial to integration are
the process of interest aggregation,
intergovernmental bargaining, and
enforcement of decision.
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM

54. Aware of some of these weaknesses,
intergovernmentalists have sought to expand
their theorical approach.
A liberal Intergovernmental Approach (1993) Andrew
Moravcsik* lays out a two-step process of preference
formation and bargaining which he extends(1998) to a
three-step process;
- preference-formation,
- intergavernmental bargaining
- institutional lock-in of bargains.
*Preferences and Power In the EU, A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach.

55. Aware of some of these weaknesses,
intergovernmentalists have sought to expand
their theorical approach.
The liberal intergovernmental approach provides a more
sophisticated theory of preference formation than
neofunctionalism.
This theory is based in part on the logic of collective
action and the new institutionalism.
But LIA is still vulnerable on several grounds. “What is
the relationship between grand bargains and day-to-day
politics in regional organizations?”

56. As a theory of integration
intergovernmentalism suffers from several
shortcomings.
The theory that focuses only on major interstate (Ge, Fr,
i.e) decisions or “celebrated intergovernmental
bargains; it thus is difficult to test.
Intergovermentalism argues that the “ups” of
integration, that is the big decisions, are the result of
convergence of the preferences of the leading states.

57. CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
This is a newer approach to regional integration, but again limited
mostly to Western Europe.
The core of constructivist research program concerns the role of ideas,
norms, and identities as opposed to material factors in the integration
proess.
At bottom, constructivism concern the issue of human consciousness.
(Ruggie 1998)
Human thought, ideas and agency as crucial to the explanation of the
international order. (Onuf, World of Our Making,1989)

58. CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
The leading constructivist is Jeffrey Checkel. For Checkel norms can
become constitutive of agents, part of who they are, and deeply
internalized.
When this occurs, the overall interpretation changes from one based on
conscious adjustment to changing costs to one based on enactment of
values (a scripted model based on logic of appropriateness rather than
a utilitarian one).
Jo Shaw has elaborated a changing conception of “postnational
constitutionalism” in which citizens rights are not fixed, nor limited to
the territorial containers of the state, bur responsive to transborder
movements and demands that are not easily dealt with the nation-
states.

59. • Free Trade Area (FTA) refers removing of the
tariffs and quotas among the member states.
• Custom Union, in addition to FTA, use common
external tariffs by the members to the third (non-
member) countries.
• Custom union theory is mostly concerned with
the markets for goods.
CUSTOMS UNION THEORY

60. • In the optimal currency area theory, however the focus
is on money, markets for goods and and markets for
production factors(land-labor-capital-
enterpreneurship).
• A currency area is defined as an area in which a
common currency exists or in which exchange rates
are immutably fixed.
• “ Optimality” refers to the ability of an area to achieve
both internal balance(full employment, price stability)
and external balance( payments equilibirium) in the
least costly way, without much interference from
monetary and fiscal policies.
OPTIMAL CURRENCY AREA THEORY

61. • Fiscal federalism theory is an offshoot
(branch) of public finance theory that
analyzes the special fiscal problems
arising in federal countries, drawing on
the literature on public goods, taxation
and public dept incidence and various
parts of location theory.
FISCAL FEDERALISM THEORY

62. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION
Political Approaches Economical Approaches
Functionalism
Neofunctionalism
Intergover
mentalism
Customs
Union Theory
Optimal
Currency Area
Fiscal
Federalism