Regional GHG inventories- Why, what and how?

2. Regional GHG emission inventories
Helsinki Metropolitan Area example
The Meeting of Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group on Environment 8th December 2014 Arkhangelsk
johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

3. 1. WHY? (an inventory) 2. WHAT? (kind of) 3. HOW? (HMA example)
Contents:

4. earthfirstjournal.org
inhabitat.com
Chris Jordan
Wikimedia

5. WHY? a regional emission inventory

6. WHY?

helps local governments

7. WHY?

helps local governments
SET GOALS AND
TARGETS FOR
FUTURE
REDUCTIONS

IDENTIFY THE SECTORS, SOURCES AND ACTIVITIES 
ESTABLISH A BASIS FOR DEVELOPING A LOCAL STRATEGY 
UNDERSTAND
EMISSION TRENDS

QUANTIFY THE
BENEFITS OF
ACTIVITIES  TRACK PROGRESS IN REDUCING EMISSIONS 

8. YES!
Can we do without it?
•
Measures with no implementation costs or short pay-back periods
–
Behavioral changes
–
Energy efficiency technologies
•
Short-term funding opportunities
•
Integration with existing policies

IMPLEMENTATION RIGHT AWAY!

ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND GHG REDUCTIONS!

9. earthfirstjournal.org
inhabitat.com
Chris Jordan
Wikimedia
So lets’s make an inventory…

10. earthfirstjournal.org
inhabitat.com
Chris Jordan
Wikimedia
WHAT
options do we have?

11. Boundaries
•
Community
•
City or municipality
•
Region
•
Organization
•
Government operations
GEOGRAPHICAL
ORGANIZATIONAL

12. Boundaries
•
Energy
–
Heat, electricity, other fuels
•
Transport
–
Road, rail, marine, air
OPERATIONAL
•
Waste treatment
•
Agriculture
•
Industrial processes

13. Boundaries
•
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
•
Methane (CH4)
•
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
•
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
•
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
•
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
CHEMICAL
•
Black carbon
•
Organic carbon
•
PM
•
NOx
•
SO2
•
NMVOC

14. Scope
DIRECT OR INDIRECT EMISSIONS?
ENERGY PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION?
OTHER PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION?

15. Scope 1




CH4
Direct emissions
PRODUCTION-BASED
•
All energy production, industrial processes, fuel use, agriculture, traffic and waste treatment in the area

16. CONSUMPTION-BASED
Scope 2




CH4
Direct emissions
Indirect emissions
•
Purchased electricity (and heat)
•
Sold electricity and heat
(Energy)
•
Energy produced and used, industrial processes, fuel use, agriculture, traffic and waste treatment in the area

17. Indirect emissions
CONSUMPTION-BASED
Scope 3




CH4
Direct emissions
Indirect emissions
•
Purchased energy, goods and materials, food etc.
•
Energy produced and used, fuel use, traffic and waste treatment in the area
•
Transport generated and waste treated outside the area
(Full)
•
Sold electricity and heat
•
Industry
•
Agriculture

18. -
Set boundaries
-
Define scope
-
What data is available?
So let’s make an inventory…



19. Quantification approach
•
Data collected by national and international agencies
 Disaggregation to regional level by means of available statistical indicators
•
Data directly from from local end users and utilities
 START HERE and use top-down approach when necessary
TOPDOWN
UP BOTTOM

20. Baseline year
•
A benchmark to compare progress going forward
–
Enough reliable data for that year?
–
Economically and climatically ’neutral’ year?
–
Comparability to other regions/inventories?
1990
2012
2005
2014
200?

21. -
Set boundaries
-
Define scope
-
What data is available?
-
Engage stakeholders
-
Think about reporting
So let’s make an inventory…




22. Stakeholders
•
Energy companies
•
Transportation agencies, operators
•
Oil retailers
•
Statistics, etc..
•
Decision makers
•
General public
•
…
DATA PROVIDERS
TARGET GROUPS

23. Reporting 1
•
By energy type?
–
Heating
–
Electricity
–
Transport
–
Other fuels
–
Non-CO2 from industrial processes, waste and agriculture
GHG source categories

24. Reporting 2
•
By fuel type?
–
Coal
–
Gas
–
Oil
–
Other fuels
–
Non-CO2
GHG source categories

25. Reporting 3
•
By end user?
–
Residential
–
Services
–
Public sector
–
Industry
–
Agriculture
GHG source categories

26. -
Set boundaries
-
Define scope
-
What data is available?
-
Engage stakeholders
-
Think about reporting
So let’s make an inventory…






27. GHG emission inventories in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
The Meeting of Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group on Environment 8th December 2014 Arkhangelsk
johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

28. Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Helsinki
Helsinki
Espoo
Vantaa
Kauniainen
Madrid
London
Paris
Berlin
Roma
Wien
Oslo
Moscow
Warszawa
Copenhagen
Stockholm
Tallinn
Athens
•
Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa
–
1,1 million inhabitants
–
650 000 jobs
–
770 km2

29. Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy 2030
•
The strategy was completed in 2007 and approved by the HMA cities in 2008
•
A steering group decided on the emission calculation methodology
•
Inventories were made for 1990 and 2004
7,0
1990
2030
(tonnes CO2e per capita)
-39 % target
4,3

30. Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy 2030
•
Reduction targets were revised in 2012
•
-20 % by 2020 (total emissions) and carbon neutrality by 2050
•
From 2009 annual emissions assessments now covering the years 1990 and 2000-2013.
5 820
1990
2020
-20 % target
4 660
(1000t CO2e total emissions)
2050

31. Helsinki
Espoo
Vantaa
Kauniainen
GHG emissions assessment process in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Geographical boundaries

32. Sectors included?

33. Greenhouse gases
•
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
•
Methane (CH4)
•
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Other climate forcers

34. Scope of activities
•
Energy consumption -based

35. Data collection and calculations
District heating
•
Power plant environmental reports
•
Fuels used and energy produced

Allocate fuels in CHP

Calculate the emissions from production (using the IPCC emission factors)
•
Energy consumed in the area and sold outside  Calculate the emissions from consumption
HEATING

36. Data collection and calculations
Oil and electric heating
•
Building floor areas by heating method
•
Consumption key figures (kWh/m2)

Calculate the estimated energy consumption and emissions (using emission factors for electric heating and light fuel oil)
HEATING

37. Data collection and calculations
Heating energy standardization
•
Heating degree days from the reporting year compared to long-term average

Calculate standardized energy consumption and emissions from district, oil and electric heating
HEATING

38. Methodology
•
”All electricity produced in the area is sold to the Finnish electricity market”
•
”All electricity consumed is average electricity from the national grid”
•
Electric heating is separated from other electricity use
ELECTRICITY

39. Data collection and calculations
•
Finnish electricity supply data
•
Emissions, imported energy, total consumption and electric heating consumption

Calculate the emission factor for average Finnish consumption electricity
•
Total electricity consumption in the area
•
Electric heating and rail traffic excluded

Calculate the electricity consumption and the emissions
ELECTRICITY

40. Data collection and calculations
TRAFFIC
Road
•
Local traffic volumes, energy consumption and emissions from national database
•
by car, fuel and street type

Emissions from road traffic

41. Data collection and calculations
TRAFFIC
Marine
•
Traffic volumes, energy consumption and emissions in port areas
•
Leisure and fishing boats registered in the area from national database

Calculate the estimated energy consumption and emissions from leisure and fishing boats (using national reporting standards)

Calculate the total emissions from marine traffic

42. Data collection and calculations
TRAFFIC
Rail
•
Electricity consumption of local trains from national database
•
Electricity consumption of trams and metro

Calculate the emissions from rail traffic (using the emission factor for Finnish consumption electricity)

43. Data collection and calculations
INDUSTRY AND MACHINERY
Industry
•
Local energy data from national environmental compliance database Machinery
•
National data split by population (top-down) Other fuel use
•
Total amount of fuel oil sold in the area
•
Oil heating, energy production, shipping and industry use excluded

Calculate the total fuel use and the emissions (using the IPCC emission factors)

44. Data collection and calculations
WASTE TREATMENT
Waste and wastewater
•
Waste disposed at the landfill site
•
by waste type
•
Methane recovery percent
•
Amount of sludge, BOD and nitrogen load from wastewater treatment

Calculate the emissions using a specific application

45. AGRICULTURE
Soil, fermentation and manure
•
Number of cattle, pigs, poultry, etc. from national database
•
Cultivated land areas by crop type

Calculate the emissions using a specific application
Data collection and calculations

46. Results and reporting
GHG emissions in the HMA (and each city separately)
•
District heating, electricity consumption and road traffic updated from previous year
•
Covers up to 85 % of the total emissions in HMA
•
Other sectors remain unchanged

Preliminary results from previous year reported in April
Preliminary results

47. Final results
Results and reporting
GHG emissions in the HMA (and each city separately)
•
All sectors updated

Final results reported in October

48. Total emissions
Results and reporting
Helsinki Metropolitan Area
90
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
12-13 Change (%)
90-13 Change (%)
2013 Share (%)
District heating
2 463
2 108
2 245
2 314
2 408
2 310
2 193
2 489
2 290
2 129
2 223
2 143
2 258
2 454
2 391
-2,6
-3
42
Oil heating
299
302
303
305
303
294
283
281
276
276
265
262
255
251
246
-2,0
-18
4
Electric heating
225
314
327
343
358
364
379
387
396
406
415
423
428
434
439
1,1
95
8
Electricity
846
1 222
1 136
1 195
1 429
1 583
1 566
1 667
1 675
1 465
1 306
1 436
1 274
1 095
1 022
-6,7
21
18
Transport
1 235
1 347
1 373
1 439
1 460
1 491
1 482
1 490
1 566
1 456
1 393
1 412
1 351
1 370
1 338
-2,3
8
24
Industry and mach.
336
242
231
204
333
179
199
182
168
172
117
132
121
115
118
2,1
-65
2
Waste treatment
410
327
295
246
217
203
119
155
139
87
79
92
93
78
81
3,5
-80
1
Agriculture
8
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
-0,6
-33
0,1
TOTAL (1000tCO2e)
5 822
5 868
5 917
6 052
6 515
6 432
6 227
6 657
6 516
5 997
5 804
5 906
5 787
5 805
5 642
-2,8
-3,1
100

50. Emissions per capita
Results and reporting
Helsinki Metropolitan Area
90
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
12-13 Change (%)
90-13 Change (%)
2013 Share (%)
District heating
3,0
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,4
2,2
2,5
2,3
2,1
2,2
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,2
-3,9
-26
3
Oil heating
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
-3,3
-37
5
Electric heating
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
-0,3
48
20
Electricity
1,0
1,3
1,2
1,2
1,5
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,7
1,4
1,3
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,9
-7,9
-8
23
Transport
1,5
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,4
1,3
1,4
1,3
1,3
1,2
-3,6
-18
2
Industry and mach.
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,7
-73
2
Waste treatment
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
2,1
-85
0
Agriculture
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
-1,9
-49
100,0
TOTAL
(tCO2e)
7,0
6,1
6,1
6,2
6,7
6,6
6,3
6,7
6,5
5,9
5,6
5,6
5,5
5,4
5,2
-4,1
-26
0

52. Transport emissions
Results and reporting
Helsinki Metropolitan Area
90
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
12-13 Change (%)
90-13 Change (%)
2013 Share (%)
Cars
748
710
721
767
763
784
791
800
827
734
747
763
740
736
718
-2,5
-4
54
Vans
115
138
139
143
144
146
143
144
146
141
131
137
133
133
129
-2,5
12
10
Buses
95
114
113
114
111
115
112
111
115
111
102
103
100
102
98
-4,2
3
7
Trucks
192
231
250
257
266
260
256
258
295
278
233
248
240
250
248
-0,7
30
19
Marine
68
128
127
134
147
154
153
151
155
166
156
133
113
128
125
-2,6
85
9
Rail
18
24
23
24
29
32
27
27
28
26
24
27
25
21
20
-4,7
11
1
Air
107
152
152
140
145
156
163
166
175
181
164
151
177
146
140
-4,0
31
10
TOTAL (1000tCO2e)
1 235
1 347
1 373
1 439
1 460
1 491
1 482
1 490
1 566
1 456
1 393
1 412
1 351
1 370
1 338
-2,3
8
100
Total incl. Air
1 342
1 498
1 524
1 579
1 605
1 648
1 644
1 655
1 741
1 637
1 556
1 563
1 527
1 516
1 478
-2,5
10
110

54. Energy consumption
Results and reporting
Helsinki Metropolitan Area
90
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
12-13 Change (%)
90-13 Change (%)
2013 Share (%)
District heating
8 490
9 981
10 095
10 144
10 426
10 518
10 690
10 656
10 719
10 925
10 970
10 777
11 058
10 921
10 792
-1,2
27
42
Oil heating
875
884
887
891
887
860
828
822
807
807
791
789
776
774
767
-1,0
-12
3
Electric heating
563
783
817
855
893
907
943
960
982
1 015
1 038
1 059
1 071
1 086
1 098
1,1
95
4
Electricity
4 978
6 135
6 182
6 497
6 675
6 660
6 760
6 959
7 059
7 221
7 189
7 260
7 142
7 227
7 100
-1,8
43
28
Cars
2 731
2 597
2 630
2 743
2 717
2 783
2 800
2 826
2 918
2 810
2 918
2 980
3 009
2 994
2 920
-2,5
7
11
Other road traffic
1 536
1 818
1 888
1 923
1 948
1 952
1 913
1 916
2 082
2 024
1 813
1 905
1 887
1 934
1 897
-1,9
24
7
Rail
106
121
124
130
137
136
114
113
119
127
130
135
138
137
138
0,5
30
1
Marine
250
476
475
501
526
552
548
540
556
593
575
492
416
472
460
-2,5
84
2
Other fuels
1 210
952
910
819
1 283
707
783
720
661
679
470
535
494
461
467
1,4
-61
2
TOTAL (GWh)
20 738
23 747
24 007
24 504
25 493
25 074
25 380
25 513
25 903
26 202
25 894
25 932
25 991
26 006
25 637
-1,4
24
100

56. District heating fuel mix
Results and reporting
Helsinki Metropolitan Area
90
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
12-13 Change (%)
90-13 Change (%)
2013 Share (%)
Coal
5 594
2 865
3 749
3 950
4 208
3 546
3 147
3 961
3 423
2 689
3 053
2 927
3 009
4 043
4 008
-0,9
-28
46
Gas
1 141
4 148
4 154
4 371
4 331
4 605
4 816
4 537
4 273
4 596
4 769
5 921
4 859
4 801
4 331
-9,8
280
49
Oil
280
101
356
348
528
362
174
457
383
161
576
432
207
251
115
-54
-59
1
Bio
1
0
5
5
4
24
187
121
176
216
176
24
0
1
1
49
-5
0
Heat pumps
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
50
198
183
165
175
314
301
-4,3
100
3
TOTAL (GWh)
7 017
7 114
8 264
8 673
9 072
8 536
8 324
9 085
8 304
7 860
8 758
9 469
8 250
9 410
8 756
-7,0
25
100

58. •
The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol
–
Guidance and calculation tools
–
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
•
Covenant of Mayors
–
How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (PART II Baseline emissions inventory)
–
http://www.eumayors.eu/IMG/pdf/seap_guidelines_ en-2.pdf
•
IPCC's Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
–
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
–
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp
References

59. Take-home MESSAGE
1.
Plan carefully and define options together with the stakeholders.
2.
Do not try to have it all - a useful inventory is comprehensive but simple and relevant
3.
Make the process repeatable and put effort in reporting and visualizations.
4.
Learn from your neighbours.
johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

60. Thank You!
Helsingin seudun ympäristöpalvelut -kuntayhtymä
Samkommunen Helsingforsregionens miljötjänster
Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority
Puhtaasti parempaa arkea | En rent bättre vardag | Purely better, every day